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| name = Jeremy Corbyn
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
| image = Official portrait of Jeremy Corbyn MP crop 2,
| image_size =
| caption = Official portrait,
| office = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
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| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (part of the [[Independent Alliance (UK)|Independent Alliance]])
| otherparty = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (1965–2024){{ref|suspension|a}}
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Jane Chapman]]|1974|1979|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|Claudia Bracchitta|1987|1999|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|Laura Álvarez|2012}}}}
| children = 3
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{{Jeremy Corbyn sidebar}}
'''Jeremy Bernard Corbyn''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔːr|b|ᵻ|n}}; born 26 May 1949) is a British politician who has been [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington North]] since 1983.
Born in [[Chippenham]], [[Wiltshire]], Corbyn joined the Labour Party as a teenager. Moving to London, he became a [[List of trade unions in the United Kingdom|trade union]] [[Union representative|representative]]. In 1974, he was elected to [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey Council]] and became Secretary of [[Hornsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornsey]] [[Constituency Labour Party]] until elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983. His activism has included [[Anti-Fascist Action]], the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]], the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], and advocating for a [[united Ireland]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestinian statehood]]. As a [[backbencher]], Corbyn routinely voted against the Labour [[Whip (politics)|whip]], including [[New Labour]] governments. A vocal opponent of the [[Iraq War]], he chaired the [[Stop the War Coalition]] from 2011 to 2015, and received the [[Gandhi International Peace Award]] and [[Seán MacBride Peace Prize]]. Following [[Ed Miliband]]'s resignation after the party had lost the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]], Corbyn won the [[2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|2015 party leadership election]] to succeed him.
Taking the party to the left, Corbyn advocated [[renationalising]] public utilities and [[Renationalisation of British Rail|railways]], a [[Non-interventionism|less interventionist]] military policy, and reversals of [[United Kingdom government austerity programme|austerity cuts]] to welfare and public services. Although he had sometimes been critical of the [[European Union]] (EU), he supported the [[
After asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from the party in 2020. In May 2024, after the [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 general election]] had been called, Corbyn was not allowed to stand as a Labour candidate for his constituency, and subsequently announced he would [[Islington North in the 2024 United Kingdom general election|stand as an independent candidate for Islington North]]; he was
==Early life==
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| image1=Castle House School.jpg|width1=217|caption1=[[Castle House School]], where Corbyn attended [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|preparatory school]]|image2=Adams' - Big School.png|width2=217|caption2=[[Adams Grammar School]], where Corbyn attended secondary school}}
Jeremy Bernard Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949 in [[Chippenham, Wiltshire]],<ref name="politics.co.uk bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/jeremy-corbyn|title=Jeremy Corbyn|website=politics.co.uk|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=19 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719211041/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/jeremy-corbyn |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="parliament.uk">[http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/principal/government-opposition/ "Government and Opposition roles"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104507/http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/principal/government-opposition/ |date=24 September 2015}}. UK Parliament. Retrieved 23 September 2015.</ref> the son of mathematics teacher Naomi Loveday (née Josling; 1915–1987)<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1988 |title=Obituary: Naomi Corbyn |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135844#page/213/mode/1up |journal=[[Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine]] |volume=82 |issue= |pages=203–204 |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library]] {{open access}}}}</ref> and electrical engineer and [[Rectifier|power rectifier]] expert David Benjamin Corbyn (1915–1986).<ref name="telegraph.co.uk" /> He has three elder brothers; one of them, [[Piers Corbyn]] (born 1947), is a weather forecaster who later became known as a [[climate change denier]] and [[Anti-vaccine activism|anti-vaccine conspiracy theorist]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/1999/02/weather-2/ |last=Standage |first=Tom |magazine=Wired |title=Everyone Complains About the Weather... Piers Corbyn Is Doing Something About It. |date=1 February 1999 |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104104415/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.02/weather.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/is-there-trouble-ahead-for-jeremy-corbyn-enter-sibling-piers-the-wacky-weatherman-10454680.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/is-there-trouble-ahead-for-jeremy-corbyn-enter-sibling-piers-the-wacky-weatherman-10454680.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Is there trouble ahead for Jeremy Corbyn? Enter sibling Piers, the wacky weatherman... |last=Usborne |first=Simon |newspaper=The Independent |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |title=Piers Corbyn: the other rebel in the family |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/24/piers-corbyn-other-rebel-in-the-family-jeremy-corbyn-climate-change |access-date=12 June 2018 |work=[[The Observer]] |date=24 January 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222131144/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/24/piers-corbyn-other-rebel-in-the-family-jeremy-corbyn-climate-change |url-status=live}}</ref> For the first seven years of his life, the family lived in [[Kington St Michael|Kington St Michael, Wiltshire]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Mendick |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11818744/Jeremy-Corbyn-the-boy-to-the-manor-born.html |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |title=Jeremy Corbyn, the boy to the manor born |date=22 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911171337/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11818744/Jeremy-Corbyn-the-boy-to-the-manor-born.html |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> His parents were [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] members<ref name="LowObs">{{cite news |last=Low |first=Robert |date=23 December 1984 |title=Man in the news: Middle-class boy who meets the people |work=The Observer |page=3}}</ref> and [[peace campaigner]]s who met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of the [[Spanish Republic]] at [[Conway Hall Ethical Society|Conway Hall]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref name=ft>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d242bcc-3126-11e5-8873-775ba7c2ea3d.html?siteedition=uk|title=Leftwing outsider Jeremy Corbyn moves to Labour's centre stage|last1=Pickard|first1=Jim|date=23 July 2015|work=Financial Times|access-date=24 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110112945/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d242bcc-3126-11e5-8873-775ba7c2ea3d.html?siteedition=uk|archive-date=10 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2015|title=How underachieving Jeremy Corbyn surprised everyone|first=Patrick|last= Sawer |author2=Tim Ross|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11859396/How-underachieving-Jeremy-Corbyn-is-on-the-verge-of-surprising-everyone.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914203850/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/11859396/How-underachieving-Jeremy-Corbyn-is-on-the-verge-of-surprising-everyone.html|archive-date=14 September 2015|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bowcott|first1=Owen|date=7 January 2016|title=Right to legal aid is 'basic human right', Jeremy Corbyn tells Justice Alliance meeting|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/jan/07/right-legal-aid-basic-human-right-jeremy-corbyn-justice-alliance-meeting|url-status=live|access-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107200341/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/jan/07/right-legal-aid-basic-human-right-jeremy-corbyn-justice-alliance-meeting|archive-date=7 January 2016|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
When Corbyn was seven, the family moved to [[Pave Lane|Pave Lane, Shropshire]], where his father bought Yew Tree Manor, a 17th-century farmhouse<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/property/2016/12/06/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyns-childhood-home-in-shropshire-for-sale/ | title=Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn's childhood home in Shropshire for sale | website=[[Shropshire Star]] | date=6 December 2016 | access-date=20 October 2022 | archive-date=20 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020093436/https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/property/2016/12/06/labour-leader-jeremy-corbyns-childhood-home-in-shropshire-for-sale/ | url-status=live}}</ref> which was once part of the [[Duke of Sutherland]]'s [[Lilleshall Hall|Lilleshall]] estate.<ref name="BurgessSale">{{cite news |last1=Burgess |first1=Kaya |title=Corbyn's family mansion for sale |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-s-family-mansion-for-sale-cz99j8ck3 |access-date=27 August 2018 |newspaper=The Times |date=5 December 2016 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211220620/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-s-family-mansion-for-sale-cz99j8ck3 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="telegraph.co.uk" /><ref>{{cite news|last2=Sawyer|first2=Patrick|last1=Ross|first1=Tim|title=Labour Turns Left: How the outsider with two grade Es at A-level became a prime minister in waiting|url=http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-sunday-telegraph/20150913/281715498398812/TextView|work=[[The Sunday Telegraph]] |date=13 September 2015|access-date=17 December 2016|via=Press Reader|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002164535/http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-sunday-telegraph/20150913/281715498398812/TextView|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> Corbyn attended [[Castle House School]], an independent [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|preparatory school]] near [[Newport, Shropshire]], before becoming a day student at Newport's [[Adams Grammar School]] at the age of 11.<ref name="roth profile">{{cite web|url=http://internetserver.bishopsgate.org.uk/files/Parliamentary%20Profiles%20Archive/A-D/CORBYN,%20Jeremy/CORBYN,%20Jeremy.pdf|title=Jeremy (Bernard) Corbyn Parliamentary Profile by Andrew Roth|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060013/http://internetserver.bishopsgate.org.uk/files/Parliamentary%20Profiles%20Archive/A-D/CORBYN%2C%20Jeremy/CORBYN%2C%20Jeremy.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="shropstar">{{cite news|title=Confrontation looms large in life of a rebel with a cause|work=Shropshire Star|date=22 August 2015|page=20}} Part of Special Report on Corbyn and Labour leadership campaign.</ref>
While still at school, Corbyn became active in the [[League Against Cruel Sports]] and the [[Labour Party Young Socialists]] within [[Wrekin (UK Parliament constituency)|The Wrekin]].<ref name="shropstar" /> He joined the Labour Party at the age of 16.<ref name="LowObs"/> He achieved two [[GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)|A-Levels]] at grade E, the lowest possible passing grade, before leaving school at 18.<ref>{{cite news|title=A-level results 2015: Labour leader hopeful Jeremy Corbyn received 2 E-grades in his exams. How did other politicians fare?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/istudents/alevel-results-2015-labour-leader-hopeful-jeremy-corbyn-received-2-egrades-in-his-exams-how-did-other-politicians-fare-10454422.html|first=Emily|last= Townsend|date=13 August 2015|access-date=3 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823234024/http://www.independent.co.uk/student/istudents/alevel-results-2015-labour-leader-hopeful-jeremy-corbyn-received-2-egrades-in-his-exams-how-did-other-politicians-fare-10454422.html|archive-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref
