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{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Jat community}}
{{Short description|Ethnoreligious subgroup on the Indian subcontinent}}
{{for|historical Jat community in lower Iraq|Zutt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{use Pakistani English|date=March 2023}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Jat Muslim
| image = Distribution of Jats in South Asia.png
| caption = Distribution of Jats in South Asia
| poptime =
| popplace = [[Pakistan]], [[India]]
| langs = [[Khariboli]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (and its [[Punjabi dialects and languages|dialects]]) • [[Lahnda]] • [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] •(and its [[UrduSindhi languages|dialects]]) • •[[Khariboli|Khadi BoliUrdu]]
| rels = [[Islam]]
| related = [[Jat people]] • [[Gujars]] • [[Med people]]|
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
 
'''Jat Muslim''' or '''Musalman Jat''' also spelled '''Jutt''' ({{lang-urlangx|pa|{{Nastaliq|مسلمان جٹ مسلمان}}}}; {{Langx|sd|مسلمان جاٽ}}), (also spelled '''Jatt''' or '''Jutt'''; ({{IPA-pa|d͡ʒəʈːᵊ}}), are an elastic and diverse<ref>[https://www.scoopwhoop.com/difference{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |title=Caste, society and politics in India from the eighteenth century to the modern age |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-between0-jaat521-and79842-jatt6 |series=The new Cambridge history of India / Scoopwhoopgeneral ed.com] Gordon Johnson 4, The evolution of contemporary South Asia |location=Cambridge}}</ref> areethno-social thesubgroup [[patrilineal]]of descendants ofthe [[Jat people]], anwho are composed of followers of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-AryanIslam]] tribaland groupare native to the Punjabnorthern region,regions Gujaratof Regionthe [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jairath |first=Vinod K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sffCgAAQBAJ |title=Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India |date=2013-04-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-19680-5 |pagespage=1 |language=en}}</ref> or Northern regions of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] who are followers of [[Islam]]. They are found primarily throughout the [[Sindh, Pakistan]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab region]] regions of [[Pakistan]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jat Jat caste on Encyclopedia Britannica website] Retrieved 9 November 2020</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fBtAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins|date=2002|publisher=Anthem Press|others=Translated by Gillian Beaumont|isbn=9781843310303978-1-84331-030-3|editor-last=Jaffrelot|editor-first=Christophe|editor-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|location=London|pages=205–206|oclc=61512448}}</ref> Jats began converting to [[Islam]] from the early [[MiddleMedieval AgesIndia|Medieval era]] onward, and constitute a distinct sub-groupsubgroup within the diverse community of Jat people.<ref name="Khanna2004">{{cite book|last=Khanna|first=Sunil K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrMRezmNrPcC|title=Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|year=2004|isbn=9780387299051978-0-387-29905-1|editor1-last=Ember|editor1-first=Carol R.|editor1-link=Carol R. Ember|volume=2|location=Dordrecht|pages=777–783|chapter=Jat|oclc=473757308|editor2-last=Ember|editor2-first=Melvin|editor2-link=Melvin Ember}}</ref>
 
