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*Ministry of Education Malaysia<ref name="Shin 2021"/>
*Dayak Cultural Foundation<ref name="Shin 2021"/>
|map=Iban language distribution.svg
| mapcaption = {{Legend | #0062FF | Iban is the majority language where vast majority are [[first language]] speakers}}
{{Legend | #74B4FF | Iban is a minority language}}
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Sedang speaking Iban.webm|thumb|An Iban speaker, recorded in [[Malaysia]].]]
The '''Iban language''' ({{Lang|iba|jaku Iban}}) is spoken by the [[Iban people|Iban]], one of the [[Dayak people|Dayak]] ethnic groups, who live in [[Brunei]], the [[Indonesia]]n province of [[West Kalimantan]] and in the [[Malaysia]]n state of [[Sarawak]]. It belongs to the [[Malayic languages|Malayic subgroup]], a [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].
Iban has reached a stage of becoming a [[koiné language]] in Sarawak due to contact with groups speaking other related Ibanic languages within the state.<ref name="Shin 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Shin |first=Chong |date=2021-05-07 |title=Iban as a koine language in Sarawak |url=https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/wacana/vol22/iss1/6 |journal=Wacana |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=102 |doi=10.17510/wacana.v22i1.985 |issn=2407-6899|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is ranked as Level 5 (i.e. "safe") in term of endangerment on [[Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale]] (EGIDS).<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> In 2024, the Iban language was included in [[Google Translate]] and became a historic moment as the first [[Borneo]] language to be registered into [[Google Translate]] and as the first [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] language to be registered into it other than [[Malay language|Malay]].<ref name="Google"/>
==Classification==
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== History ==
According to the oral history of the Iban people, [[Benedict Sandin]], in 1968, plotted the ancestry of the Iban people as descendants from the
===Brooke administration===
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After the closure of BLB, other smaller publishers continue in this niche such as the Kuching-based publishing company named ''Klasik''. Examples of works include ''ensera'' (Iban epic story) and ''cherita kelulu'' (morality novellas). Christian churches such as the Catholic church publish prayer books that adopt certain aspects of Iban ''adat'' (culture). Thus, Christian texts bear greater significance as cultural repositories of the Iban language when to compared to other genres after the demise of BLB.<ref name=":0" />
State-sponsored media such as ''Berita Rakyat'' was founded in 1974 and ended in the 1990s. The magazine was started by Rajang Security Command (RASCOM) in Sibu to defeat the communists' activities in the Rajang basin. The magazine stopped publication after the cessation of the [[
The Tun Jugah Foundation was established in 1985 after the death of [[
[[Radio Televisyen Malaysia]] (RTM) expanded their Iban radio broadcasts to 10 hours on Sundays and 9 hours on rest of the week by the 1980s as WaiFM<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> [[Cats FM]] is the first commercial radio station to broadcast in Iban opening in 1997.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|first=John|last=Postill|title=Media and Nation Building: How the Iban became Malaysian|date=15 May 2006|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-0-85745-687-8|pages=59, 71–8}}</ref>
The Iban language was included in the primary school curriculum in 1968 and a few secondary schools in 1988.