After school, Corbyn worked briefly as a reporter for the local ''Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shropshirestar.com/news/2015/06/04/shropshire-educated-jeremy-corbyn-joins-labour-leadership-race/|title=Shropshire-educated Jeremy Corbyn joins Labour leadership race|work=Shropshire Star|date=4 June 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085801/http://www.shropshirestar.com/news/2015/06/04/shropshire-educated-jeremy-corbyn-joins-labour-leadership-race/|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Night Corbyn devised Wrekin red flag plan|work=Shropshire Star|date=13 October 2014|page=14}}Report by Toby Neal, refers to local Young Socialist activity unconnected with his journalistic work which was remembered by a former colleague quoted in the story.</ref> Around the age of 19, he spent two years doing [[Voluntary Service Overseas]] in Jamaica as a [[youth worker]] and geography teacher.<ref name="
==Early career and political activities==
Returning to the UK in 1971, Corbyn worked as an [[Union organizer|official]] for the [[National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers]].<ref
Corbyn was appointed a [[Area health authority|member]] of a [[district health authority]] and in early 1974, at the age of 24, he was elected to [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey Council]] from [[South Hornsey (ward)|South Hornsey]] ward.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://londondatastore-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/LBCE_1974-5-2.pdf |title=London Borough Council Elections 2 May 1974 |publisher=Intelligence Unit, Greater London Council |year=1974 |page=34 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008082403/http://londondatastore-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/LBCE_1974-5-2.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> After boundary changes in 1978 he was re-elected in [[Harringay (ward)|Harringay]] ward as [[councillor]], remaining so until 1983.<ref name=ft /><ref name="jeremycorbyn.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/about/ |title=About me – Jeremy Corbyn MP |work=jeremycorbyn.org.uk |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619072225/http://jeremycorbyn.org.uk/about/ |archive-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> As a delegate from [[Hornsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornsey]] to the [[Labour Party Conference]] in 1978, Corbyn successfully moved a motion calling for dentists to be employed by the [[National Health Service]] (NHS) rather than as private contractors.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Seventyseventh Annual Conference of the Labour Party, Blackpool 1978 |year=1978 |page=188}}</ref> He also spoke in another debate, describing a motion calling for greater support for law and order as "more appropriate to the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] than to the Labour Party".<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Seventyseventh Annual Conference of the Labour Party, Blackpool 1978 |year=1978 |pages=376–77}}</ref>
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Corbyn became the local Labour Party's agent and organiser,<ref>{{cite news |title=London anti-Front rally banned |last=Walker |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Walker (reporter) |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 April 1977 |page=2 |id={{ProQuest|185950380}}}}</ref> and had responsibility for the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 general election campaign]] in Hornsey.<ref name="roth profile" />
Around this time, he became involved with the ''[[London Labour Briefing]]'', where he was a contributor. Described by ''[[The Times]]'' in 1981 as "''Briefing''{{'}}s founder",<ref name="Walker1981">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=David |title=A briefing on 'Briefing': Left-wing activists unite in print |work=[[The Times]] |issue=61103 |date=9 December 1981 |location=London |page=2 |issn=0140-0460 |oclc=6967919 |quote={{sic|Iits}} guiding spirit is Mr Jeremy Corbyn, aged 31, ''Briefing''{{'}}s founder, an official of the National Union of Public Employees.}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' in a 1982 article named Corbyn as "''Briefing''{{'}}s general secretary figure",<ref>{{cite news |title=Where Militant matters |newspaper=The Economist |issue=7231 |date=3 April 1982 |page=28 |quote=... Briefing's general secretary figure, Mr Jeremy Corbyn, will be Labour's candidate in Islington North.}}</ref> as did a profile on Corbyn compiled by parliamentary biographer [[Andrew Roth]] in 2004,<ref name="Ridge">{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSpMujhSQHE&spfreload=10. |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/NSpMujhSQHE |archive-date=28 October 2021 |title=Jeremy Corbyn on the IRA and immigration: Full interview on #Ridge|last=Ridge |first=Sophie|date=21 May 2017 |publisher=Sky News |access-date=21 May 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="
He worked on Tony Benn's [[1981 Labour Party deputy leadership election|unsuccessful deputy leadership campaign in 1981]]. Corbyn was keen to allow former [[International Marxist Group]] member [[Tariq Ali]] to join the party, despite Labour's National Executive having declared him unacceptable, and declared that "so far as we are concerned ... he's a member of the party and he'll be issued with a card."<ref>{{cite news |last=Linton |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Linton |title=Tariq Ali's triumph snatched from his grasp |newspaper=The Guardian |date=18 December 1981 |page=24 |id={{ProQuest|186205704}}}}</ref> In May 1982, when Corbyn was chairman of the Constituency Labour Party, Ali was given a party card signed by Corbyn;<ref>{{cite news |title=Defiant Labour officials give Tariq Ali card |last=Linton |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Linton |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 May 1982 |page=4 |id={{ProQuest|186328348}}}}</ref> in November, the local party voted by 17 to 14 to insist on Ali's membership "up to and including the point of disbandment of the party".<ref>{{cite news |title=Hornsey Labour rebels back Tariq Ali's membership |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 November 1982 |page=26 |id={{ProQuest|186401227}}}}</ref>
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A longstanding supporter of a [[united Ireland]], in the 1980s Corbyn met [[Sinn Féin]] leader [[Gerry Adams]] a number of times.<ref name=":0"/> Corbyn consistently stated that he maintained links with Sinn Fein in order to work for a resolution to the armed conflict.<ref name=":0"/> According to ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', Corbyn was involved in over 72 events connected with Sinn Féin or other pro-republican groups during the period of the IRA's paramilitary campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/election-2017/abbott-declared-support-for-ira-defeat-of-britain-rp79dvvmk|title=Abbott declared support for IRA defeat of Britain|last=Gilligan|first=Andrew|date=21 May 2017|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=21 May 2017|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121125430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35371204|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
Corbyn met Adams at the 1983 and 1989 Labour conferences (facilitated by pro-[[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] [[Red Action]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gilligan |first1=Andrew |title=Police examined Jeremy Corbyn links to pro-IRA group Red Action |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/police-examined-jeremy-corbyn-links-to-pro-ira-group-red-action-f5vm32gc2 |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=The Sunday Times |date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111011003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/police-examined-jeremy-corbyn-links-to-pro-ira-group-red-action-f5vm32gc2 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 1983 at Westminster, along with a number of other Labour MPs.<ref>PhD Thesis:
During the 1980s he campaigned on behalf of the [[Guildford Four]] and [[Birmingham Six]], who were wrongly convicted of responsibility for IRA bombings in England in the mid-1970s.<ref>Paul Hill, Ronan Bennett, ''Stolen Years'', Doubleday, 1990, p. 219.</ref><ref>Hughie Callaghan, Sally Mulready, ''Cruel Fate: One Man's Triumph Over Injustice'', University of Massachusetts Press, 1993, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahfr6gkGMOYC&pg=PA178 178], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahfr6gkGMOYC&pg=PA191 191]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2041634.stm "Jeremy Corbyn"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306184134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2041634.stm |date=6 March 2016}}, BBC News, 22 October 2002.</ref><ref>Peter Gruner, [http://www.islingtontribune.com/news/2013/jun/he-reaches-30-year-milestone-islington-north-labour-mp-jeremy-corbyn-reflects-his-care "As he reaches 30-year milestone, Islington North Labour MP Jeremy Corbyn reflects on his career in politics"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010203/http://www.islingtontribune.com/news/2013/jun/he-reaches-30-year-milestone-islington-north-labour-mp-jeremy-corbyn-reflects-his-care |date=6 March 2016}}, ''Islington Tribune'', 7 June 2013.</ref><ref name="BirmBT">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11245150/The-Birmingham-bombings-40-years-on-what-can-we-learn-from-IRA-terror.html|title=The Birmingham bombings 40 years on: what can we learn from IRA terror?|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925165209/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11245150/The-Birmingham-bombings-40-years-on-what-can-we-learn-from-IRA-terror.html|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> In 1986, Corbyn was arrested with 15 demonstrators protesting against what they saw as weak evidence and poor treatment during the trial of a group of IRA members including [[Patrick Magee (Irish republican)|Patrick Magee]], who was convicted of the Brighton hotel bombing and other attacks. After refusing police requests to move from outside the court, Corbyn and the other protesters were arrested for obstruction and held for five hours before being released on bail, but were not charged.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gilligan|first=Andrew|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/jeremy-corbyn-was-arrested-at-ira-demo-brighton-bomber-solidarity-protest-old-bailey-labour-gd3tnhmrt|title=Jeremy Corbyn was arrested at IRA demo|work=The Sunday Times|date=14 May 2017|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121125430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35371204|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
In 1987, Corbyn attended a commemoration by the [[Wolfe Tone Society]] in London for eight IRA members who were killed by [[Special Air Service]] soldiers [[Loughgall ambush|while attacking]] a [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]] police station in [[Loughgall]], [[County Armagh]]. At the commemoration, he told his fellow attendees that "I'm happy to commemorate all those who died fighting for an independent Ireland" and attacked the British government's policies in Northern Ireland, calling for all British troops to be withdrawn from the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/night-jeremy-corbyn-stood-in-honour-of-dead-ira-terrorists-1-7008757|title=Night Jeremy Corbyn stood in honour of dead IRA terrorists|website=www.newsletter.co.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605192657/http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/night-jeremy-corbyn-stood-in-honour-of-dead-ira-terrorists-1-7008757|archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="telegraph-mi5">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/19/exclusive-mi5-opened-file-jeremy-corbyn-amid-concerns-ira-links/ |title=Exclusive: MI5 opened file on Jeremy Corbyn amid concerns over his IRA links |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520094724/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/19/exclusive-mi5-opened-file-jeremy-corbyn-amid-concerns-ira-links/ |archive-date=20 May 2017 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=19 May 2017 |last1=Newell |first1=Claire |last2=Dixon |first2=Hayley |last3=Heighton |first3=Luke |last4=Yorke |first4=Harry}}</ref> Corbyn subsequently said that he had attended the event, which included a [[minute of silence]] for the eight IRA members, to "call for a peace and dialogue process".<ref name=ft30517>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9f833a98-452c-11e7-8519-9f94ee97d996 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/9f833a98-452c-11e7-8519-9f94ee97d996 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=Spotlight falls on Jeremy Corbyn's links with Irish republicans|last=Wright|first=Robin|date=30 May 2017|access-date=14 November 2019|work=Financial Times}}</ref>
He voted against the 1985 [[Anglo-Irish Agreement]], saying "We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason."<ref
In the early 1990s, [[MI5]] opened a file on Corbyn to monitor his links to the IRA.<ref
In 1994, Corbyn signed a Commons motion condemning the 1974 [[Birmingham pub bombings]], which killed 21 people.<ref name=ft30517 />
In 1998, he voted for the [[Good Friday Agreement]], saying he looked forward to "peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future."<ref name=":0" />