== Origin History==
Jats were earliest people in the Indian subcontinent to have interacted with the Muslims as multiple trading communities of Jats already existed in the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]. Jats were referred as ''[[Zuṭṭ]]'' ({{Langx|ar|الزُّطِّ|translit=Az-Zutt}}) in early Arab writings and ''Jat-an'' in Persian.<ref>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=A. | title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11th centuries. Vol. 1 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-391-04125-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3p-czgEACAAJ | access-date=2022-08-02 | page=156}}</ref> They were present in [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Syria]] since the time of Sassanid emperor [[Bahram V]] (420–438), where they acted as mercenary soldiers for caliphate. They produced prominent people such as [[Abu Hanifa]],<ref name=h1>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&dq=Abu+Hanifa+jat&pg=PA161 |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |language=en|page=161|quote=Some Jat freemen became famous in the Islamic world , as for instance Abu Hanifa ( 699-767 ? )}}</ref><ref name=h2>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Jamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAT1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Abu+Hanifa+jat&pg=PA44 |title=Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition |date=2020-04-06 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-42271-1 |language=en|quote="...Abu Hanifa (699–767), the founder of the Hanafi school of law, who was of Jat stock, most likely descending from those early prisoners sent to Iraq."|page=44}}</ref> [[Al-Sari ibn al-Hakam|Al-Sari ibn al Hakam al-Zutti]], the [[List of rulers of Islamic Egypt|emir of Egypt]],<ref name=zutti>{{Cite book |last=Beg |first=Muhammad Abdul Jabbar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoLdcQAACAAJ&q=Social+Mobility+in+Islamic+Civilization:+The+Classical+Period+:+Y+Muhammad+Abdul+Jabbar+Beg |title=Social Mobility in Islamic Civilization: The Classical Period: Y Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg |date=1981 |publisher=University of Malaya Press |language=en|page=171|quote=For instance , al - Sari b . alHakam b . Yusuf al - Zutti " was a governor of Egypt in 200-205 H./815-820 A.D. There were two other reported cases of social mobility among the Zutt people .}}</ref> and [[Abu Hatim al-Zutti]], the founder of [[Baqliyya]] sub-sect of [[Qarmatians]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maclean |first=Derryl N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGxqygAACAAJ&q=Religion+and+Society+in+Arab+Sind+By+Derryl+N.+MacLean%09%C2%A0 |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind|date=1984 |publisher=McGill University |isbn=978-0-315-20821-6 |language=en|page=132}}</ref> Their power in lower Iraq broke down after the failed [[Zutt Rebellion]] and Jats lost their distinct identity in the Mesopotamia that they had previously,<ref name=Tabiri>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky2rl0xN2SQC&dq=Zutt+rebellions&pg=PA7 |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 33: Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the ʿAbbasid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Muʿtaṣim A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218-227 |date=2015-07-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9721-0 |language=en|page=7–10}}</ref> probably merging with the [[Marsh Arabs]] of Iraq.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&dq=marsh+arabs+zutt&pg=PA157 |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |language=en|page=157}}</ref>
Muslim Jats are the descendant of Hindu Jats who converted into Islam during Islamic period in India. The Jats have been identified by one writer with the [[gypsies]] of [[Europe]], another makes their original home in the [[Mesopotamian Marshes|Mesopotamian marshes]], others again consider them to be the descendants of the Jatii, [[Getae]] and other [[Scythians|Scythian]] races, which entered the subcontinent in about the beginning of the Christian era. It is though confirmed that they were [[Pastoralism|pastoralists]] who had migrated from the lower [[Indus river]]-valley of [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan]] to the Northern regions around the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Wikeley|first=M|url=https://rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10154474596631675.pdf|title=Punjabi Musalmans|publisher=Muhammad Saeed Sheikh|year=1970|location=[[Lahore]]|pages=8–9|language=en}}</ref>
 
When [[Arab people|Arabs]] entered Sindh and southern [[Punjab]] regions of Pakistan in the seventh century, the chief tribal groupings they found were the Jats and the [[Med people]]. Most Jats clans of western Punjab have traditions that they accepted Islam at the hands of [[Sufi]] saints of Punjab. Critically, the process of conversion was said to have been a much slower process.<ref name="Al-Hind2">{{cite book|last=Wink|first=André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA241|title=Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries|publisher=Brill|year=2002|isbn=978-0-391-04174-5|volume=2|location=Boston|pages=241–242|oclc=48837811}}</ref>
==Introduction of Islam==
When [[Arab people|Arabs]] entered Sindh and other Southern regions of current Pakistan in the seventh century, the chief tribal groupings they found were the Jats and the [[Med people]]. These Jats are often referred as Zatts ({{Lang-ar|الزُّطِّ|translit=Az-Zutt}}) in early Arab writings. The Jats were the first external converts to Islam, and many were employed as soldiers by the new Arab Muslim administration in Sindh. The Muslim conquest chronicles further point at the important concentrations of Jats in towns and fortresses of Lower and Central Sindh.<ref name=Al-Hind1>{{cite book |title=Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries |last=Wink |first=André |year=2002 |location=Boston |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=154–160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA154 |isbn=9780391041738 |oclc=48837811}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zuṭṭ {{!}} people|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zutt|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
 
