Human history: Difference between revisions

Africa was home to many different civilizations. North Africa saw the the extinguishment of the [[Berbers|Berber]] [[Mauretania#Roman-Moorish kingdoms|kingdoms]] and [[Byzantine North Africa|Byzantine Africa]] in the [[Early Muslim conquests]]. Later the Arabian empire's African territory was consumed by the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] centred on Egypt, who were supplanted by the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] in the 12th century, and them later by the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]]. In the [[Maghreb]], the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]] dominated briefly had total control over the [[trans-Saharan trade]], until it was subsumed by the [[Almohad Caliphate]] in the 12th century. The Almohad's collapse gave rise to the [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinids]] in Morocco (later supplanted by the [[Wattasids]]), the [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Zayyanids]] in Algeria, and the [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsids]] in Tunisia.<ref>{{harvnb|Fage|Tordoff|2002|p=175}}</ref>

 

 

In the [[Horn of Africa]], the Kingdom of Aksum declined from the 7th century following Muslim dominance over the [[Red Sea]] trade, and collapsed in the 10th century, while Islam spread among the [[Somali people|Somalis]].<ref>{{harvnb|Benjamin|2015|p=658}}</ref> The [[Zagwe dynasty]] emerged in the 12th century and contested hegemony with the [[Sultanate of Shewa]] and the powerful [[Kingdom of Damot]].<ref>{{harvnb|Uhlig|Appleyard|Bausi|Hahn|2017|p=108}}</ref> In the 13th century the Zagwe were supplanted by the [[Solomonic dynasty]] of the [[Ethiopian Empire]], while Shewa gave way to the [[Walashma dynasty]] of the [[Sultanate of Ifat]]. Ethiopia emerged victorious against Ifat and occupied the Muslim states. The [[Ajuran Sultanate]] rose on the Horn's east coast to dominate the [[Indian Ocean trade]]. Ifat was succeeded by the [[Adal Sultanate]] who reconquered much of the Muslim lands.