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==== Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activism ====
[[File:Jeremy Corbyn MP speaks at anti-drones rally, 27 April 2013 (8689096394).jpg|thumb
In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee of the [[Stop the War Coalition]], which was formed to oppose the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] which started later that year. In 2002, Corbyn reported unrest : "there is disquiet...about issues of foreign policy" among some members of the Labour party. He cited "the deployment of troops to Afghanistan and the threat of bombing Iraq" as examples.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Edward|title=Labor [''sic''] Party plans challenge to Blair's leadership stance|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DzEzAAAAIBAJ&pg=6902%2C6043706|access-date=19 September 2015|work=[[The Free Lance-Star]]|agency=Associated Press|date=24 March 2002|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004042822/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DzEzAAAAIBAJ&pg=6902%2C6043706|url-status=live}}</ref> He was vehemently opposed to Britain's involvement in the [[Iraq War]] in 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He spoke at the [[February 15, 2003 anti-war protest|February anti-Iraq War protest]] which was said to be the largest such protest in British political history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-2003-anti-iraq-war-speech-labour-leader-ahead-of-his-time_uk_577bbbe8e4b0f7b55795fa0a|title=Jeremy Corbyn's Passionate 2003 Anti-Iraq War Speech Reminds Us Where He's Always Stood|date=5 July 2016|website=HuffPost UK|access-date=16 February 2019|archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216212142/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-2003-anti-iraq-war-speech-labour-leader-ahead-of-his-time_uk_577bbbe8e4b0f7b55795fa0a|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, he expressed support for the Iraqi insurgency and the Palestinian intifada when he signed the second Cairo Declaration in December 2003, which said "The Iraqis themselves are now engaged in a titanic struggle to rid their country of occupying forces. The Palestinian intifada continues under the most difficult circumstances. The US administration threatens Iran and other countries on a daily basis. Now is the time to draw together the forces of resistance in the Arab world and from around the globe."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stopwar.org.uk/article.asp?id=250603|title=Call for the Second Cairo Conference Against US Aggression|date=25 July 2003|website=Stop the War Coalition|archive-date=6 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030806052448/http://www.stopwar.org.uk/article.asp?id=250603|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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Corbyn sat on the [[Justice Select Committee]] from 2010 to 2015.<ref name="ParliamentBiography"/> Before becoming party leader Corbyn had been returned as member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, gaining 60.24% of the vote and a majority of 21,194 in the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Jeremy Corbyn MP|url = http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/jeremy-corbyn/185|website = UK Parliament|access-date = 3 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150601032832/http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/Jeremy-Corbyn/185|archive-date = 1 June 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
==Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020)==▼
{{Main|Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn}}▼
=== Leadership elections ===
{{Main|2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|Jeremy Corbyn 2015 Labour Party leadership campaign|2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)}}
[[File:Official portrait of Jeremy Corbyn crop 2.jpg|thumb|Official portrait, 2017]]
Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015, [[Ed Miliband]] resigned as its party leader, triggering a [[2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|leadership election]]. Corbyn decided to stand as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice, and said to his local newspaper, ''The [[Islington Tribune]]'', that he would have a "clear anti-austerity platform". He also said he would vote to scrap the Trident nuclear weapons system and would "seek to withdraw from Nato". He suggested that Britain should establish a national investment bank to boost house-building and improve economic growth and lift wages in areas that had less investment in infrastructure. He would also aim to eliminate the current budget deficit over time and restore the 50p top rate of income tax.<ref name="Gn1508072">{{cite news |last=Watt |first=Nicholas |date=7 August 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'We are not doing celebrity, personality or abusive politics – this is about hope' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/07/jeremy-corbyn-interview-we-are-not-doing-celebrity-personality-or-abusive-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407085709/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/07/jeremy-corbyn-interview-we-are-not-doing-celebrity-personality-or-abusive-politics |archive-date=7 April 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> He added: "This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate".<ref name="BBC News 3 June 20152">{{cite news |date=3 June 2015 |title=Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn enters race |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33000155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603214622/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33000155 |archive-date=3 June 2015 |access-date=3 June 2015 |website=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref> He indicated that, if he were elected, policies that he put forward would need to be approved by party members before being adopted and that he wanted to "implement the democratic will of our party".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corbyn |first1=Jeremy |date=26 August 2015 |title=Labour must clean up the mess it made with PFI, and save the health service |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/26/pfi-labour-nhs-health-service-private-finance-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921153327/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/26/pfi-labour-nhs-health-service-private-finance-initiative |archive-date=21 September 2016 |access-date=24 March 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> The other candidates were Shadow Home Secretary [[Yvette Cooper]], Shadow Health Secretary [[Andy Burnham]] and Shadow Care Minister [[Liz Kendall]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 2015 |title=Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn completes the line-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33127323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901132337/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33127323 |archive-date=1 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Rowena |last2=Halliday |first2=Josh |date=17 August 2015 |title=Ballots sent out in Labour leadership vote |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/17/ballots-sent-out-in-labour-leadership-vote |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914215537/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/17/ballots-sent-out-in-labour-leadership-vote |archive-date=14 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Several who nominated Corbyn later said they had ensured he had enough votes to stand, more to widen the political debate within the party than because of a desire or expectation that he would win.<ref name="nominators2">{{cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Jo |last2=Coyle |first2=Neil |date=6 May 2016 |title=We nominated Jeremy Corbyn for the leadership. Now we regret it |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/06/jeremy-corbyn-leadership-labour-mps-elections |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520031532/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/06/jeremy-corbyn-leadership-labour-mps-elections |archive-date=20 May 2016 |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Corbyn nominees opposed2">{{cite news |last1=Hope |first1=Christopher |date=22 July 2015 |title=Half of the Labour MPs who backed Jeremy Corbyn desert to rival candidates |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11756688/Half-of-the-Labour-MPs-who-backed-Jeremy-Corbyn-desert-him.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406203138/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/11756688/Half-of-the-Labour-MPs-who-backed-Jeremy-Corbyn-desert-him.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=Daily Telegraph}}</ref>
At the Second Reading of the [[Welfare Reform and Work Bill]] in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as "rotten and indefensible", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained under direction from interim leader Harriet Harman.<ref>{{cite web |last=Demianyk |first=Graeme |date=22 July 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn Voted Against Welfare Bill Because It Was 'Rotten And Indefensible' |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/22/jeremy-corbyn-welfare-bill-labour-leader_n_7849434.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130002/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/07/22/jeremy-corbyn-welfare-bill-labour-leader_n_7849434.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |work=Huffington Post}}</ref> In August 2015, he called on [[Iain Duncan Smith]] to resign as [[Secretary of State for Work and Pensions]] after it was reported that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by [[Work Capability Assessment]]s (instituted in 2008) between 2011 and 2014, although this was challenged by the government and by FullFact who said that the figure included those who had died and therefore their claim had ended, rather than being found fit for work.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=28 August 2015 |title=Iain Duncan Smith 'should resign over disability benefit death figures', says Jeremy Corbyn |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/iain-duncan-smith-should-resign-over-disability-benefit-death-figures-says-jeremy-corbyn-10475017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827151224/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/iain-duncan-smith-should-resign-over-disability-benefit-death-figures-says-jeremy-corbyn-10475017.html |archive-date=27 August 2015 |newspaper=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 August 2015 |title=Reporting on 'fit for work' deaths isn't fit for purpose |url=https://fullfact.org/economy/reporting-fit-work-deaths-isnt-fit-purpose/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219031358/https://fullfact.org/economy/reporting-fit-work-deaths-isnt-fit-purpose/ |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=18 February 2018 |website=Full Fact}}</ref>
Corbyn rapidly became the frontrunner among the candidates and was perceived to benefit from a large influx of new members. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the [[husting]]s across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed "Corbynmania" by the press.<ref name="LPP2">{{citation |last=Roe |first=Kevin |title=Leadership: Practice and Perspectives |pages=36–37 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198777106}}</ref> Membership numbers continued to climb after the start of his leadership.<ref name="ibtimes"/><ref name="bbc-20150812">{{cite news |date=12 August 2015 |title=Labour leadership: Huge increase in party's electorate |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33892407 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929072843/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33892407 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> In addition, following a rule change under Miliband, members of the public who supported Labour's aims and values could join the party as "registered supporters" for £3 and be entitled to vote in the election.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33849773 "How is Labour vetting new members?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831185202/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33849773|date=31 August 2015}}, bbc.co.uk; retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref> There was speculation that the rule change would lead to Corbyn being elected by registered supporters without majority support from ordinary members.<ref name="IndyIndy2">{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Jon |date=12 September 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn won a landslide with full Labour party members, not just £3 supporters |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-won-a-landslide-with-full-labour-party-members-not-just-3-supporters-10498221.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923031800/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-won-a-landslide-with-full-labour-party-members-not-just-3-supporters-10498221.