In 2003, Malaysian federal authorities banned the Iban-language Bible
===2010-present: emergence of vernacular mass media===
Newspapers ''[[The Borneo Post]]'' and ''[[Utusan Borneo]]'' started Iban language sections in 2010<ref>{{cite web |title=Berita Iban |date=28 December 2009 |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/page/2722/ |publisher=The Borneo Post |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612014513/https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/page/2722/ |archive-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> and 2014 respectively.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Berita Iban |url=https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/iban?page=2557 |publisher=Utusan Borneo |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106013510/https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/iban?page=2557 |archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> The Borneo Post stopped the Iban section in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Berita Iban |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531191835/https://www.theborneopost.com/tag/berita-iban/ |archive-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> A monthly Iban magazine named ''Pegari'' was also published by a small company named PEGARI Iban Production from 2012 to 2018.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Majalah PEGARI |date=5 January 2012 |url=https://pegari02.wordpress.com/servis/majalah-pegari/ |publisher=PEGARI Iban Production |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103054739/https://pegari02.wordpress.com/servis/majalah-pegari/ |archive-date=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bigol |first1=Alvestor |title=Sukung mih Radio Pegari Web FM (Please support Pegari Web FM Radio) |url=https://suarasarawak.my/sukung-mih-radio-pegari-web-fm/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=Suara Sarawak |date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610214425/https://suarasarawak.my/sukung-mih-radio-pegari-web-fm/ |archive-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> Borneo Media Solutions, a subsidiary of PEGARI Iban Production, also published several books in Iban language.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven Iban books published by Borneo Media Solutions so far |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/01/03/seven-iban-books-published-by-borneo-media-solutions-so-far/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609174740/https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/01/03/seven-iban-books-published-by-borneo-media-solutions-so-far/ |archive-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>
RTM opened their first Borneo-oriented channel TVi in 2011 which later became [[TV Okey]] in 2018 which includes a 30-minute Iban news slot.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2011 |title=New TV channel for Sabah and Sarawak |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2011/04/07/new-tv-channel-for-sabah-and-sarawak |access-date=30 October 2022 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |agency=[[Bernama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Suzianah |first1=Jiffar |last2=Olivia |first2=Miwil |title=TV OKEY guna bahasa tempatan (TV OKEY uses local languages) |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/03/402206/tv-okey-guna-bahasa-tempatan |access-date=21 February 2024 |publisher=Berita Harian |date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240221120807/https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/03/402206/tv-okey-guna-bahasa-tempatan |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> [[TVS (Malaysian TV channel)|TV Sarawak]] started the Iban language section in October 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVS nyerungkai pengidup Iban (TVS unwraps the Iban way of life) |url=https://suarasarawak.my/tvs-nyerungkai-pengidup-iban/ |access-date=21 February 2024 |publisher=Suara Sarawak |date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240221120748/https://suarasarawak.my/tvs-nyerungkai-pengidup-iban/ |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> Iban language support was added to Malaysian domain of [[Google Translate]] in 2024.<ref name="Google">{{cite news |last1=Aubrey |first1=Samuel |title=Iban among new languages added to Google Translate |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2024/06/29/iban-among-new-languages-added-to-google-translate/ |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629022155/https://www.theborneopost.com/2024/06/29/iban-among-new-languages-added-to-google-translate/ |archive-date=29 June 2024}}</ref>
==Extent of use==
The Iban language is allowed in the [[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly]] with the special permission from the Speaker and simultaneous interpretations will be provided during the assembly sitting and when written into the Hansard.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>
[[Rentap]]'s battle cry while fighting against [[James Brooke]] in 1860s “Agi Idup, Agi Ngelaban!” (“I will fight as long I will live!”)