During the era of Mughals there appears to be a little change in their position, with one [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Nawab Sa'adullah Khan]] even serving as the [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] from 1645 to 1656.<ref name="Journal of Central Asia 1992 p.84 ">{{cite book | title=Journal of Central Asia | publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University | issue=v. 15 | year=1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml5xAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2022-07-30 | page=84 | quote= Sadullah Khan was the son of Amir Bakhsh, a cultivator of Chiniot. He belonged to a Jat family. He was born on Thursday, the 10th Safar 1000 A.H./1591 A.C.}}</ref> After the decline of Mughal empire, many communities rose to into revolt. One of them were Afghan Rohillas, who had settled into Rohilkhand by then in large numbers. Their dynasty, the [[Rohilla dynasty]] (1714–1774) descended from [[Ali Mohammed Khan|Nawab Ali Muhammed Khan]], who was a Jat<ref name="Irvine 1971 p.118 ">{{cite book | last=Irvine | first=W. | title=Later Mughal | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri | year=1971 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC | access-date=2022-07-30 | page=118 | quote= Once Daud was sent against the village of Bankauli, in pargana Chaumahla, with which his employer was at feud. Along with the plunder taken on this occasion Daud obtained possession of a Jat boy seven or eight years of age, whom he caused to be circumcised and then adopted under the name of Ali Muhammad Khan.}}</ref><ref name=":3 ">{{cite book | last=Ḥusain | first=M. | author2=Pakistan Historical Society | title=A History of the Freedom Movement: 1707-1831 | publisher=Pakistan Historical Society | series=A History of the Freedom Movement: Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707-1947 | year=1957 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo-GvHjoH-cC | access-date=2022-07-30 | page=304 | quote= Amongst other prisoners he obtained a young Jat boy of eight years . Daud took a fancy to him and adopted him as his son and named him ' Ali Muhammad Khan.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos J. L.|author-link=Jos Gommans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC&dq=most+of+the+contemporary+sources+call+him+a+jat+or+ahir&pg=PA120 |title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780 |date=1995 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10109-8 |language=en|page=120|quote="Most of the contemporary sources, however, call him a Jat or an Ahir."}}</ref> boy of age eight when he was adopted by the chief of the Pashtun Barech tribe, Sardar Daud Khan Rohilla.<ref name=":3 "/> Due to the role he played in the establishment of [[Rohilkhand]] and in the general history of Rohillas, he gained recognition as a Rohilla chief, however, he was not Afghan by birth.<ref name="Irvine 1971 p.118 "/> Although the Rohillas lost their kingdom after the [[first Rohilla War]] in 1774, [[Faizullah Khan]], son of Ali Mohammed Khan, managed to become Nawab of princely state of [[Rampur State|Rampur]]. The [[Kalhora dynasty|Kalhoras]] (1701–1783) of Sindh were also probably from [[Channa (tribe)|Channa]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brohī |first=ʻAlī Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kalhoras+a+local+Sindhi+tribe+of+Channa+origin |title=The Temple of Sun God: Relics of the Past |date=1998 |publisher=Sangam Publications |page=175 |language=en |quote="Kalhoras a local Sindhi tribe of Channa origin..."}}</ref> a sub-division of Jats.<ref name=k>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=A. | title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11th centuries. Vol. 1 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-391-04125-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3p-czgEACAAJ | access-date=2022-08-02 | page=158-159|quote=Samma, Sahtah, Chand(Channa)....which appear, at least in the Muslim sources, to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats.}}</ref>
Between the 10th and the 13th Century, there was large immigration of Jat groups northwards to [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and eastwards towards what is now [[Rajasthan]]. Many Jat clans initially settled in a region known as the Bar country, which referred to the country between the rivers of Punjab, thinly populated with scanty rainfall which accommodated a type of pastoral nomadism which was based primary on the rearing of goats and camels. Between the 11th and the 13th centuries, the Jats became essentially a farming population, taking advantage in the growth of irrigation. As these Jats became farmers, they started accepting Islam. Most Jats clans of western Punjab have traditions that they accepted Islam at the hands of many famous [[Sufi]] saints of Punjab, [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Shaikh Faridudin Ganj Shaker]] of [[Pakpattan]], [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] of east Punjab and [[Baha-ud-din Zakariya]] of [[Multan]], [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]] of [[Sindh]], [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari]] of [[Bahawalpur]] area. Critically, the process of conversion was said to have been a much slower process by .<ref name="Al-Hind2">{{cite book|last=Wink|first=André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA241|title=Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries|publisher=Brill|year=2002|isbn=9780391041745|volume=2|location=Boston|pages=241–242|oclc=48837811}}</ref>
 