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 |work=The Independent}}</ref> He was elected party leader in a landslide victory on 12 September 2015 with 59.5% of first-preference votes in the first round of voting.<ref name="Mason2">{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Rowena |date=12 September 2015 |title=Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn elected with huge mandate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/12/jeremy-corbyn-wins-labour-party-leadership-election |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917033507/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/12/jeremy-corbyn-wins-labour-party-leadership-election |archive-date=17 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> He would have won in the first round with 51% of votes, even without "£3 registered supporters", having gained the support of 49.6% of full members and 57.6% of affiliated supporters.<ref name="IndyIndy2" /><ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2015 |title=Labour leadership results in full |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34221155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913022414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34221155 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |website=BBC News}}</ref> His 40.5% majority was a larger proportional majority than that attained by Tony Blair in [[1994 Labour Party leadership election|1994]].<ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn wins Labour leadership contest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34223157 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912024752/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34223157 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="Mason2" /> His margin of victory was said to be "the largest mandate ever won by a party leader".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Eaton |first1=George |date=12 September 2015 |title=The epic challenges facing Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2015/09/epic-challenges-facing-jeremy-corbyn-labour-leader |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085835/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2015/09/epic-challenges-facing-jeremy-corbyn-labour-leader |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 |work=New Statesman |quote=Jeremy Corbyn's landslide victory – the largest mandate ever won by a party leader – will at least come as no surprise to him.}}</ref>
=== Leader of the Opposition ===▼
In Corbyn's first [[Prime Minister's Questions]] session as leader, he broke with the traditional format by asking the Prime Minister six questions he had received from members of the public, the result of his invitation to Labour Party members to send suggestions, for which he received around 40,000 emails.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn asks David Cameron 'questions from public' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34264683 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916012622/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34264683 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Corbyn stressed his desire to reduce the "theatrical" nature of the House of Commons.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2015 |title=The Guardian view on Jeremy Corbyn's PMQs debut: a very reasonable start |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/the-guardian-view-on-jeremy-corbyns-pmqs-debut-a-very-reasonable-start |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009023237/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/the-guardian-view-on-jeremy-corbyns-pmqs-debut-a-very-reasonable-start |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref> Party membership nearly doubled between the May 2015 election and October 2015, attributed largely to the election as leader of Corbyn.<ref name="ibtimes"/>▼
An internal Labour Party report, entitled ''[[The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019]]'', was leaked to the media in April 2020. The report stated that during the 2015 and 2016 leadership contests, staff members at Labour party headquarters looked for ways to exclude from voting members who they believed would vote for Corbyn. The staff members referred to this activity as "[[Trotskyism|trot]] busting", "bashing trots" and "trot spotting".<ref name="independent130420">{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Jon |date=13 April 2020 |title=Anti-Corbyn Labour officials worked to lose general election to oust leader, leaked dossier finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leak-report-corbyn-election-whatsapp-antisemitism-tories-yougov-poll-a9462456.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leak-report-corbyn-election-whatsapp-antisemitism-tories-yougov-poll-a9462456.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=The Independent}}</ref>
==== Corbynmania ====
[[File:Jeremy_Corbyn_rally_2016.jpg|right|thumb|A rally in [[Bristol]] during Corbyn's [[Jeremy Corbyn 2015 Labour Party leadership campaign|leadership campaign in 2016]]. Corbyn returned to College Green in 2019 for an election rally but his reception was then less enthusiastic.<ref>{{citation |author=John Crace |title=Corbyn plays all the old favourites in Bristol but no one's dancing |date=9 December 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/09/corbyn-plays-all-the-old-favourites-in-bristol-but-no-ones-dancing |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042918/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/09/corbyn-plays-all-the-old-favourites-in-bristol-but-no-ones-dancing |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Corbyn was initially viewed as a [[Tokenism#In politics|token candidate]] for the left wing of the party and not expected to win. However, many new, young party members, who had joined after the membership fee had been reduced to £3, were attracted by what they saw as Corbyn's [[Authentic leadership|authentic]], informal style and radical policies.<ref>{{citation |last=Azhar |first=Mobeen |title=Where is Labour's 'Jeremy Corbyn mania' coming from? |date=13 August 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33881104 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106024125/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33881104 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the [[husting]]s across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed "Corbynmania" by the press.<ref name="LPP2"/>
Jonathan Dean characterised Corbynmania as a political [[fandom]], comparable with the enthusiastic followings of popular media stars and other modern politicians such as [[Bernie Sanders]] and [[Justin Trudeau]]. Specific features included use of the #jezwecan [[hashtag]], attendance at rallies and the posting of pictures such as [[selfie]]s on social media. Artistic, merchandising and other activity consolidated and spread this fannish enthusiasm. This included a "Jeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister" (JC4PM) tour by celebrities such as [[Charlotte Church]], [[Jeremy Hardy]] and [[Maxine Peake]]; a Corbyn superhero comic book; mash-ups and videos. Many of Corbyn's supporters felt he possessed personal qualities such as earnestness and modesty leading them to develop a sense of emotional attachment to him as individual. These were seen as cultish by critics such as [[Margaret Beckett]] who said in 2016 that the Labour Party had been turned into the "Jeremy Corbyn Fan Club".<ref name="Dean">{{citation |last=Dean |first=Jonathan |title=Politicising Fandom |journal=British Journal of Politics and International Relations |volume=19 |number=2 |pages=408–424 |year=2017 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/113409/3/DeanPoliticising%20Fandom.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124200441/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/113409/3/DeanPoliticising%20Fandom.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2021 |url-status=live |doi=10.1177/1369148117701754 |issn=1369-1481 |s2cid=219972166}}</ref>
A [[chant]] of "Oh, Jeremy Corbyn" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters. Sung in the style of a [[football chant]] to the tune of a [[riff]] from "[[Seven Nation Army#"Oh Jeremy Corbyn"|Seven Nation Army]]" by [[The White Stripes]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Harrison |first=Andrew |date=7 October 2017 |title='Oh, Jeremy Corbyn' – how Seven Nation Army inspired the political chant of a generation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/oct/07/oh-jeremy-corbyn-chant-white-stripes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907073807/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/oct/07/oh-jeremy-corbyn-chant-white-stripes |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=31 October 2020 |work=The Observer |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> it attracted special attention at the [[Glastonbury Festival 2017]], where Corbyn appeared and spoke to the crowds.<ref name="G">{{citation |last=Shabi |first=Rachel |title=Corbynmania isn't dangerous – there's irony in those chants |date=20 July 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/20/jeremy-corbyn-corbynmania-dangerous-supporters-young-people-labour |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802022236/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/20/jeremy-corbyn-corbynmania-dangerous-supporters-young-people-labour |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |author-link=Rachel Shabi}}</ref><ref name="T">{{citation |last1=Humphries |first1=Will |title=Corbynmania rocks the crowd at Glastonbury festival |date=24 June 2017 |newspaper=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbynmania-rocks-the-crowd-at-glastonbury-mz5mvlwr6 |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806060645/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbynmania-rocks-the-crowd-at-glastonbury-mz5mvlwr6 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |url-status=live |last2=Burgess |first2=Kaya}}</ref><ref name="E">{{citation |author=Bagehot |title=Sounding the death knell for Corbynmania |date=4 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/bagehots-notebook/2018/05/04/sounding-the-death-knell-for-corbynmania |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524022547/https://www.economist.com/bagehots-notebook/2018/05/04/sounding-the-death-knell-for-corbynmania |archive-date=24 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Labour's weaker-than-expected performance in the [[2018 United Kingdom local elections|2018 local elections]] led to suggestions that Corbynmania had peaked.<ref name="E" /><ref>{{citation |last=Baxter |first=Sarah |title=Corbyn plays the patriotic card — but gets a red one |date=8 July 2018 |newspaper=The Sunday Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-plays-the-patriotic-card-but-gets-a-red-one-3f6hr7clw |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806033052/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-plays-the-patriotic-card-but-gets-a-red-one-3f6hr7clw |archive-date=6 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
▲==Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020)==
▲{{Main|Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn}}
▲=== First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017) ===
[[File:Corbyn_trident.jpg|thumb|Corbyn speaking at the #StopTrident rally at [[Trafalgar Square]] on 27 February 2016]]
▲After being elected leader, Corbyn became [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Official Opposition]] and shortly thereafter his appointment to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] was announced.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2015 |title=Reaction to Corbyn victory |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-34205207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912103046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-34205207 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2015 |title=Will Jeremy Corbyn kneel to The Queen at Privy Council ceremony? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-34275164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918224043/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-34275164 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=23 September 2015 |publisher=bbc.com}}</ref> In Corbyn's first [[Prime Minister's Questions]] session as leader, he broke with the traditional format by asking the Prime Minister six questions he had received from members of the public, the result of his invitation to Labour Party members to send suggestions, for which he received around 40,000 emails.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn asks David Cameron 'questions from public' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34264683 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916012622/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34264683 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Corbyn stressed his desire to reduce the "theatrical" nature of the House of Commons, and his début was described in a ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' editorial as "a good start" and a "long overdue" change to the tone of PMQs.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2015 |title=The Guardian view on Jeremy Corbyn's PMQs debut: a very reasonable start |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/the-guardian-view-on-jeremy-corbyns-pmqs-debut-a-very-reasonable-start |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009023237/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/the-guardian-view-on-jeremy-corbyns-pmqs-debut-a-very-reasonable-start |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref> He delivered his first Labour Party Conference address as leader on 29 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn says Britain 'can and must change' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34385586 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929190702/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34385586 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=30 September 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Party membership nearly doubled between the May 2015 election and October 2015, attributed largely to the election as leader of Corbyn.<ref name="ibtimes">{{cite news |last=Piggott |first=Mark |date=8 October 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn: Membership of Labour party has doubled since 2015 general election |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jeremy-corbyn-membership-labour-party-has-doubled-since-2015-general-election-1523171 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205131359/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jeremy-corbyn-membership-labour-party-has-doubled-since-2015-general-election-1523171 |archive-date=5 December 2016 |access-date=11 October 2016 |work=International Business Times}}</ref>
