Hispanic and Latino Americans: Difference between revisions

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| related = {{hlist|[[Latin Americans]]|[[Spanish Americans]]|[[Portuguese Americans]]|[[White Latin Americans]]|[[White Hispanic and Latino Americans]]|[[Equatoguinean Americans]]|[[Afro-Latin Americans]]|[[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans]]|[[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous Americans]]|[[Hispanos of New Mexico|Hispanos]]|[[Tejano]]s|[[Chicano]]s|[[Nuyorican]]s|[[Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans]]<ref name="Krogstad 2021">{{cite web |last1=Krogstad |first1=Jens M. |last2=Passel |first2=Jeffrey S. |last3=Lopez |first3=Mark H. |date=23 September 2021 |title=Who is Hispanic? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/23/who-is-hispanic/ |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |access-date=1 October 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929011446/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/23/who-is-hispanic/ |archive-date=29 September 2021}}</ref>|}}

{{Template:Hispanic and Latino Americans|state=collapsed}}

'''Hispanic, Iberian Americans and Latino Americans''' ({{lang-es|Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos}}; {{lang-pt|Estadunidenses hispânicos e latinos}}) are [[Americans]] of full or partial [[Spaniards|Spanish]], [[Hispanic Africa|Hispanic African]] and/or [[Latin Americans|Latin American]] background, culture, or family origin.<ref name="Krogstad 2021" /><ref name="FragaGarcia2010">{{cite book |last1=Fraga |first1=Luis |author-link1=Luis Fraga |last2=Garcia |first2=John A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Latino Lives in America: Making It Home |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaNluPNVEQcC&pg=PA145 |year=2010 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-4399-0050-5 |page=145}}</ref><ref name="Fisher1996">{{cite book|first=Nancy L. |last=Fisher |title=Cultural and Ethnic Diversity: A Guide for Genetics Professionals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqXlA7e4VN8C&pg=PA19 |year=1996 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5346-3|page=19}}</ref><ref name="HoldenVillars2012">{{cite book |last1=Holden |first1=Robert H. |last2=Villars |first2=Rina |name-list-style=amp |title=Contemporary Latin America: 1970 to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oShLUAPTYQC&pg=PA18 |year=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-27487-3|page=18}}</ref> These demographics include all Americans who identify as [[Hispanic]] or [[Latino (demonym)|Latino]] regardless of race.<ref name="Federal Highway Administration">{{cite web |title=49 CFR Part 26 |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/guidance/superseded/49cfr26.cfm |access-date=2012-10-22 |website=Federal Highway Administration |quote='Hispanic Americans,' which includes persons of [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]], [[Puerto Rican Americans|Puerto Rican]], [[Cuban Americans|Cuban]], [[Dominican Americans|Dominican]], [[Central America|Central]] or [[South America]]n, or other [[Spanish Americans|Spanish]] or [[Portuguese Americans|Portuguese]] culture or origin, regardless of race.}}</ref><ref name="SBA 8005">{{cite web |url=http://www.sbaonline.sba.gov/sops/8005/sop8005-3.pdf |title=US Small Business Administration 8(a) Program Standard Operating Procedure |access-date=2012-10-22 |quote=SBA has defined 'Hispanic American' as an individual whose ancestry and culture are rooted in South America, Central America, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Mexico. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925005103/http://www.sbaonline.sba.gov/sops/8005/sop8005-3.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-25}}</ref><ref name="c2010def">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 |access-date=2011-03-28 |first1=Karen R. |last1=Humes |first2=Nicholas A. |last2=Jones |first3=Roberto R. |last3=Ramirez |website=U.S. Census Bureau |quote="Hispanic or Latino" refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429214029/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-29}}</ref><ref name="hlorigin">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/hispanic_or_latino_origin.htm |title=American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-10-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213004743/http://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/hispanic_or_latino_origin.htm |archive-date=2020-02-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="PewNov2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/11/11/who-is-hispanic/ |title=Who Is Hispanic? |last1=Lopez |first1=Mark Hugo |last2=Krogstad |first2=Jens M. |last3=Passel |first3=Jeffrey S. |name-list-style=amp |date=November 11, 2019 |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tello |first=Yvette |date=2024-01-08 |title=Hispanic with a Non-Spanish Last Name |url=https://laprensatexas.com/hispanic-with-a-non-spanish-last-name/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=La Prensa Texas |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2020, the Census Bureau estimated that there were almost 65.3 million Hispanics and Latinos living in the [[United States]] and [[Territories of the United States|its territories]].