Iban churches in Sarawak conduct services in the Iban language.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>
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|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
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|-
!colspan=2| 2nd person
| {{Lang|iba|deʔ}}<br />{{Lang|iba|noan}}
| {{Lang|iba|deʔ səduai}}<br />{{Lang|iba|noan səduai}}
| {{Lang|iba|kitaʔ}}
|-
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==Vocabulary==
The first Iban-English Dictionary was published in 1900 by Rev. William Howell, an Anglican priest based at Sabu, near Simanggang (Sri Aman) and D.J.S. Bailey, a Brooke administrative officer as ''[[s:A Sea
''A Comprehensive Iban-English Dictionary'', jointly published by The Dayak Cultural Foundation and The Tun Jugah Foundation in 2016, contains 31,000 entries and about 1900 pages.<ref name="Comprehensive dictionary"/>
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According to Iban legend, an ancestor named Renggi devised a writing script on the skin of wood, but it was soaked in water and the writing vanished. Anguished with the tragedy, Renggi munched the script and swallowed it<ref name="Churchill 2012"/> where the script became ingrained in Renggi's brain and blood and also his descendants. Since then, the Ibans became adept at memorising oral traditions, just like exactly written in books.<ref>{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Jacqueline |title=Dunging Script into the millennium |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2021/07/11/dunging-script-into-the-millennium/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027081422/https://www.theborneopost.com/2021/07/11/dunging-script-into-the-millennium/ |archive-date=27 October 2022}}</ref> Occasionally, the Ibans used personalised symbols as memory aids on their writing boards (''papan turai'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pringle |first1=Robert |title=Rajahs & Rebels - The Ibans of Sarawak under Brooke Rule (1841-1941) |date=1970 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=New York |pages=37 |url=https://archive.org/details/rajahs-rebels-robert-pringle |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Sarawak Hieroglyphics: A Lost Legacy? |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2024/05/13/the-sarawak-hieroglyphics-a-lost-legacy1187066/#:~:text=It%20consists%20of%20a%20series,during%20the%20Gawai%20Batu%20ceremony. |access-date=13 May 2024 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513111146/https://www.theborneopost.com/2024/05/13/the-sarawak-hieroglyphics-a-lost-legacy1187066/ |archive-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>
As the Iban language had no extant writing system of its own, [[Missionary#Christian_missions|Christian missionaries]] adopted the Latin alphabet in an attempt to codify the language.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/> ''A Sea Dyak Dictionary'', published in 1900, was important in the early development of the Iban as a written language.<ref name="Comprehensive dictionary"/> During the [[Crown Colony of Sarawak|Crown Colony]] era, the Borneo Literature Bureau also worked on the written form of the Iban language.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/>
From 1947 to 1962, Dunging anak Gunggu invented an Iban [[syllabary]] known as the [[Dunging script]].<ref name="omniglot">{{Cite web |title=Iban |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/iban.htm |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=[[Omniglot]]}}</ref><ref name="Churchill 2012">{{Cite news |last=Churchill Edward |date=20 June 2012 |title='Long Lost' Iban Alphabet Script 'Found' |work=[[The Borneo Post]] |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/06/20/long-lost-iban-alphabet-script-found/ |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> In 2010, Dr. Bromeley Philip of [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]], who is also a grandnephew to Dunging,<ref name="Churchill 2012"/> created digital fonts for Dunging script, named "LaserIban", available for Windows and Macintosh computers. Dr Bromeley also launched a course to promote the use of LaserIban and had transcribed several traditional folktales from Latin alphabet into Dunging script.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reviving the Iban alphabet |url=
==Dialects==
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===Genesis 1:1–3===
{{Verse translation|Ba pun iya kelia, lebuh Allah Taala berengkah ngaga langit enggau dunya, dunya endang apin bisi bakal tauka gamal sereta nadai utai nguan. Semina ribut ti deras ari Allah Taala aja ti bepuput atas tasik ti agi petang. Allah Taala lalu bejaku, “Awakka penampak pegari.” Penampak lalu pegari. Allah Taala meda penampak nya manah; lalu Iya nyeraraka penampak nya ari pemetang. Iya ngumbai penampak nya “Siang” lalu pemetang nya dikumbai Iya “Malam.” Lemai ambis lalu pagi
===Human Rights===
English:
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Standard Iban:
Pekara 1 : Semua mensia ada meratai enggau hak ke sebaka. Sida diberi
Balau Iban Dialect:
Pekaha 1 : Semua mensia ada bebas enggau hak ti sebaka. Sida dibehi
Other Iban Dialect:
Pekaro 1 : Semuo mensio ado bebas enggau hak ti sebako. Sida diberi
Pikaro 1 : Simuo minsio ado bibas nggau hak ti sibako. Sida dibiri
==References==
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==External links==
{{
{{Wikivoyage|Iban phrasebook|Iban|a phrasebook}}
*[https://digital.soas.ac.uk/iban Digitized books about Iban at the SOAS library]
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