Ja Lama: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added
mNo edit summary
Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 47:
In February 1914, Ja Lama was arrested by Siberian [[Cossacks]] on the orders of Russian consular officials in Khovd.<ref>{{cite book |title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia |first=Andrei |last=Znamenski|edition=illustrated |year=2011 |publisher=Quest Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&pg=PA41 |page=41 |isbn=978-0835608916 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> The consulate had received numerous complaints from nobles in the Khovd region who disapproved of Ja Lama's autocratic behavior and despotic practices. Ja Lama was imprisoned in [[Tomsk]] for about a year and later moved to [[Irkutsk]]. In 1916, Ja Lama returned to his native Lower [[Volga]] region then reentered Mongolia in the summer of 1918. Ja Lama refused to recognize the authority of the [[Bogd Khan]] and the government immediately issued a warrant for his arrest. Ja Lama, however, managed to evade Mongolian authorities, and established himself in a retreat in the [[Gobi|Black Gobi]], on the border between Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of [[Xinjiang]] and [[Gansu]]. From there, he recruited followers and extorted or robbed passing caravans.<ref>{{cite book |title=Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debarcle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s |volume=4 of Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, V.4 |first=Alexandre |last=Andreyev|edition=illustrated |year=2003 |publisher=BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqXnOBX4dREC&pg=PA139 |page=139 |isbn=9004129529 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Myth of the Masters Revived: The Occult Lives of Nikolai and Elena Roerich |first=Alexandre |last=Andreyev |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TI6fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |page=285 |isbn=978-9004270435 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Ja Lama gained a lucrative amount of gold and silver after looting a Tibetan caravan of fifty merchants.<ref>{{cite book |title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia |first=Andrei |last=Znamenski|edition=illustrated |year=2011 |publisher=Quest Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&pg=PA138 |page=138 |isbn=978-0835608916 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref>
 
In the [[Zasagt Khan|Zasagt Khan aimag]] opium was cultivated by Chinese workers who were employed by Ja Lama in 1918.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Tea Road: China and Russia Meet Across the Steppe |first=Martha |last=Avery|year=2003 |publisher=五洲传播出版社 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BMftUQCm5_IC&pg=PA139 |page=139 |isbn=7508503805 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref>
 
Ja-lama murdered all the members of a delegation sent by Baron [[Roman von Ungern-Sternberg]] to [[Lhasa]] in 1920.<ref>{{cite book |title=Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debarcle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s |volume=4 of Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, V.4 |first=Alexandre |last=Andreyev|edition=illustrated |year=2003 |publisher=BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqXnOBX4dREC&pg=PA150 |page=150 |isbn=9004129529 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Ja-lama was apparently found to be a disillusionment by Ungern who had been an admirer, only to allude to him by insults after actually entering Mongolia.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia |first=James |last=Palmer|edition=reprint |year=2011 |publisher=Basic Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_2oJYvNHAQC&pg=PA60 |page=60 |isbn=978-0465022076 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref>