Human history: Difference between revisions

Whether in prehistoric or historic times, people always needed to be near reliable sources of [[drinking water]]. Settlements developed as early as 4,000 BCE in [[Jiroft culture|Iran]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Muscarella|first=Oscar White|chapter=Jiroft and 'Jiroft-Aratta': A Review Article of Yousef Madjidzadeh, Jiroft: The Earliest Oriental Civilization|date=2013-01-01|title=Archaeology, Artifacts and Antiquities of the Ancient Near East|pages=485–522|publisher=BRILL|doi=10.1163/9789004236691_016|isbn=978-90-04-23669-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Muscarella, Oscar White.|title=Archaeology, artifacts and antiquities of the ancient Near East : sites, cultures, and proveniences|date=2013|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-23669-1|oclc=848917597}}</ref><ref>Maǧīdzāda, Y. (2003). Jiroft: The earliest oriental civilization. Tehran: Organization of the Ministry of Culture ans Islamic Guidance.</ref><ref name="people.cn">[http://en.people.cn/90001/90782/90874/6236885.html People, "New evidence: modern civilization began in Iran", 10 Aug 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223600/http://en.people.cn/90001/90782/90874/6236885.html |date=24 February 2021 }}, retrieved 1 October 2007</ref><ref name="xinhuaciv">[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/10/content_6508609.htm Xinhua, "New evidence: modern civilization began in Iran"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123142419/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/10/content_6508609.htm |date=23 November 2016 }}, xinhuanet.com, 10 August 2007</ref> [[Mesopotamia]],{{sfn|McNeill|1999|pp=13–15}} the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus River valley]] on the Indian subcontinent,{{sfn|Chakrabarti|2004|p=11}} as well as on the banks of [[ancient Egypt|Egypt]]'s [[Nile River]]{{sfn|Baines|Malek|2000|p=8}}{{sfn|Bard|2000|pp=64–65}} and, along [[List of rivers of China|China's rivers]].{{sfn|Lee|2002|pp=15–42}}{{sfn|Teeple|2006|pp=14–20}} and the short rivers that flow from the [[Andean civilization|Andes]] in the central coast of [[Peru]]. As farming developed, [[Cereal|grain agriculture]] became more sophisticated and prompted a [[division of labour]] to store food between growing seasons. Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured [[upper class]] and the development of [[cities]], which provided [[Cradle of civilization|the foundation]] for [[civilization]]. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of [[accounting]] and writing. [[Hinduism]] developed in the late [[Bronze Age]] on the Indian subcontinent. The [[Axial Age]] witnessed the introduction of religions such as [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Jainism]].