It is still uncertain when the Jats embraced Islam, but when [[Babur]] invaded India in 1525 A. D. he found that in the [[Salt Range]] they had been subdued by the [[Awan (tribe)|Awans]], [[Janjua]]s and other Jat tribes, which had adopted the Muslim religion; we may conclude therefore that they may have been Muslims before this period. Punjabi Muslim Jats have been, and still are, democratic in their tribal arrangements.<ref name=":0" />
 
==Social organization==
In the plains of Punjab, there are many communities of Jat, some of whom had converted to Islam by the 18th century, while others had become [[Jat Sikh|Sikhs]]. Those clans that converted to Islam remained in what is now [[Pakistani Punjab]] after [[Partition of India|Partition]]. In Pakistan, most Jats are land-owning agriculturalists, and they form one of the numerous ethnic group in Sindh.<ref name=Jaffrelot2002 /><ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1077113 |title=When it comes to 'I do', the cult of clans matter|author=Sumaira Jajja |date=29 December 2013|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=May 2021}}
 
Jats had a strong presence in Balochistan before the Baloch migrations in the medieval ages. The modern Baloch tribes of [[Babbar (Tribe)|Babbar]], [[Gurchani]], [[Lanjwani]], [[Kulachi (tribe)|Kolachi]], [[Zardari (tribe)|Zardari]] and [[Dodai tribe|Dodai]] descend directly from the [[Jats of Balochistan]].
Jats, together with the Rajputs and Gujjars, are the dominant ethnically-Punjabi and religiously-Islamic tribes settled in the regions comprising eastern Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A history of Pakistan and its origins |date=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |editor=Christophe Jaffrelot |isbn=1-84331-149-6 |location=London |oclc=56646546}}</ref> They exert considerable influence in various mainstays of Pakistani society, including the realms of the judiciary, agriculture industry, private sector, academia, and military.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al Nahyan |first=Mansoor Bin Tahnoon |title=Tribes of Pakistan |date=2019 |author2=Jamal Hussain |author3=Asad ul Ghafoor |isbn=978-1-5275-3439-1 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |oclc=1101186560}}</ref>▼
 
▲Jats, together with the Rajputs and Gujjars, are the dominant ethnically-Punjabi and religiously-Islamic tribescommunities settled in the regions comprising eastern Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A history of Pakistan and its origins |date=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |editor=Christophe Jaffrelot |isbn=1-84331-149-6 |location=London |oclc=56646546}}</ref> They exert considerable influence in various mainstays of Pakistani society, including the realms of the judiciary, agriculture industry, private sector, academia, and military.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al Nahyan |first=Mansoor Bin Tahnoon |title=Tribes of Pakistan |date=2019 |author2=Jamal Hussain |author3=Asad ul Ghafoor |isbn=978-1-5275-3439-1 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |oclc=1101186560}}</ref>
==Notable people==
 
{{Main|List of Jat people}}
== Demographics ==
 
=== British Punjab ===
In the [[Punjab Province (British India)|British province of Punjab]], encompassing more than modern-day West Punjab in Pakistan and East Punjab in India, as per the 1921 census 47,3% of the Jats followed Islam, 33,4% were Sikhs and 19,3% were Hindus.<ref>“[https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430164 Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 1, Report].” ''Census Reports - 1921'', 1923., 1923. ''[[JSTOR]].'' Accessed 8 Apr. 2024. Page 345.</ref>
 
At the time of the 1931 census, the total Jat Muslim population in Punjab was 2,941,395 out of the Punjab province's Muslim population of 28,490,857, Jat Muslims thus contituting the single largest Muslim group of the province, at around 20%, followed by [[Muslim Rajputs|Rajputs]] (12%) and [[Arain]] (10%).<ref>“[https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables].” ''Census Reports - 1931'', 1933., 1933. ''JSTOR.'' Accessed 8 Apr. 2024. Page 290.</ref>
 
=== Pakistan ===
In Pakistan, the Jat population is estimated to number around 21 million compared to 12 million in India.<ref>Lodrick, Deryck O. (2009). "JATS". In Gallagher, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (eds.). ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Volume 3: Asia & Oceania'' (2nd ed.). [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]. pp. 418–419. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1414448916|<bdi>978-1414448916</bdi>]]. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[Sindhi Jats]]
*[[Category:Punjabi tribesMuslims]]▼
*[[List of Punjabi Muslims]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Gotras of Jats}}
{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jat Muslim}}
▲[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Jat]]
[[Category:Jat clans of Punjab]]
[[Category:Jat clans of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jat clans of India]]
[[Category:Jat clans of Pakistan]]
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