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'''Jason M. Barr''' is an American economist and author at [[Rutgers University-Newark]], whose work is in the field of "skynomics", the study of skyscrapers and skylines using modern economics methods.<ref>Emily Badger, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/08/how-skyscrapers-reveal-the-rise-and-fall-of-american-fortunes/ "How skyscrapers reveal the rise and fall American fortunes"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', Wonkblog, Jan. 8, 2016</ref><ref>Jason Barr. "Skyscraper height". ''Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics'', 2012, 45(3), 723-753.</ref><ref>Henry Grabar, [http://www.salon.com/2013/11/16/which_skyscraper_is_tallest_its_complicated/ "Which skyscraper is tallest? It's complicated"]. Salon.com, Nov. 11, 2013</ref><ref>Jeff Giles, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/09/business/skyscrapers-new-york-golden-age.html/ "It's Tough Being a Young Skyscraper]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', Sept. 9, 2019</ref> He is the author of ''Building the Skyline: The Birth and Growth of Manhattan's Skyscrapers'', which
==Biography==
Barr earned his B.S. from [[Cornell University]] in 1992, his M.F.A. in creative writing from [[Emerson College]] in 1995 and his Ph.D. in economics from [[Columbia University]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Barr|first1=Jason|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=https://www.jasonmbarr.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CV_Jason_Barr.pdf|accessdate=23 January 2022}}</ref>
Barr has
==Research On Skyscrapers==▼
Barr
Barr has also written extensively on [[zoning in the United States]] including the role of [[Robert Moses]] and the City Planning Commission creating the current NYC zones.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://buildingtheskyline.org/zoning-moses-1/ | title=Robert Moses and the Zoning of New York (Part I): Killing the Master Plan - Building the Skyline | date=28 February 2023 }}</ref> His "Building the Skyline: The Birth and Growth of Manhattan's Skyscrapers" provides a detailed analysis of Manhattan’s development, including how Manhattan's shape and land use patterns, advancements in transport, and neighborhood density affected the location and heights of its tall buildings
Barr’s latest book, "Cities in the Sky:The Quest to Build the World's Tallest Skyscrapers"<ref>Barr, Jason M. Cities in the Sky: The Quest to Build the World’s Tallest Skyscrapers. (2024). Scribner Books. Website: https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/.</ref> highlights the global race to build the tallest skyscrapers, examining the economic, cultural, political, and technological motivations.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/books/cities-in-the-sky-review-skyscraper-society-ca023df5 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.ft.com/content/e19e2e8e-3d32-439b-a529-4a0202dd8310 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.business-standard.com/book/the-rise-of-skyscrapers-124070201190_1.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> The book begins with the origins of skyscrapers in early 20th-century America, focusing on cities like Chicago and New York. Barr debunks the myth the [[Home Insurance Building]] in Chicago was the first skyscraper. He shows that its designation as such was created through a public relations campaign in 1896 by the building's architect, [[William Le Baron Jenney]] and his [[Chicago]] colleagues, including [[Daniel Burnham|Daniel H. Burnham]].<ref>Barr, Jason M. Cities in the Sky: The Quest to Build the World’s Tallest Skyscrapers. (2024). Scribner Books. Website: https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/</ref> Regarding London's skyscraper history, Barr notes that London initially resisted tall buildings due to both preservationist opposition and lack of need. It wasn't until the 21st century that London saw the rise of modern skyscrapers like the [[The Shard|Shard]] and the [[The Gherkin|Gherkin]]. Barr contrasts this with the rapid skyscraper development in Hong Kong, which, despite starting later, now has more skyscrapers than Manhattan. Hong Kong's unique land lease system, stemming from its colonial past, has influenced its dense vertical growth, with many skyscrapers serving residential purposes. The system was later adopted by mainland China, helping to spur an unprecedented skyscraper boom. According to Barr, in the Middle East, Dubai's [[Burj Khalifa]] exemplifies skyscraper development driven by consolidated decision-making. Barr argues that skyscrapers create a positive feedback loop for cities, enhancing global connectivity and economic growth. Barr also dunks the myth that the word's tallest buildings are not economically rational. Recording breaking structures are used as part of an economic development strategy that increases tourism, foreign direct investment, and raises property values.<ref>Barr, Jason and Weismantle, Peter. “The Economics of Record-Breaking Height.” (2023). CTBUH Journal, 1, 36-43.</ref> However, he also critiques the sustainability of super-tall buildings, advocating for a balance between density and environmental impact. Barr concludes that while skyscrapers can elevate a city's status, their construction must be contextually and economically justified.<ref>Barrett, Joe. "The $1.6 Billion Quest to Build America's Tallest Skyscraper in…Oklahoma". WSJ. Retrieved 2024-06-05</ref>