In September 2015 an unnamed senior serving general in the British Army stated that a mutiny by the Army could occur if a future Corbyn government moved to scrap Trident, pull out of Nato or reduce the size of the armed forces. The general said "the Army just wouldn't stand for it. The general staff would not allow a prime minister to jeopardise the security of this country and I think people would use whatever means possible, fair or foul to prevent that. You can't put a maverick in charge of a country's security".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mortimer |first1=Caroline |date=20 September 2015 |title=British Army 'could stage mutiny under Corbyn', says senior serving general |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/british-army-could-stage-mutiny-under-corbyn-says-senior-serving-general-10509742.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/british-army-could-stage-mutiny-under-corbyn-says-senior-serving-general-10509742.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=4 April 2019 |newspaper=The Independent}}</ref>
In July 2016, a study and analysis by academics from the [[London School of Economics]] of national newspaper articles about Corbyn in the first months of his leadership of Labour showed that 75% of them either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects.<ref name="independent12">{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=16 July 2016 |title=Three-quarters of newspaper stories about Jeremy Corbyn fail to accurately report his views, LSE study finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-attacks-75-per-cent-three-quarters-fail-to-accurately-report-a7140681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621102036/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-attacks-75-per-cent-three-quarters-fail-to-accurately-report-a7140681.html |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=29 May 2017 |newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="independent22">{{cite news |last=Cammaerts |first=Bart |date=19 July 2016 |title=Our report found that 75% of press coverage misrepresents Jeremy Corbyn – we can't ignore media bias anymore |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-mainstream-press-lse-study-misrepresentation-we-cant-ignore-bias-a7144381.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609044929/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-mainstream-press-lse-study-misrepresentation-we-cant-ignore-bias-a7144381.html |archive-date=9 June 2017 |access-date=29 May 2017 |newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
===
[[File:Labour_Party_General_Election_Launch_2017.jpg|thumb|Corbyn with members of his [[Shadow Cabinet]] in [[EventCity]], Greater Manchester, at the Labour Party 2017 General Election Launch]]
[[File:Jeremy_Corbyn_at_Nottingham_Castle_(49168555938).jpg|thumb|Corbyn campaigning in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]] at [[Nottingham Castle]]]]▼
The Labour campaign in the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]] focused on social issues such as health care, education and ending austerity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=Emma |date=11 July 2018 |title=The 2017 Labour General Election Campaign: Ushering in a 'New Politics'? |url=https://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/2029#tocto2n7 |url-status=live |journal=Revue française de civilisation britannique |volume=23 |issue=2 |page=38 |doi=10.4000/rfcb.2029 |issn=2429-4373 |s2cid=158258323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815215141/https://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/2029#tocto2n7 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Corbyn's election campaign was run under the slogan "For the Many, Not the Few"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frankel |first1=Alex |date=7 June 2016 |title='For the many, not the few' asks voters to see the world differently. It could work |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/07/for-the-many-not-the-few-asks-voters-to-see-the-world-differently-it-could-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324111856/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/07/for-the-many-not-the-few-asks-voters-to-see-the-world-differently-it-could-work |archive-date=24 March 2019 |access-date=24 March 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> and featured rallies with a large audience and connected with a [[grassroots]] following for the party, including appearing on stage in front of a crowd of 20,000 at the Wirral Live Festival in [[Prenton Park]].<ref>{{cite news |date=21 May 2017 |title=Jeremy Corbyn takes to the stage as warm up act for the Libertines |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/21/jeremy-corbyn-takes-stage-warm-act-libertines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522034503/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/21/jeremy-corbyn-takes-stage-warm-act-libertines/ |archive-date=22 May 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 May 2017 |title=Jeremy Corbyn Gatecrashes Wirral Live Music Festival Headlined By The Libertines |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-wirral-live-libertines_uk_5921ab9de4b034684b0d091f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616103158/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-wirral-live-libertines_uk_5921ab9de4b034684b0d091f |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |work=Huffington Post}}</ref>
Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points behind, and again finished as the second largest party in parliament, it increased its share of the popular vote to 40%, resulting in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament. This was its greatest vote share since [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001]]. It was the first time Labour had made a net gain of seats since 1997, and the party's 9.6% increase in vote share was its largest in a single general election since 1945.<ref name="ftge20172">{{cite news |last1=Pickard |first1=Jim |date=9 June 2017 |title=Jeremy Corbyn confounds critics with 'gobsmacking' gain |url=https://www.ft.com/content/907f0208-4c92-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611053334/https://www.ft.com/content/907f0208-4c92-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=FT}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2017 |title=UK election 2017: Conservatives 'to fall short of majority' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2017-40209282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609030540/http://www.bbc.com/news/election-2017-40209282 |archive-date=9 June 2017 |access-date=9 June 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref> This was partly attributed to the popularity of its 2017 Manifesto that promised to scrap tuition fees, address public sector pay, make housing more affordable, end austerity, nationalise the railways and provide school students with free lunches.<ref>{{cite web |last=Travis |first=Alan, and Phillip Inman |date=1 June 2017 |title=Labour manifesto 2017: the key points, pledges and analysis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/16/labour-manifesto-analysis-key-points-pledges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224061843/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/16/labour-manifesto-analysis-key-points-pledges |archive-date=24 December 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Heather |date=22 September 2017 |title=The inside story of Labour's election shock |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/22/the-inside-story-of-labours-election-shock-jeremy-corbyn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703145912/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/22/the-inside-story-of-labours-election-shock-jeremy-corbyn |archive-date=3 July 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=11 July 2017 |title=Why people voted Labour or Conservative at the 2017 general election |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2017/07/11/why-people-voted-labour-or-conservative-2017-gener |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926214651/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2017/07/11/why-people-voted-labour-or-conservative-2017-gener |archive-date=26 September 2019 |website=YouGov}}</ref>
=== 2019 general election and resignation ===
{{Main|2019 United Kingdom general election}}
[[File:Launching_the_2019_General_Election_campaign_(49013452132).jpg|thumb|Corbyn launching the Labour Party's [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]] campaign]]
In May 2019, [[Theresa May]] announced her resignation and stood down as prime minister in July, following the election of her replacement, former [[Foreign Secretary]] [[Boris Johnson]].<ref name="bbc pm announcement">{{cite news |date=23 July 2019 |title=UK waits for prime minister announcement |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-49073992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929123230/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-49073992 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Corbyn said that Labour was ready to fight an election against Johnson.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Rowena |date=28 July 2019 |title=Corbyn: I'm ready to fight Boris Johnson in a general election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/28/corbyn-worried-boris-johnson-election-labour-brexit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810185835/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/28/corbyn-worried-boris-johnson-election-labour-brexit |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=10 August 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>
▲[[File:Jeremy_Corbyn_at_Nottingham_Castle_(49168555938).jpg|thumb|Corbyn campaigning in the
The 2019 Labour Party Manifesto included policies to increase funding for health, negotiate a Brexit deal and hold a referendum giving a choice between the deal and remain, raise the minimum wage, stop the age pension age increase, nationalise key industries, and replace [[universal credit]].<ref>{{cite news |date=21 November 2019 |title=Labour Party manifesto 2019: 12 key policies explained |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50501411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127201836/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50501411 |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Due to the plans to nationalise the "big six" energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT, the 2019 manifesto was widely considered as the most radical in several decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Paul |date=15 August 2016 |title=The parallels between Jeremy Corbyn and Michael Foot are almost all false |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/commentisfree/2016/aug/15/the-parallels-between-jeremy-corbyn-and-michael-foot-are-almost-all-false |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204612/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/commentisfree/2016/aug/15/the-parallels-between-jeremy-corbyn-and-michael-foot-are-almost-all-false |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
