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{{Short description|
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox religious biography
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|native_name=ٱبْن حَزْم
|native_name_lang=ar
|image=File:Monumento a Ibn Hazm.jpg
|caption=A monument of Ibn Hazm standing in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Spain]]
|title={{flatlist|
*[[Imam]]
*[[Allamah]]
*[[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz]]
*[[Muhaddith]]
*[[Faqih]]
*[[Mujtahid]]
*Ocean of Knowledge
*Possessor of Sciences and Knowledge<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Dhahabi|author-link=Al-Dhahabi|title=Tadhkirah al-Huffaz|url=https://shamela.ws/book/1583/763|volume=3|page=227}}</ref>
}}
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|birth_date=7 November 994 [[Common Era|CE]] (384 [[Islamic calendar|AH]])
|birth_place=[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Córdoban Caliphate]]
|death_date=15 August 1064 CE (456 AH)<ref name="Arberry"/><ref name=brill>R. Arnaldez, [http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-hazm-COM_0325 Ibn Ḥazm]. [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 9 January 2013</ref><ref name="hadithsunnah"/>
|death_place=Montíjar, near [[Huelva]], [[Taifa of Seville]]
|era=[[Islamic Golden Age]]
|region=[[Al-Andalus]]
|occupation={{flatlist|
*[[Polymath]]
*[[ulama|scholar]]
*[[muhaddith|traditionist]]
*[[philosopher]]
*[[theologian]]
}}
|denomination=[[Sunni]]
|jurisprudence=[[Zahiri]]
|creed=Independent literalist<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schmidtke|first1=Sabine|title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology|last2=Abrahamov|first2=Binyamim|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969670-3|location=New York, United States of America|pages=265–270|chapter=Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology}}</ref>
<!-- In various sources Ibn Hazm is described as Atharite, and in other sources as an independent theologian who critiqued Asharite school, but with views that diverged from Atharism. Based on this, it is more appropriate to categorise Ibn Hazm simply as an independent Zahirite/Literalist theologian. --><!-- According to, "Kılavuz, Ulvi Murat. "İbn Hazm'da Nübüvvet Tasavvuru." Review of the Faculty of Theology of Uludag University 24.1 (2015).", Ibn Hazm does not belong to any particular school, representing Sunni theology generally. Kılavuz' work is dedicated to Ibn Hazm's theology and so his view is preferred over the passing remark of Halverson that he follows the Hanbalite/Athari tradition.
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We prefer then the view of Kilavuz as he in particular deals exclusively with Ibn Hazm and his theology, rather than given a passing remark discussing a broader subject. Thus his creed should not be added - he is neither an Athari, nor an Ash'ari etc.
Perhaps a section can be added to the article discussing all of this.-->
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*Jurisprudence
*hadith
*[[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]]
}}
|notable_works={{flatlist|
*''Al-Fisal fi al-Milal wa-l-Nihal''
*''[[al-Muhalla]]''
*''al-Ihkam fi Usul al-Ahkam''
*''[[The Ring of the Dove|Tawq al-Hamama]]''
}}
|module1={{infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
|ism=ʿAlī
|ism-ar=عَلِيّ
|nasab=Ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm
|nasab-ar=ٱبْن أَحْمَد بْن سَعِيد بْن حَزْم
|kunya=Abū Muḥammad
|kunya-ar=أَبُو مُحَمَّد
|nisba=Al-Andalusī
|nisba-ar=ٱلْأَنْدَلُسِيّ
}}
|influences={{flatlist|
*[[Dawud al-Zahiri]]
*[[Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri|Muhammad ibn Dawud al-Zahiri]]
*[[Ibn al-Mughallis]]
*[[Epicurus]]
*[[Prodicus]]
}}
|influenced={{flatlist|
*Followers of the [[Zahiri school]]
*[[Ibn Khaldun]]
*[[Ibn Taymiyya]]
*[[al-Shawkani]]
*[[Rashid Rida]]
*[[al-Albani]]
*[[Muhammad Asad]]
*[[Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i|Muqbil ibn Hadi al-Wadi'i]]
}}
}}
'''
In all, his written works amounted to some 80,000 pages.<ref>Ibrahim Kalin, Salim Ayduz (ed.), ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam'', Volume 1, p. 328</ref> Also described as one of the fathers of [[comparative religion]], the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'' refers to him as having been one of the leading thinkers of the [[Muslim world]].<ref name="brill" /><ref>''Islamic Desk Reference'', pg. 150. Ed. E. J. Van Donzel. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1994. {{ISBN|9789004097384}}</ref>
==Personal life==
[[File:WarnerUBL.jpg|thumb|260px|right|The Ring of the Dove <br/>(Ms. Or. 927 in [[Leiden University Library]])]]
===Lineage===
Ibn Hazm's grandfather Sa'id and his father, Ahmad, both held high advisory positions in the court of [[Umayyad]] [[Caliph]] [[Hisham II]].<ref>The court was under the effective rule of the [[grand vizier]], [[Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir|al-Mansur]], and his successor and son, al-Muzaffar</ref> Scholars believe that they were Iberian Christians who converted to Islam (''[[Muwallad]]s'').<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Hazm/Encyclopaedia Britannica] "Ibn Ḥazm was born into a notable family that claimed descent from a Persian client of Yazīd, the son of Muʿāwiyah, the first of the Umayyad dynasty rulers in Syria. Muslim families of Iberian (Spanish) background commonly adopted genealogies that identified them with the Arabs; some scholars, therefore, tend to
[[al-Dhahabi]] said:
"Ali Ibn Ahmad Ibn Saeed Ibn Hazm, known for his extensive knowledge and skills, hailed from Persian origin and later became an integral figure in Andalusia, specifically in Cordoba. His notable contributions and lineage are detailed in the respected historical text 'Siyar A'lam al-Nubala.'"<ref>Shamsuddeen al-Thahabi, ''Siyar A'lam al-Nubala,'' vol. 18, p. 184.</ref>
===Upbringing===
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Ibn Hazm lived among the circle of the ruling hierarchy of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] government. His experiences produced an eager and observant attitude, and he gained an excellent education at Córdoba.
After the death of the grand vizier, [[Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar|al-Muzaffar]], in 1008, the Caliphate of Iberia became embroiled in a civil war that lasted until 1031 and resulted in the collapse of the central authority of Córdoba and the emergence of many smaller
[[File:Majorca and Minorca by Piri Reis.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Historic map of Majorca and Minorca by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] admiral [[Piri Reis]].]]
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== Works ==
{{main|List of works by ibn Hazm}}
Much of Ibn Hazm's substantial body of works,<ref name="hadithsunnah">{{cite web |title=USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/scienceofhadith/asb2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128185832/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/scienceofhadith/asb2.html |archive-date=28 November 2008 |access-date=12 September 2010 |publisher=Usc.edu}}</ref><ref name="Arberry">Ibn Hazm. ''[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/hazm/dove/preface.html The Ring of the Dove: A Treatise on the Art and Practice of Arab Love]'' (Preface). Trans. A. J. Arberry. Luzac Oriental, 1997 {{ISBN|1-898942-02-1}}</ref><ref name="brill" /><ref name="gulf" /> which approached that of [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]] and [[As-Suyuti]]'s, was burned in Seville by his sectarian and political opponents. His surviving works, while criticised as repetitive, didactic and abrasive in style,<ref>Adang, ''Zahiri Conceptions'', p. 20.</ref> also show a fearless irreverence towards his academic critics and authorities.
Ibn Hazm wrote works on law and theology and over ten medical books. He called for science to be integrated into a standard curriculum. In ''Organization of the Sciences'', he diachronically defines educational fields as stages of progressive acquisition set over a five-year curriculum, from language and [[Tafsir|exegesis of the Qur'an]] to the life and physical sciences to a rationalistic theology.<ref>Francoise Micheau, "The scientific institutions in the medical Near East". Taken from ''Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Volume 3: Technology, Alchemy and Life Sciences'', p. 1008. Ed. Roshdi Rashed. London: Routledge, 1996. {{ISBN|0415124123}}</ref>
Apart from his rational works, Ibn Hazm's [[The Ring of the Dove]] (''Tawq al-hamamah)'' is considered a major work of Arabic literature from Al-Andalus.<ref>Stearns, Peter N. “Arabic Language and Literature.” In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World''. Oxford University Press, 2008.</ref> The manuscript of ''Ṭawq al-ḥamāma'' (MS Or. 927) is kept at [[Leiden University Libraries]] and is also available digitally. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:1567570 |title=Digital version of Ṭawq al-ḥamāma fī 'al-ulfa wa-al-ullīf - Or. 927 |publisher=[[Leiden University Libraries]] |access-date=2024-04-11}}</ref>
===''Detailed Critical Examination''===
In ''Fisal'' (''Detailed Critical Examination''), a treatise on [[Islamic science]] and [[kalam|theology]], Ibn Hazm promoted sense [[perception]] above subjectively flawed human [[reason]]. Recognizing the importance of reason, as the [[Qur'an]] itself invites
===Jurisprudence===