▲==Research==
▲Barr's work has addressed widely held myths or misconceptions about [[skyscraper]]s and cities.<ref>Alissa Walker. [http://ny.curbed.com/2016/10/6/13189862/nyc-skyscrapers-myths-jason-barr "5 myths about New York City skyscrapers, debunked"]. [[Curbed|Curbed.com]], October 6, 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-10 |title=A Guide to NYC's Skyline {{!}} Skyline Cruises |url=https://skylinecruises.com/notes-from-the-deck/guide-new-york-citys-skyline/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Skyline Princess Cruises |language=en-US}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=A Tale Of Two Skylines: The Story Behind New York City's 'Gap' |url=https://www.thetravel.com/why-does-new-york-city-have-two-skylines/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=TheTravel |language=en}} </ref><ref>Jason Barr and [[Gerard Koeppel]]. [http://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/the-manhattan-street-grid-plan-misconceptions-and-corrections "The Manhattan Street Grid Plan: Misconceptions and Corrections"], January 4, 2017</ref> For example, research performed by Barr and his colleagues showed that there was no evidence for the [[Skyscraper Index|Skyscraper Curse]], that the completion of the world's tallest building is a herald of an economic crisis.<ref>Jason Barr, Bruce Mizrach and Kusum Mundra. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2014.967380 "Skyscraper height and the business cycle: separating myth from reality"]. ''Applied Economics'', 2015, 47(2), 148-160.</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21647289-there-such-thing-skyscraper-curse-towers-babel "Towers of Babel: Is there such a thing as the skyscraper curse?"] ''[[The Economist]]'', March 28, 2015</ref> Barr has also debunked the misconception that Manhattan's geological conditions have been the reason there are few skyscrapers between lower [[Manhattan]] and [[Midtown Manhattan|Midtown]].<ref>Matt Chaban. [http://observer.com/2012/01/uncanny-valley-the-real-reason-there-are-no-skyscrapers-in-the-middle-of-manhattan/ "Uncanny valley: the real reason there are no skyscrapers in the middle of Manhattan"]. ''[[The New York Observer]]'', January 17, 2012</ref><ref>Matt Chaban. [http://observer.com/2012/01/paul-goldberger-and-skyscraper-economist-jason-barr-debate-the-manhattan-skyline/ "Paul Goldberger and skyscraper economist Jason Barr debate the Manhattan skyline."] ''The New York Observer'', January 25, 2012</ref><ref>David W. Dunlap. [http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/450-million-years-ago-hells-kitchen-earned-its-name/?_r=0 "450 million years ago, Hell's Kitchen earned its name"]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 2, 2015</ref><ref>Jason Barr, Troy Tassier and Rossen Trendafilov. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/depth-to-bedrock-and-the-formation-of-the-manhattan-skyline-18901915/56EAE58906036780174ACE6AF1B7C868 "Depth to bedrock and the formation of the Manhattan skyline, 1890–1915"]. [[The Journal of Economic History|''Journal of Economic History'']], 2011, 71(4), 1060-1077.</ref><ref>Chris Weller. [http://www.techinsider.io/why-new-york-city-looks-like-it-does-2015-9 "6 hidden reasons why New York City looks like it does"]. ''TechInsider'', September 25, 2015.</ref> Rather, Barr's work demonstrates that [[Midtown Manhattan|Midtown's]] origin was due to the city's demographic evolution and the fact that Manhattan is a long, but narrow, island that concentrated economic activity to a much greater degree, as compared to other cities.<ref>Richard Florida and Andrew Small. [http://www.citylab.com/work/2016/11/the-curious-case-of-nycs-dual-economic-centers/494135/ "The curious case of New York's two economic centers"]. [[The Atlantic#CityLab|Citylab.com]], November 23, 2016.</ref><ref>Jason Barr and Troy Tassier. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jors.12288/full "The dynamics of subcenter formation: Midtown Manhattan, 1861-1906"]. ''[[Journal of Regional Science]]'', 2016, 56(5), 731–933.</ref>
==New Mannahatta Project==
[[File:Nm12.png|thumb|New Mannahatta Project proposed by Jason Barr in 2022]]
