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Hittite grammar: Difference between revisions

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I added an example of adjective in a-stem
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Bold character for suffixes
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|-
! ''[[Nominative]]''
|'''-saš''' ||'''-eš'''; '''-∅a''' ''[n.]''
|-
![[Ergative case|''Ergative'']]
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|-
! ''[[Vocative]]''
| '''-∅a'''|| - - -
|-
! ''[[Accusative]]''
| '''-(a)n'''; '''-∅''' ''[n]''||'''-uš''' ''[c.];'' '''-∅a''' ''[n.]''
|-
! ''[[Genitive]]''
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Given that the nominal root ends with the thematic vowel -a and some suffixes starts in a vowel, the final -a in the root is elided (e.g., ''attaš'', "father" > dat-loc. ''atti'', not ''*attai'').
 
Neuter nouns in the accusative singular take -n only if the thematic vowel is ''-a-'', e.g., yukan (plough). All the other neuter nouns take ''-a'' (sometimes indicated as the "zero-ending" -∅). As for the neuter accusative plural, names belonging to the common/animate gender take ''-uš'', while names belonging to the neuter gender take the zero''-endinga''. Only names in i-stem take the dative-locative in ''-ya''. Vocative and allative case have no plural counterpart neither in Old Hittite (OH), nor in Middle Hittite (ME) and New Hittite (NE). As already stated, due to syncretism, the ending of ablative and instrumental in the plural coincide. The instrumental case has two possible endings (''-it, -et'') and, according to Hoffner (2008), ''-it'' is the oldest ending; it developed from an earlier ending -t through [[anaptyxis]]/ephentesis in environment of a preceding dental consonant. Some tracks of this presumed ending can be found in irregular instrumental endings, in names such as genu (knee) > ''genut'', šākuwa (eye) > ''šākuwat''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffner |first=Harry A. |title=A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar |last2=Melchert |first2=Harold Craig |date=2008 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-119-1 |series=Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio |location=Winona Lake, Ind |pages=77}}</ref>
 
In MH, two more plural suffixes were created for the nominative and accusative (nom. ''-eš,'' ''-uš, -aš''; acc. ''-uš,'' ''-eš, -aš''). Then, the allative and instrumental cases both merged with dative-locative ''-az(a)''. The use of old allative ''-a'' and old instrumental ''-it'' in NH are archaisms. In NH, all the three plural suffixes for nouns of common gender in the two strong cases (nominative and accusative) collapsed into ''-uš'', with only some exceptions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffner |first=Harry A. |title=A grammar of the Hittite language |last2=Melchert |first2=H. Craig |date=2008 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-119-1 |series=Languages of the ancient near east |location=Winona Lake, Ind |pages=70}}</ref> In OH, the original suffix of the genitive plural is ''-an''; then, a new suffix ''-aš'' was coined in Late OH and displaced ''-an'' in NH.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffner |first=Harry A. |title=A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar |last2=Melchert |first2=Harold Craig |date=2008 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-119-1 |series=Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio |location=Winona Lake, Ind |pages=73}}</ref>
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|-
! '''''Nom.'''''
| antuḫš'''aš''', att'''aš''', ann'''aš''', išḫ'''āš''', arun'''aš'''|| antuḫš'''eš''', atti'''ēš''', ann'''iš''' ''(irr.),'' išḫ'''eš'''
| antuḫšaš, attaš, annaš, išḫāš, arunaš || antuḫšeš, attiēš, anniš, išḫeš
|-
!'''''Erg.'''''
| [yukanz(a),- pedanz(a),- ekan]- || - - -
|-
! '''''Voc.'''''
| [*antūḫšaantūḫš'''a'''], attaatt'''a''', [*annaann'''a'''], išḫā išḫ'''ā'''|| - - -
|-
! '''''Acc.'''''
| antūḫš'''an''', att'''an''', ann'''an''', išḫ'''ān'''|| antuḫš'''uš''', att'''uš''', ann'''(i)uš''', išḫ'''uš'''
| antūḫšan, attan, annan, išḫān || antuḫšuš, attuš, ann(i)uš, išḫuš
|-
! '''''Gen.'''''
| antuḫš'''aš''', att'''aš''', ann'''aš''', išḫ'''āš'''|| antuḫš'''an''', att'''an''', [*ann'''an'''], išḫ'''ān''' > -'''aš'''
| antuḫšaš, attaš, annaš, išḫāš || antuḫšan, attan, [*annan], išḫān > -aš
|-
! '''''Dat-loc.'''''
| antuḫš'''i''', att'''i''', ann'''i''', išḫ'''ī'''|| antuḫš'''aš''', add'''aš''', [*ann'''aš'''], išḫ'''aš'''
| antuḫši, atti, anni, išḫī || antuḫšaš, addaš, [*annaš], išḫaš
|-
! '''''Abl.'''''
| antuḫšazantuḫš'''az(a)''', attazatt'''az(a)''', annazann'''az(a)''', [*išḫāzišḫ'''āz(a)'''] || antuḫšazantuḫš'''az(a)''', attazatt'''az(a)''', annazann'''az(a)''', [*išḫāzišḫ'''āz(a)''']
|-
! '''''All.'''''
| antuḫšaantuḫš'''a''', attaatt'''a''', annaann'''a''', išḫā išḫ'''ā'''|| - - -
|-
! '''''Instr.'''''
| antuḫšitantuḫš'''it/et''', [*attitatt'''it/et''', *annitann'''it/et''', *išḫitišḫ'''it/et'''] || antuḫšitantuḫš'''it/et''', [*attitatt'''it/et''', *annitann'''it/et''', *išḫitišḫ'''it/et''']
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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|-
|'''''Nom.'''''
|yuk'''an''', ped'''an''', ek'''an'''
|yukan, pedan, ekan
|[*yukayuk'''a''', *pedaped'''a''', *ekaek'''a''']
|-
|'''''Erg.'''''
|[*yukanzyuk'''anz(a)''', *pedanzped'''anz(a)''', *ekanzek'''anz(a)'''] ''[n.]''
|[*yuk'''antēš''', *ped'''antēš''', *ek'''antēš'''] ''[n.]''
|[*yukantēš, *pedantēš, *ekantēš]
|-
|'''''Voc.'''''
|[*yukayuk'''a''', *pedaped'''a''', *ekaek'''a''']
| - - -
|-
|'''''Acc.'''''
|[*yukanyuk'''an''', *pedanped'''an''', *ekanek'''an''']
|[*yukayuk'''a''', *pedaped'''a''', *ekaek'''a''']
|-
|'''''Gen.'''''
|yuk'''aš''', ped'''aš''', ek'''aš'''
|yukaš, pedaš, ekaš
|[*yukašyuk'''aš'''], pedašped'''aš''', [*ekašek'''aš''']
|-
|'''''Dat-loc.'''''
|yuk'''i''', ped'''i''', ek'''i'''
|yuki, pedi, eki
|[*yukašyuk'''aš'''], pedašped'''aš''', [*ekašek'''aš''']
|-
|'''''Abl.'''''
|[*yukazyuk'''az(a)'''], pedazped'''az(a)''', [*ekazek'''az(a)''']
|[*yukizyuk'''az(a)'''], pedazped'''az(a)''', [*ekazek'''az(a)''']
|-
|'''''All.'''''
|[*yukayuk'''a''', pedaped'''a''', ekaek'''a''']
| - - -
|-
|'''''Instr.'''''
|yukityuk'''it/et''', [*peditped'''it/et''', *ekitek'''it/et''']
|yukityuk'''it/et''', [*peditped'''it/et''', *ekitek'''it/et''']
|}
 
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