During the campaign for the upcoming general elections, Corbyn was accused by the [[Hindu Council UK]] of promoting [[anti-Hindu sentiment]]s<ref>{{cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=Fresh blow for Labour as Hindu Council claims party discriminates against community |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/labour-party/jeremy-corbyn/news/108229/fresh-blow-labour-hindu-council |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=Politics Home}}</ref> following his disparaging comments on the [[Caste system in India|caste system]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ehsaan |first=Rakib |date=17 May 2017 |title=How the Conservatives stole the British Indian vote from Labour |url=https://theconversation.com/how-the-conservatives-stole-the-british-indian-vote-from-labour-77275 |work=The Conversation |quote=Corbyn’s opposition to the caste system also puts him at odds with those British Hindus and Sikhs who object to politicians intervening on culturally sensitive issues.}}</ref> & his condemnation of the [[Hindutva|Hindu-right]] wing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led Indian government's [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2019 |title=General election 2019: Labour seeks to calm Hindu voters' anger |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50382791 |access-date=1 December 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Many [[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|Hindus living in the UK]] saw Corbyn's attitude towards Hindus to be heavily influenced by [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani]] [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Muslim]] leaders of his party,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Amit |date=13 December 2019 |title=Indians punish Corbyn over Kashmir |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/world/indians-punish-corbyn-over-kashmir/cid/1726627 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> with whom he shared a common pro-Palestinian stance.
The [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]] was the worst defeat in seats for Labour since 1935, with Labour winning just 202 out of 650 seats, their fourth successive election defeat.<ref>{{cite news |last=Watson |first=Iain |date=13 December 2019 |title=General election 2019: Does Labour need a new direction after Corbyn? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50787431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406071752/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50787431 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=14 December 2019 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 December 2019 |title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'I did everything I could to lead Labour' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50784811 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218143311/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50784811 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref> At 32.2%, Labour's share of the vote was down around eight points on the 2017 general election and is lower than that achieved by Neil Kinnock in 1992, although it was higher than in 2010 and 2015. In the aftermath, opinions differed to why the Labour Party was defeated to the extent it was. The Shadow Chancellor [[John McDonnell]] largely blamed [[Brexit]] and the [[Media bias|media representation]] of the party.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 December 2019 |title=Labour leadership race threatens party civil war as MPs fear 'continuity Corbyn' figure |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leadership-contest-corbyn-rebecca-long-bailey-emily-thornberry-a9247966.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040329/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-leadership-contest-corbyn-rebecca-long-bailey-emily-thornberry-a9247966.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=The Independent}}</ref> [[Tony Blair]] argued that the party's unclear position on Brexit and the economic policy pursued by the Corbyn leadership were to blame.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2019 |title=General election 2019: Blair attacks Corbyn's 'comic indecision' on Brexit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50829352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228223454/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50829352 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=29 December 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Blair: 2019 general election result 'brought shame on us' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-50834895/blair-2019-general-election-result-brought-shame-on-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219132205/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-50834895/blair-2019-general-election-result-brought-shame-on-us |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=29 December 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
Following the Labour Party's unsuccessful performance in the 2019 general election, Corbyn [[Concession (politics)|conceded defeat]] and stated that he intended to step down as leader following the election of a successor and that he would not lead the party into the next election.<ref name="Reflection">{{cite web |author=Thomas Colson and Adam Bienkov |date=12 December 2019 |title=Jeremy Corbyn announces he will resign as Labour Party leader |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jeremy-corbyn-resigns-as-labour-party-leader-after-election-defeat-2019-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034336/https://www.businessinsider.com/jeremy-corbyn-resigns-as-labour-party-leader-after-election-defeat-2019-12 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=13 December 2019 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 December 2019 |title=Jeremy Corbyn: 'I will not lead Labour at next election' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50766114 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155812/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50766114 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Corbyn himself was re-elected for Islington North with 64.3% of the vote share and a majority of 26,188 votes over the runner-up candidate representing the Liberal Democrats, with Labour's share of the vote falling by 8.7%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islington North Parliamentary constituency |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000763 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201071705/https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000763 |archive-date=1 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |website=BBC}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the results as a "realignment" of UK politics as the Conservative landslide took many traditionally Labour seats in England and Wales.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |date=13 December 2019 |title=Election result signifies realignment of UK politics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/election-result-signifies-realignment-of-uk-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213165737/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/election-result-signifies-realignment-of-uk-politics |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Corbyn insisted that he had "pride in the manifesto" that Labour put forward and blamed the defeat on Brexit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Rowena |last2=Walker |first2=Peter |date=13 December 2019 |title=Jeremy Corbyn 'very sad' at election defeat but feels proud of manifesto |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/jeremy-corbyn-very-sad-at-election-defeat-but-feels-proud-of-manifesto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213151002/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/13/jeremy-corbyn-very-sad-at-election-defeat-but-feels-proud-of-manifesto |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> According to polling by [[Lord Ashcroft]], Corbyn was himself a major contribution to the party's defeat.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ash |first1=Sebastien |last2=Stamp |first2=Gavin |date=11 February 2020 |title=Poll fuels debate on why Labour lost election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51457739 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226050843/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51457739 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while the [[2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|leadership election]] to replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election of [[Keir Starmer]].
== Post-leadership ==
=== EHRC report and suspension ===
[[File:PMQs 22.04.2020 - Rt Hon Jeremy Corbyn MP (Islington North).jpg|thumb|Corbyn sits on the [[Backbencher|backbenches]] in his first [[Prime Minister's Questions]] since his resignation as Labour leader, 22 April 2020]]
Allegations of antisemitism within the party grew during Corbyn's leadership. Incidents involving [[Naz Shah]] in 2014 and [[Ken Livingstone]] in 2016 resulted in their suspension from party membership pending investigation. In response, Corbyn established the [[Chakrabarti Inquiry]], which concluded that while the party was not "overrun by anti-Semitism or other forms of racism," there was an "occasionally toxic atmosphere" and "clear evidence of ignorant attitudes."<ref>{{cite book |last=Seymour |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Seymour (21st-century writer) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSFaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |title=Corbyn: The Strange Rebirth of Radical Politics |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-786-63299-9 |page=186 |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030116/https://books.google.com/books?id=zSFaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>*
▲Allegations of antisemitism within the party grew during Corbyn's leadership. Incidents involving [[Naz Shah]] in 2014 and [[Ken Livingstone]] in 2016 resulted in their suspension from party membership pending investigation. In response, Corbyn established the [[Chakrabarti Inquiry]], which concluded that while the party was not "overrun by anti-Semitism or other forms of racism," there was an "occasionally toxic atmosphere" and "clear evidence of ignorant attitudes."<ref>{{cite book |last=Seymour |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Seymour (21st-century writer) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSFaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |title=Corbyn: The Strange Rebirth of Radical Politics |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-786-63299-9 |page=186}}</ref><ref>* {{Cite news |last=Lerman |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Lerman |date=22 March 2019a |title=The Labour Party, 'institutional antisemitism' and irresponsible politics |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/the-labour-party-institutional-antisemitism-and-irresponsible-politics/ |work=[[openDemocracy]] |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426120850/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/the-labour-party-institutional-antisemitism-and-irresponsible-politics/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2017, Labour Party rules were amended to categorize [[hate speech]], including antisemitism, as a disciplinary matter. In 2018, Corbyn faced scrutiny for his response in 2012 to an allegedly antisemitic mural and for his association with Facebook groups, mainly pro-Palestinian, containing antisemitic posts. Labour's [[National Executive Committee of the Labour Party|National Executive Committee]] (NEC) adopted a definition of antisemitism, for disciplinary purposes, in July of that year, aligning with the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]] (IHRA) [[Working Definition of Antisemitism|Working Definition]], with modified examples related to criticism of Israel.<ref name="bbcihra">{{cite web |date=17 July 2018 |title=New Labour anti-Semitism code criticised |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-44863606 |work=BBC News |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205191650/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-44863606 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Klug |first=Brian |date=17 July 2018 |title=The Code of Conduct for Antisemitism: a tale of two texts |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/brian-klug/code-of-conduct-for-antisemitism-tale-of-two-texts |access-date=21 July 2018 |work=[[openDemocracy]] |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726044327/https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/brian-klug/code-of-conduct-for-antisemitism-tale-of-two-texts |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2018, the NEC incorporated all 11 IHRA examples, unamended, into the party's code of conduct.<ref name="SabSep18">{{cite news |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |date=4 September 2018 |title=Labour adopts IHRA antisemitism definition in full |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/04/labour-adopts-ihra-antisemitism-definition-in-full |access-date=10 September 2018 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906025050/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/04/labour-adopts-ihra-antisemitism-definition-in-full |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2019, the [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC) launched an inquiry into whether Labour had "unlawfully discriminated against, harassed or victimised people because they are Jewish." After asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from the party in 2020.
The Forde Report, written by lawyer Martin Forde in response to the dossier that was leaked in April 2020 (''[[The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019]]''), was released on 19 July 2022, stating that: "[R]ather than confront the paramount need to deal with the profoundly serious issue of anti-Semitism in the party, both factions treated it as a factional weapon."<ref>{{cite news |last=Zeffman |first=Henry |date=20 July 2022 |title=Antisemitism 'used as weapon' by Jeremy Corbyn's friends and foes |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/antisemitism-used-as-weapon-by-jeremy-corbyns-friends-and-foes-jxzv80qtk |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=[[The Times]] |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220720071845/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/antisemitism-used-as-weapon-by-jeremy-corbyns-friends-and-foes-jxzv80qtk |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 2022 |title=Anti-Semitism used as factional weapon within Labour, says report |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62226042 |access-date=20 July 2022 |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719230622/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62226042 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=19 July 2022 |title=Anti-Corbyn Labour officials covertly diverted election cash to allies, inquiry finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/forde-report-labour-jeremy-corbyn-2017-election-b2126500.html |access-date=19 July 2022 |work=The Independent |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719124720/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/forde-report-labour-jeremy-corbyn-2017-election-b2126500.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It also described senior Labour staff as having displayed "deplorably factional and insensitive, and at times discriminatory, attitudes" towards Corbyn and his supporters,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elgot |first1=Jessica |last2=Walker |first2=Peter |date=19 July 2022 |title=Antisemitism issue used as 'factional weapon' in Labour, report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/antisemitism-factional-weapon-labour-party-forde-report-finds |access-date=19 July 2022 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726161518/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/antisemitism-factional-weapon-labour-party-forde-report-finds |url-status=live }}</ref> and detailed concerns by some staff about a "hierarchy of racism" in the party which ignored Black people.<ref>{{cite news |last=White |first=Nadine |date=19 July 2022 |title=Black Labour staff suffer under party's 'hierarchy of racism', Forde report finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/forde-report-labour-party-racism-b2126627.html |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=The Independent |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719180212/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/forde-report-labour-party-racism-b2126627.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The report also expressed regret that Corbyn himself did not engage with the authors' request to interview him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Heather |last2=Elgot |first2=Jessica |date=19 July 2022 |title=Key takeaways from the Forde report on Labour factionalism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/key-takeaways-forde-report-labour-factionalism |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=19 February 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030108/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/19/key-takeaways-forde-report-labour-factionalism |url-status=live }}</ref>
Responding to this, Corbyn's former advisor [[Andrew Fisher (political activist)|Andrew Fisher]] wrote: "Forde confirms that reflection is necessary. Cultural change requires painstaking work, not glib assertions of change."<ref>{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Andrew |date=19 July 2022 |title=The Labour Party is making a terrible mistake if it ignores the Forde report |url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/forde-report-labour-party-mistake-1750876 |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=i |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719164227/https://inews.co.uk/opinion/forde-report-labour-party-mistake-1750876 |url-status=live }}</ref> Corbyn himself stated that report "calls into question the behaviour of senior officials in the party, in particular during the 2017 election" and that "wrongs must be righted."<ref>{{cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=Jeremy Corbyn on the Report Mainstream Media Doesn't Want You To Know About |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tglgldqEHpE |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=Double Down News |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815234447/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tglgldqEHpE |url-status=live }}</ref>
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{{main|Peace and Justice Project}}
On 13 December 2020, Corbyn announced the Project for Peace and Justice. Corbyn launched the project on 17 January 2021, and its affiliates include [[Christine Blower]], [[Len McCluskey]] and [[Zarah Sultana]]. [[Rafael Correa]] said that he "welcome[d] the creation" of the project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeremy Corbyn Has A New Project |date=13 December 2020 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-has-a-new-project_uk_5fd6261ac5b62f31c1fe0b73 |publisher=Huffington Post |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516144215/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jeremy-corbyn-has-a-new-project_uk_5fd6261ac5b62f31c1fe0b73 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Barney |date=13 December 2020 |title=Corbyn announces launch of Peace and Justice Project |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/jeremy-corbyn-peace-and-justice-project-b293495.html |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=Evening Standard |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213205443/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/jeremy-corbyn-peace-and-justice-project-b293495.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2020 |title=Jeremy Corbyn to start global social justice project 'for the many' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/dec/13/jeremy-corbyn-to-start-global-social-justice-project-for-the-many |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030046/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/dec/13/jeremy-corbyn-to-start-global-social-justice-project-for-the-many |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jeremy Corbyn: Why I'm Launching a Project for Peace and Justice |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/jeremy-corbyn-project-for-peace-and-justice-launch |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=jacobinmag.com |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110111419/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2020/12/jeremy-corbyn-project-for-peace-and-justice-launch |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Stop the War Coalition statement on Ukraine crisis===
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On 18 February 2022, in the week before the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Corbyn alongside 11 Labour MPs cosigned a statement from the [[Stop the War Coalition]] opposing any war in Ukraine.<ref name="20220224guardian">{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=Labour MPs drop backing for statement criticising Nato after Starmer warning |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/feb/24/labour-mps-drop-backing-for-statement-criticising-nato-after-starmer-warning |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301074659/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/feb/24/labour-mps-drop-backing-for-statement-criticising-nato-after-starmer-warning |url-status=live }}</ref> The statement said that "the crisis should be settled on a basis which recognises the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and addresses Russia's security concerns", that NATO "should call a halt to its eastward expansion", and that the British government's sending of arms to Ukraine and troops to eastern Europe served "no purpose other than inflaming tensions and indicating disdain for Russian concerns".<ref name="20220218-stwc">{{cite web |title=List of signatories: Stop the War statement on the crisis over Ukraine |url=https://www.stopwar.org.uk/article/list-of-signatories-stop-the-war-statement-on-the-crisis-over-ukraine/ |website=Stop the War Coalition |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226095549/https://www.stopwar.org.uk/article/list-of-signatories-stop-the-war-statement-on-the-crisis-over-ukraine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The statement's authors also said that they "refute [sic] the idea that NATO is a defensive alliance".<ref name="20220218-stwc" />
On the evening of 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Labour chief whip [[Alan Campbell (politician)|Alan Campbell]] wrote to all 11 Labour MPs who had signed the statement, requesting that they withdraw their signatures.<ref name="20220224guardian" /><ref name="20200225-independent">{{cite news |last1=Cowburn |first1=Ashley |last2=Scott |first2=Geraldine |title=Labour MPs withdraw from anti-Nato statement after threat to lose whip |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-labour-mps-mps-stop-the-war-coalition-claudia-webbe-b2022770.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-labour-mps-mps-stop-the-war-coalition-claudia-webbe-b2022770.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> All 11 agreed to do so the same evening.<ref name="20220224guardian" /><ref name="20200225-independent" /> Corbyn and fellow former Labour independent MP [[Claudia Webbe]] did not withdraw their signatures from the statement, though
===Expulsion from the Labour Party and 2024 general election===
{{Main|Islington North in the 2024 United Kingdom general election}}
Media speculation that Corbyn would contest the [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 general election]] as an Independent was reported in October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |date=7 October 2023 |title=Will Jeremy Corbyn take on Labour for his Islington seat
Corbyn responded to Starmer's claim of knowing the party would lose the 2019 election by saying "Well, he never said that to me, at any time. And so I just think rewriting history is no help. It shows double standards, shall we say, that he now says he always thought that but he never said it at the time or anything about it. He was part of the campaign. He and I spoke together at events and I find it actually quite sad."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Jeremy Corbyn accuses Keir Starmer of rewriting history |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn008x70kr6o |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>▼
▲Corbyn responded to Keir Starmer's claim of knowing the party would lose the 2019 election by saying "Well, he never said that to me, at any time. And so I just think rewriting history is no help. It shows double standards, shall we say, that he now says he always thought that but he never said it at the time or anything about it. He was part of the campaign. He and I spoke together at events and I find it actually quite sad."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Jeremy Corbyn accuses Keir Starmer of rewriting history |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn008x70kr6o |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705022820/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn008x70kr6o |url-status=live }}</ref>
A poll released just over two weeks before the election showed Corbyn in second behind Labour candidate Praful Nargund.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shock Poll Shows It's Down to the Wire for Corbyn in Islington North |url=https://novaramedia.com/2024/06/25/shock-poll-shows-its-down-to-the-wire-for-corbyn-in-islington-north/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Novara Media |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625170630/https://novaramedia.com/2024/06/25/shock-poll-shows-its-down-to-the-wire-for-corbyn-in-islington-north/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Leading members of the Islington North CLP resigned in order to support Corbyn, while also criticising the manner in which Nargund was selected as Islington North's candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islington: Local Labour members resign to campaign for Corbyn |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crgejv0xxg2o |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030552/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crgejv0xxg2o |url-status=live }}</ref> Corbyn was comfortably re-elected as an independent, even as Labour won a landslide victory in the general election.
