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Historian [[Mohibbul Hasan]] states that the oppressive taxation, corruption, internecine fights and rise of feudal lords (''Damaras'') during the unpopular rule of the [[Lohara dynasty]] (1003–1320 CE) paved the way for foreign invasions of Kashmir.{{sfn|Hasan|1959|pp=32–4}} Rinchana was a [[Tibetan Buddhist]] refugee in Kashmir, who had established himself as the ruler after Zulju.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=308}}{{sfn|Chadha|2005|p=38}} Rinchana's conversion to Islam is a subject of Kashmiri folklore. He was persuaded to accept Islam by his minister [[Shah Mir]], probably for political reasons. Islam had penetrated into countries outside Kashmir and in absence of the support from Hindus, who were in a majority,{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=309}} Rinchana needed the support of the Kashmiri Muslims.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=308}} Shah Mir's coup on Rinchana's successor secured Muslim rule and the rule of [[Shah Miri dynasty|his dynasty]] in Kashmir.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=309}}
In the 14th century, [[Islam]] gradually became the dominant religion in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/explore-the-beauty-of-kashmir-1444056294|title=Explore the Beauty of Kashmir|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=5 October 2015|last1=Downey|first1=Tom}}</ref> With the fall of Kashmir, a premier center of Sanskrit literary creativity, Sanskrit literature there disappeared.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanneder|first=J.|title=On 'The Death of Sanskrit'|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=45|issue=4|year=2002|pages=293–310|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1021366131934|s2cid=189797805|jstor=24664154|doi=10.1163/000000002124994847}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1017/s001041750100353x|title=The Death of Sanskrit|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=43|issue=2|pages=392–426|year=2001|last1=Pollock|first1=Sheldon|s2cid=35550166}}</ref>{{rp|397–398}} Islamic preacher Sheikh Nooruddin Noorani, who is traditionally revered by Hindus as [[Nund Rishi]], combined elements of Kashmir Shaivism with Sufi mysticism in his discourses.{{sfn|Bose|2005|pp=268–9}} The Sultans between 1354 and 1470 CE were tolerant of other religions with the exception of [[Sikandar Butshikan|Sultan Sikandar]] (1389–1413 CE). Sultan Sikandar imposed taxes on non–Muslims, forced conversions to Islam, and earned the title ''But–Shikan'' for destroying idols.{{sfn|Chadha|2005|p=38}} Sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] (c. 1420–1470 CE) invited artists and craftsmen from [[Central Asia]] and [[Persia]] to train local artists in Kashmir. Under his rule the arts of wood carving, [[papier-mâché]] , shawls and carpets weaving prospered.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=313}} For a brief period in the 1470s, states of [[Jammu]], [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] and [[Rajauri]] which paid tributes to Kashmir revolted against the Sultan Hajji Khan. However, they were subjugated by his son Hasan Khan who took over as ruler in 1472 CE.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=313}} By the mid 16th century, Hindu influence in the courts and role of the [[Brahmin|Hindu priests]] had declined as Muslim missionaries immigrated into Kashmir from Central Asia and Persia, and [[Persian language|Persian]] replaced Sanskrit as the official language. Around the same period, the nobility of [[Chak dynasty|Chaks]] had become powerful enough to unseat the Shah Mir dynasty.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=313}}
[[File:Silver coin of Kashmir Sultanate.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Silver sasnu of the Kashmir Sultan Shams al-Din Shah II (ruled 1537–38). During the Sultanate period, the Kashmir sultans issued silver and copper coins. The silver coins were square and followed a weight standard unique to Kashmir of between 6 and 7 gm. This coin weighs 6.16 gm.]]
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat]], a member of ruling family in [[Kashgar]], invaded Kashmir in c. 1540 CE on behalf of emperor [[Humayun]].{{sfn|Chadha|2005|p=38}}{{sfn|Houtsma|1993|p=793}} Persecution of [[Shia Islam|Shia]]s, [[Shafi'i]]s and [[Sufism|Sufi]]s and instigation by [[Suri Empire|Suri]] kings led to a revolt which overthrew Dughlat's rule in Kashmir.{{sfn|Hasan|1983|p=48}}{{sfn|Houtsma|1993|p=793}}
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