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The [[1066 Granada massacre|Granada massacre of 1066]] was an anti-Jewish pogrom that took place in Granada when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace, where Joseph had sought refuge, and crucified him. The instigators then attacked 1500 Jewish families and killed approximately 4,000 Granada Jews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_(gen).html|title=The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>
The Golden Age ended before the completion of the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]''. The Granada massacre was one of the earliest signs of a decline in the status of Jews, which resulted largely from the penetration and influence of increasingly-zealous Islamic sects from North Africa.
After the fall of Toledo to Christians in 1085, the ruler of Seville sought relief from the [[Almoravides]]. In addition to battling the Christians, who were gaining ground, the Almoravides implemented numerous reforms to bring al-Andalus more in line with their notions of proper Islam. As the spirit of Andalusian Islam was absorbed by the Almoravides, policies concerning Jews were relaxed. The poet [[Moses ibn Ezra]] continued to write during this time, and several Jews served as diplomats and physicians to the Almoravides.<ref name="auto1" /><ref>Gampel, p. 20</ref>▼
▲After the fall of Toledo to Christians in 1085, the ruler of Seville sought relief from the [[Almoravides]]. The [[asceticism|ascetic]] sect abhorred the liberality of the Islamic culture of al-Andalus, including the position of authority that some dhimmis held over Muslims. In addition to battling the Christians, who were gaining ground, the Almoravides implemented numerous reforms to bring al-Andalus more in line with their notions of proper Islam. In spite of large-scale forcible conversions, Sephardic culture was not entirely decimated. Members of Lucena's Jewish community, for example, managed to bribe their way out of conversion. As the spirit of Andalusian Islam was absorbed by the Almoravides, policies concerning Jews were relaxed. The poet [[Moses ibn Ezra]] continued to write during this time, and several Jews served as diplomats and physicians to the Almoravides.<ref name="auto1"
Wars in North Africa with Muslim tribes eventually forced the Almoravides to withdraw their forces from Iberia. As the Christians advanced, Iberian Muslims again appealed to their brethren to the south, this time to those who had displaced the Almoravides in north Africa. The [[Almohads]], who had taken control of much of Islamic Iberia by 1172, far surpassed the Almoravides in fundamentalist outlook and treated the ''dhimmis'' harshly. Jews and Christians were expelled from [[Morocco]] and [[Islamic Spain]]. Faced with the choice of either death or conversion, many Jews emigrated.<ref><!--The updated version of the Forgotten Refugees website does not mention the Spanish experience in particular, but the Almohad dynasty ruled in Spain as well as Morocco during the period in question.-->[http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=7&Itemid=8 The Forgotten Refugees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913060426/http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=7&Itemid=8 |date=2011-09-13 }}</ref> Some, such as the family of [[Maimonides]], fled south and east to the more tolerant Moslem lands, and others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html|title=Sephardim|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref><ref>Assis, p. 16</ref><ref>Gampel; pp. 20–21</ref><ref>Stillman, pp. 51, 73</ref>
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