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Barr is an advocate of [[land reclamation]] projects such as those seen in Hong Kong and the Netherlands. He is also an advocate of [[Lower Manhattan expansion]]. On January 14, 2022 Barr wrote an opinion article in the ''New York Times''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/14/opinion/eric-adams-manhattan-expand.html | title=Opinion | 1,760 Acres. That's How Much More of Manhattan We Need | newspaper=The New York Times | date=14 January 2022 | last1=Barr | first1=Jason M. }}</ref> which proposed the expansion of Manhattan Island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinion: One Solution to Manhattan's Land Shortage: Just Build It |url=https://www.planetizen.com/news/2022/01/115935-opinion-one-solution-manhattans-land-shortage-just-build-it |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=www.planetizen.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-01-19 |title=Make NYC more affordable by extending Manhattan: professor |url=https://nypost.com/2022/01/19/make-nyc-more-affordable-by-extending-manhattan-professor/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-19 |title=Jason Barr for PIX11: Plan to expand Manhattan? Rutgers professor explains buzzy proposal |url=https://sasn.rutgers.edu/news-events/news/jason-barr-pix11-plan-expand-manhattan-rutgers-professor-explains-buzzy-proposal |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Rutgers SASN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-18 |title=Manhattan Island extension could provide homes for 250,000 people |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2022/01/18/manhattan-island-extension-new-mannahatta/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Dezeen |language=en}}</ref>
Barr proposes expanding Manhattan Island by 1,760 acres into New York Harbor to tackle housing affordability and climate change. This new area, named New Mannahatta, would provide housing for nearly 250,000 people and offer significant protection against sea level rise, flooding, and storm surges. Barr’s plan would push vulnerable areas like Wall and Broad Streets inland and incorporate wetlands to absorb storm surges, with land built at higher elevations for added protection.
The new constructions could include diverse housing types and nearly 180,000 new units. Barr highlights the economic feasibility, noting that the high value of New York real estate could fund the project through sales or long-term leases. With 2019 building sales at $1,500 per square foot versus $500 construction costs, the profit could cover land and infrastructure costs. The project would boost ferry routes and real estate tax income, with potential support from federal infrastructure funds.
This "[[New Mannahatta]]" project proposal was met with criticism from readers despite the project being quite similar to other already completed projects around the world. Among other academics and city planners Barr's project was met with greater interest.
==Legends Tower Project And Criticism==
The proposal to build the "Legends Tower" in Oklahoma City has stirred considerable debate, with economist Jason Barr expressing skepticism. He questions the economic viability of such a project in a city like Oklahoma City, stating, "It would pencil out in New York, it would pencil out in Chicago, but statistically I can’t see it penciling out in Oklahoma City." Barr raises concerns about the project's financing and whether the market demand in Oklahoma City can support the costs associated with constructing such a towering structure. He also doubts the rationale for including an observation deck
== Books ==
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*''Cities in the Sky: The Quest to Build the World's Tallest Skyscrapers'' [[Simon & Schuster]], 2024 ISBN 978-1982174217
"Cities in the Sky"<ref>https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Cities-in-the-Sky/Jason-M-Barr/9781982174217 | isbn=978-1-9821-7421-7 | title=Cities in the Sky | date=14 May 2024 | last1=Barr | first1=Jason M. | publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref> by Jason Barr explores the global phenomenon of skyscraper construction, delving into the motivations, economics, and impact of these towering structures. From iconic landmarks like the Empire State Building to modern marvels such as the Shanghai Tower and the Burj Khalifa, Barr examines the architectural and engineering feats behind each skyscraper. He dispels myths about their origins, discusses the technological advancements driving their proliferation, and analyzes their effects on city skylines and economies. The book covers the evolution of skyscrapers from early American developments to contemporary trends in cities like London, Hong Kong, and Dubai. Barr also addresses the controversies surrounding skyscrapers, including their high costs and environmental impacts. "Cities in the Sky" offers insight into the past, present, and future of urban verticality, appealing to urbanists, architecture enthusiasts, and anyone interested in the evolving landscape of modern cities.
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
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