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The [[Alchon Huns]] under [[Toramana]] crossed over the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains and conquered large parts of western India including Kashmir.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=480}} His son [[Mihirakula]] (c. 502–530 CE) led a military campaign to conquer all of [[North India]]. He was opposed by [[Narasimhagupta|Baladitya]] in [[Magadha]] and eventually defeated by [[Yasodharman]] in [[Malwa]]. After the defeat, Mihirakula returned to Kashmir where he led a coup on the king. He then conquered of [[Gandhara]] where he committed many atrocities on Buddhists and destroyed their shrines. Influence of the Huns faded after Mihirakula's death.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=71}}{{sfn|Dani|1999|pp=142–3}}
In 659, [[Sogdia]], [[Ferghana]], [[Tashkent]], [[Bukhara]], [[Samarkand]], [[Balkh]], [[Herat]], [[Kashmir]], the [[Pamirs]], [[Tokharistan]], and [[Kabul]] all submitted to the [[Protectorate General to Pacify the West|protectorate]] under [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang]].{{sfn|Haywood|1998|p=3.2}}<ref name="Tanner2009">{{cite book|author=Harold Miles Tanner|title=China: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&q=tang+dynasty+herat&pg=PA167|date=13 March 2009|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=978-0-87220-915-2|pages=167–}}</ref><ref name="Tanner2010">{{cite book|author=Harold Miles Tanner|title=China: A History: Volume 1: From Neolithic cultures through the Great Qing Empire 10,000 BCE–1799 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePBeFRJnE_gC&q=northern+Vietnam+to+northern+Korea%2C+and+northwest+to+Samarkand+and+Bukhara+%28in+modern+Uzbekistan%29+and+Herat+%28in&pg=PA167|date=12 March 2010|publisher=Hackett Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-60384-202-0|pages=167–}}</ref><ref name="Derven2000">{{cite book|author=H. J. Van Derven|title=Warfare in Chinese History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXKkCXDvYFYC&q=tang+dynasty+herat&pg=PA122|date=1 January 2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11774-1|pages=122–}}</ref><ref name="Grousset1970">{{cite book|author=René Grousset|title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou|url-access=registration|date=January 1970|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/119 119]–}}</ref>
===Hindu Dynasties===
A succession of Hindu dynasties ruled over the region from the 7th-14th centuries.<ref name="Hindu Dysnaties">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2022-05-09|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent}} Quote: "A succession of Hindu dynasties ruled Kashmir until 1346, when it came under Muslim rule."</ref> After the seventh century, significant developments took place in Kashmiri Hinduism. In the centuries that followed, Kashmir produced many poets, philosophers, and artists who contributed to Sanskrit literature and Hindu religion.{{sfn|Pal|1989|p=52}} Among notable scholars of this period was [[Vasugupta]] (c. 875–925 CE) who wrote the ''[[Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta|Shiva Sutras]]'' which laid the foundation for a [[Monism|monistic]] Shaiva system called [[Kashmir Shaivism]]. Dualistic interpretation of Shaiva scripture was defeated by [[Abhinavagupta]] (c. 975–1025 CE) who wrote many philosophical works on Kashmir Shaivism.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=166–7}} Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir and strongly influenced Shaivism in [[Southern India]].{{sfn|Flood|2008|p=213}}
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