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{{Main|History of Africa}}
Africa was home to many different civilizations. North Africa saw the the extinguishment of the [[Berbers|Berber]] [[Mauretania#Roman-Moorish kingdoms|kingdoms]] and [[Byzantine North Africa|Byzantine Africa]] in the [[Early Muslim conquests]].
In [[Nubia]] the [[Kingdom of Kush]] was succeeded by the kingdoms of [[Makuria]], [[Alodia]], and [[Nobatia]] from the 4th century. In the 7th century Makuria conquered Nobatia to become the dominant power in the region and successfully resisted Muslim expansion, they later entered a severe decline and had disintegrated by the 15th century.
In the [[Horn of Africa]], the Kingdom of Aksum declined from the 7th century following Muslim dominance over the [[Red Sea]] trade, and collapsed in the 10th century, while Islam spread among the [[Somali people|Somalis]].<ref>{{harvnb|Benjamin|2015|p=658}}</ref> The [[Zagwe dynasty]] emerged in the 12th century and contested hegemony with the [[Sultanate of Shewa]] and the powerful [[Kingdom of Damot]].<ref>{{harvnb|Uhlig|Appleyard|Bausi|Hahn|2017|p=108}}</ref> In the 13th century the Zagwe were supplanted by the [[Solomonic dynasty]] of the [[Ethiopian Empire]], while Shewa gave way to the [[Walashma dynasty]] of the [[Sultanate of Ifat]]. Ethiopia emerged victorious against Ifat and occupied the Muslim states. The [[Ajuran Sultanate]] rose on the Horn's east coast to dominate the [[Indian Ocean trade]]. Ifat was succeeded by the [[Adal Sultanate]] who reconquered much of the Muslim lands.
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