"Origin" can be viewed as the ancestry, nationality group, lineage or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States of America. People who identify as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race, because similarly to what occurred during the colonization and post-independence of the United States, Latin American countries had their populations made up of [[White Latin Americans|descendants of white European colonizers]] (in this case [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and Spaniards), [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native peoples of the Americas]], [[African diaspora|descendants of black African slaves]], post-independence immigrants coming from [[Europe]], [[Middle East]], and [[East Asia]], as well as [[mixed race|descendants of multiracial unions]] between these different ethnic groups.<ref name=omb>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards |title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice October 30, 1997 |author=[[Office of Management and Budget]] |website=White House Archives |access-date=2012-06-01 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121150512/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards/ |archive-date=January 21, 2017}}</ref><ref name=overview>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 |last1=Grieco |first1=Elizabeth M. |last2=Cassidy |first2=Rachel C. |name-list-style=amp |website=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=2008-04-27}}</ref><ref name=hlspec>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=B03001. Hispanic or Latino origin by specific origin |work=2009 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |access-date=2010-10-17 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html |title=CIA World Factbook – Field Listing: Ethnic groups |access-date=2010-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html |archive-date=June 13, 2007}}</ref> As one of the only two specifically designated categories of [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|ethnicity in the United States]], Hispanics and Latinos form a [[pan-ethnicity]] incorporating a diversity of inter-related cultural and linguistic heritages, the use of the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] languages being the most important of all. Most Hispanic and Latino Americans are of [[Mexicans|Mexican]], [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]], [[Cubans|Cuban]], [[Salvadorans|Salvadoran]], [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominican]], [[Colombians|Colombian]], [[Guatemalans|Guatemalan]], [[Hondurans|Honduran]], [[Ecuadorians|Ecuadorian]], [[Peruvians|Peruvian]], [[Venezuelans|Venezuelan]], or [[Nicaraguans|Nicaraguan]] origin. The predominant origin of regional Hispanic and Latino populations varies widely in different locations across the country.<ref name=overview/><ref name=popest2007>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=T4-2007. Hispanic or Latino By Race |work=2007 Population Estimates |publisher=U.S.United States Census Bureau}}</ref><ref name=b03002>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=B03002. Hispanic or Latino origin by race |work=2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref><ref name=tafoya>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/35.pdf |title=Shades of Belonging |last=Tafoya |first=Sonya |date=2004-12-06 |website=[[Pew Research Center|Pew Hispanic Center]] |access-date=2008-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181019/http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/35.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fWnsUWBYgsC&q=Neomexicano+hispanic&pg=PA165 |title=The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico |first=David |last=Maciel |date=February 26, 2000 |publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-826321992|via=Google Books}}</ref> In 2012, Hispanic Americans were the second fastest-growing ethnic group by percentage growth in the United States after [[Asian Americans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marketingcharts.com/traditional/hispanics-were-not-the-fastest-growing-minority-group-last-year-35246/ |title=Hispanics Were Not The Fastest-Growing Minority Group Last Year |date=July 23, 2013|work=MarketingCharts |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