Perhaps Ibn Hazm's most influential work in the Arabic, selections of which have been translated into English, is now ''The Muhalla'' (المحلى بالأثار), or ''The Adorned Treatise''. It is reported to be a summary of a much longer work, known as ''Al-Mujalla'' (المجلى). Its essential focus is on matters of jurisprudence or fiqh (فقه), but it also touches of matters of creed in its first chapter, ''Kitab al-Tawheed'' (كتاب التوحيد), whose focus is on credal matters related to monotheism and the fundamental principles of approach to divine texts. One of the main points that emerges from the masterpiece of jurisprudencial thought is that Ibn Hazm rejects analogical reasoning (qiyas قياس)
===Logic===
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===Shia===
Ibn Hazm was highly critical of the Shia.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Israel Friedlaender|title=The Heterodoxies of the Shiites in the Presentation of Ibn Hazm|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1908|volume=29|url=http://individual.utoronto.ca/fantastic/TheHeterodoxies.pdf|access-date=11 April 2015|publisher=American Oriental Society}}</ref> He said about the sect:<blockquote>The Persians possessed a great kingdom and an upper hand above all other nations. They magnified the danger they posed [to others nations] by calling themselves al-Ahrār (the free ones) and al-Asyād (the noble ones). As a result, they considered all other people their slaves. However, they were afflicted with the destruction of their empire at the hands of the Arabs whom they had considered a lesser danger among the other nations [to their empire]. Their affairs became exacerbated and their afflictions doubled as they plotted wars against Islam various times. However, in all of their plots, Allāh made the Truth manifest. They continued to plot more useful stunts. So, some of their people accepted Islām only to turn towards Shī'ism, with the claim of loving Ahl al-Bayt (the family of the Prophet) and abhorrence to the oppression against 'Alī. Then, they traversed upon this way until it led them away from the path of Guidance [Islām].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kitab al-Fisal fi al-milal wa-al-ahwa' wa-al-nihal|last=Ibn Hazm|first='Ali|pages=2/273}}</ref></blockquote>
===Homosexuality===
Ibn Hazm states in no uncertain terms that homosexual acts between men constitute a sin, since they are expressly condemned in the Quran and the Sunna.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adang |first1=Camilla |title=Ibn Hazm on Homosexuality. A case of Zahiri legal methodolgy |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/629b/167b25de8def7a46dc7d76a0331c35c9ef4a.pdf}}</ref> <ref>Quran An-Naml (The Ants) 27:55</ref> However, his rejection of qiyàs prevents him from assimilating liwàt to zinâ: illicit sex between a man and a woman.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adang |first1=Camilla |title=Ibn Hazm on Homosexuality. A case of Zahiri legal methodolgy |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/629b/167b25de8def7a46dc7d76a0331c35c9ef4a.pdf}}</ref> The punishment prescribed by him is therefore not that which is incurred by zinà, viz. stoning or intensive flogging, but a milder one consisting of a maximum of ten lashes and imprisonment with the aim of bringing about the reformation of the sinner.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adang |first1=Camilla |title=Ibn Hazm on Homosexuality. A case of Zahiri legal methodolgy |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/629b/167b25de8def7a46dc7d76a0331c35c9ef4a.pdf}}</ref> Ibn Hazm rejects those reports and traditions which proclaim that jfl qawm Lût is worse than zinà, including certain traditions from the canonical collections.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adang |first1=Camilla |title=Ibn Hazm on Homosexuality. A case of Zahiri legal methodolgy |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/629b/167b25de8def7a46dc7d76a0331c35c9ef4a.pdf}}</ref> In the same way that male homosexuality is not assimilated to illicit heterosexual contacts, so homosexual acts between women cannot be compared to them, nor can they be compared to male homosexuality.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adang |first1=Camilla |title=Ibn Hazm on Homosexuality. A case of Zahiri legal methodolgy |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/629b/167b25de8def7a46dc7d76a0331c35c9ef4a.pdf}}</ref> Nevertheless, sahq, like liwàt, incurs a ta^zir punishment of up to ten lashes. Whether women, too, will have to serve a term in prison, like the men, is not clear.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adang |first1=Camilla |title=Ibn Hazm on Homosexuality. A case of Zahiri legal methodolgy |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/629b/167b25de8def7a46dc7d76a0331c35c9ef4a.pdf}}</ref>
==Reception==
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==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
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