The terms "[[Hispanic]]" and "[[Latino (demonym)|Latino]]" refer to an [[ethnicity]]. "Hispanic" first came into popular use to refer to individuals with origins in Spanish-speaking countries after the Office of Management and Budget created the classification in 1977, as proposed by a subcommittee composed of three government employees, a Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican American.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bernstein |first=David E. |author-link=David E. Bernstein |date=2022 |title=Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America |location=New York City |publisher=Bombardier Books |isbn=978-1-637581735}}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] defines being Hispanic as being a member of an ethnicity, rather than being a member of a particular [[raceRace (human categorization)|race]] and thus, people who are members of this group may also be members of any race.<ref name="overview"/><ref name=BarreraLopez>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/15/is-being-hispanic-a-matter-of-race-ethnicity-or-both/ |title=Is being Hispanic a matter of race, ethnicity or both? |last1=Gonzales-Barrera |first1=Ana |last2=Lopez |first2=Mark Hugo |name-list-style=amp |date=June 15, 2015 |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref name="compraceho">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/compraceho.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data |website=UCensus.S. Census Bureaugov |access-date=2007-03-18 |quote=Race and Hispanic origin are two separate concepts in the federal statistical system. People who are Hispanic may also be members of any race. People in each racial group may either be Hispanic or they may not be Hispanic. Each person has two attributes, their race (or races) and whether or not they are Hispanic/Latino.}}</ref> In a 2015 national survey of self-identified Hispanics, 56% said that being Hispanic is part of both their racial and ethnic background, while smaller numbers considered it part of their ethnic background only (19%) or racial background only (11%).<ref name=BarreraLopez/> Hispanics may be of any linguistic background; in a 2015 survey, 71% of American Hispanics agreed that it "is not necessary for a person to speak Spanish to be considered Hispanic/Latino".<ref>{{cite web |title=Is speaking Spanish necessary to be Hispanic? Most Hispanics say no |last1=Lopez |first1=Mark Hugo |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/19/is-speaking-spanish-necessary-to-be-hispanic-most-hispanics-say-no/ |date=February 19, 2016 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Hispanic and Latino people may share some commonalities in their language, culture, history, and heritage. According to the [[Smithsonian Institution]], the term "Latino" includes peoples with Portuguese roots, such as [[Brazilians]], as well as those of Spanish-language origin.<ref name="sihistory">{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/mexicanamerica/glossary.html |title=Mexican America: Glossary |work=Smithsonian Institution |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621041320/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/mexicanamerica/glossary.html |archive-date=June 21, 2008 |quote=Note: It defines "Hispanic" as meaning those with Spanish-speaking roots in the Americas and Spain, and "Latino" as meaning those from both Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking cultures in Latin America.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Excluded Voices: The Disenfranchisement of Ethnic Groups From Jury Service |last=Ramirez |first=Deborah A. |date=1993 |journal=[[Wisconsin Law Review]] |page=761 |quote=[T]he term 'Latino'&nbsp;... may be more inclusive than the term 'Hispanic.'}}</ref> The difference between the terms ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino'' is ambiguous to some people.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://diversityjournal.com/9724-hispanic-or-latino-which-is-correct/ |title=Hispanic or Latino: Which is Correct? |last=Austin |first=Grace |date=2012-08-17 |journal=Profiles in Diversity |language=en-US |access-date=2020-09-30}}</ref> The US Census Bureau equates the two terms and defines them as referring to anyone from Spain or the Spanish- or Portuguese-speaking countries of the Americas. After the [[Mexican–American War]] concluded in 1848, term ''Hispanic'' or ''Spanish American'' was primarily used to describe the [[Hispanos of New Mexico]] within the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]]. The [[1970 United States census]] controversially broadened the definition to "a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race". This is now the common formal and colloquial definition of the term within the United States, outside of New Mexico.<ref name="Cobos-1">{{cite book |last=Cobos |first=Rubén |date=2003 |title=A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish |chapter=Introduction |edition=2nd |location=Santa Fe |publisher=Museum of New Mexico Press |page=ix |isbn=0-89013-452-9}}</ref><ref name="OMB1997">{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html |title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice |website=[[White House|The White House]] |author=[[Office of Management and Budget]] |date=October 30, 1997 |access-date=2012-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040208185224/http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html |archive-date=February 8, 2004}}</ref> This definition is consistent with the 21st century usage by the US Census Bureau and [[Office of Management and Budget|OMB]], as the two agencies use both terms Hispanic and Latino interchangeably. The [[Pew Research Center]] believes that the term "Hispanic" is strictly limited to [[Spain]], [[Puerto Rico]], and all countries where [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is the only official language whereas "Latino" includes all countries in [[Latin America]] (even [[Brazil]] regardless of the fact that Portuguese is its only official language), but it does not include Spain and Portugal.<ref name="Krogstad 2021"/>

The US ethnic designation ''Latino'' is abstracted from the longer form ''latinoamericano''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dle.rae.es/latinoamericano?m=form |title=latinoamericano, na |website=Diccionario de la lengua española |publisher=[[Royal Spanish Academy|RAE]]/[[ASALE]] |language=es |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> The element ''latinoLatino-'' is actually an indeclinable, compositional form in ''-o'' (i.e. an ''elemento compositivo'') that is employed to coin compounded formations (similar as ''franc'''o-''''' in ''franc'''o'''canadiense'' 'French-Canadian', or ''ibero-'' in ''iberorrománico'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dle.rae.es/iberorrom%C3%A1nico?m=form |title=iberorrománico, ca |website=Diccionario de la lengua española |publisher=RAE/ASALE |language=es |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> etc.).