==Policies and views==
{{main|Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn}}
[[File:Leader_of_the_Opposition_(51184221345).jpg|thumb|Corbyn at a march for Palestine in [[Oxford]] in 2021]]
Corbyn self-identifies as a [[
In 1997, the political scientists [[David Butler (psephologist)|David Butler]] and [[Dennis Kavanagh]] described Corbyn's political stance as "[[
Corbyn named [[John Smith (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]] as the former Labour leader whom he most admired, describing him as "a decent, nice, inclusive leader". He also said he was "very close and very good friends" with [[Michael Foot]].<ref name="
==Media coverage==
Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic.<ref name="LSOE">{{cite web |last1=Cammaerts |first1=Bart |last2=DeCillia |first2=Brooks |last3=Magalhães |first3=João Carlos |last4=Jimenez-Martinez |first4=Cesar |date=August 2016 |title=Journalistic Representations of Jeremy Corbyn in the British Press |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/research/research-projects/representations-of-jeremy-corbyn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205211516/http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/research/research-projects/representations-of-jeremy-corbyn |archive-date=5 February 2020 |access-date=7 February 2020 |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/12/uk-news-push-alerts-negative-labour-positive-tories|title=UK news push alerts skew negative on Labour and positive for Tories|last=Hern|first=Alex|work=The Guardian|date=12 December 2019|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121202446/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/12/uk-news-push-alerts-negative-labour-positive-tories|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2016, academics from the London School of Economics published a study of 812 articles about Corbyn taken from eight national newspapers around the time of his Labour leadership election. The study found that 75 percent of the articles either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects. The study's director commented that "Our analysis shows that Corbyn was thoroughly delegitimised as a political actor from the moment he became a prominent candidate and even more so after he was elected as party leader".<ref name="
Another report by the Media Reform Coalition and [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck]] College in July 2016, based on 10 days of coverage around the time of multiple shadow cabinet resignations, found "marked and persistent imbalance" in favour of sources critical to him; the ''[[International Business Times]]'' was the only outlet that gave him more favourable than critical coverage.<ref name="ind300716">{{cite news|last=Worley|first=Will|date=30 July 2016|title=Media 'persistently' biased against Jeremy Corbyn, academic study finds|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-party-media-reform-coalition-birkbeck-a7163706.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-party-media-reform-coalition-birkbeck-a7163706.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>
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Corbyn's second-eldest brother, Andrew, who was a geologist, died of a brain haemorrhage while in [[Papua New Guinea]] in 2001. Corbyn escorted the body from Papua New Guinea to Australia, where his brother's widow and children lived.<ref>{{cite news |last=Oppenheim |first=Maya |title=Jeremy Corbyn says picking up his brother's dead body was one of the 'most horrific things' he has ever done |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-brother-dead-body-horrific-john-bishop-a8071631.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Independent |date=23 November 2017 |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-brother-dead-body-horrific-john-bishop-a8071631.html |archive-date=8 June 2022}}</ref>
In 2012, Corbyn went to Mexico to marry his Mexican partner Laura Álvarez,<ref>{{cite news |last=Collier |first=Hatty |title=Who is Jeremy Corbyn's wife Laura Alvarez? The Labour leader's spouse who keeps a low profile |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/who-is-jeremy-corbyns-wife-laura-alvarez-the-labour-leaders-spouse-who-keeps-a-low-profile-a3552546.html |access-date=12 April 2018 |work=Evening Standard |date=30 May 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412212128/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/who-is-jeremy-corbyns-wife-laura-alvarez-the-labour-leaders-spouse-who-keeps-a-low-profile-a3552546.html |url-status=live }}</ref> who runs a [[fair trade]] coffee import business that has been the subject of some controversy.<ref name=graunprofile>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/12/jeremy-corbyn-profile-unlikely-candidate-remarkable-ascent |title=Jeremy Corbyn profile: 'He talks like a human being, about things that are real' |last=Addley |first=Esther |date=12 August 2015 |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=12 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812151014/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/12/jeremy-corbyn-profile-unlikely-candidate-remarkable-ascent |archive-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hard-left-candidates-wife-sells-coffee-for-pound10-but-the-farmers-get-just-93p-n2m6ctrdjfp |title=Hard left candidate's wife sells coffee for £10 — but the farmers get just 93p |first=Alice |last=Hutton |newspaper=The Sunday Times |date=16 August 2015 |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916202606/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hard-left-candidates-wife-sells-coffee-for-pound10-but-the-farmers-get-just-93p-n2m6ctrdjfp |url-status=live }}</ref> A former human rights lawyer in Mexico, she first met Corbyn shortly after his divorce from Bracchitta, having come to London to support her sister Marcela following the abduction of her niece to America by her sister's estranged husband. They contacted fellow Labour MP Tony Benn for assistance, who introduced them to Corbyn, who met with the police on their behalf and spoke at fundraisers until the girl was located in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tucker |first=Duncan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/25/jeremy-corbyn-wife-laura-alvarez-mexico-uk-relations |title=Corbyn surge raises hopes that Mexico might soon have a friend in No 10 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 June 2017 |access-date=25 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625092530/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/25/jeremy-corbyn-wife-laura-alvarez-mexico-uk-relations |archive-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Álvarez then returned to Mexico, with the couple maintaining a long-distance relationship until she moved to London in 2011.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prince|first=Rosa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUZ3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|title=Comrade Corbyn|location=London|publisher=[[Biteback Publishing]]|year=2016|page=155|isbn=9781785900044|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-date=9 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030553/https://books.google.com/books?id=sUZ3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Myall |first=Steve |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/who-jeremy-corbyns-wife-laura-10392461 |title=Who is Jeremy Corbyn's wife? Inside his marriage to Laura Alvarez: Love, politics, vegetables and nights in watching EastEnders |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=12 June 2017 |access-date=24 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612123513/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/who-jeremy-corbyns-wife-laura-10392461 |archive-date=12 June 2017}}</ref> Álvarez has described Corbyn as "not very good at house work but he is a good politician".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hope|first1=Christopher|title=Jeremy Corbyn's key aide claims a mole in his inner circle leaks his PMQs attack lines to the media in new fly-on-the-wall documentary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/01/jeremy-corbyns-key-aide-claims-a-mole-in-his-inner-circle-leaks/|access-date=2 June 2016|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=1 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602092559/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/01/jeremy-corbyns-key-aide-claims-a-mole-in-his-inner-circle-leaks/|archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> They have a cat called El Gato ("The Cat" in Spanish),<ref name="telegraph1">{{cite news |last=Hughes |first=Laura |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/12104166/Jeremy-Corbyn-wont-name-his-cat-and-instead-simply-calls-it-the-cat.html |title=Jeremy Corbyn won't name his cat and instead simply calls it 'the cat' |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=17 January 2016 |access-date=19 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709071256/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/Jeremy_Corbyn/12104166/Jeremy-Corbyn-wont-name-his-cat-and-instead-simply-calls-it-the-cat.html |archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> while Corbyn had previously owned a dog called Mango, described by ''[[The Observer]]'' in 1984 as his "only constant companion" at the time.<ref name="LowObs"/>
===Personal beliefs and interests===
When interviewed by ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' in December 2015, Corbyn refused to reveal his religious beliefs and called them a "private thing", but denied that he was an [[atheist]].<ref
Corbyn is a member of the [[All-party parliamentary group|All-Party Parliamentary Group on Cycling]].<ref name="BBC: Who is Jeremy Corbyn">{{cite news|title=Who is Jeremy Corbyn? Labour leadership contender guide|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33624145|access-date=27 September 2015|work=BBC News|date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006000553/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33624145|archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allpartycycling.org/|title=About|website=All-Party Parliamentary Cycling Group|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407004711/http://allpartycycling.org/|archive-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> He enjoys reading and writing,<ref name=Mirrorinterview /> and speaks fluent Spanish.<ref
Corbyn co-edited with Len McCluskey the anthology ''Poetry for the Many'', published in November 2023 by [[OR Books]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.orbooks.com/catalog/poetry-for-the-many/|title=Poetry for the Many|publisher=OR Books|access-date=10 December 2023|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210011301/https://www.orbooks.com/catalog/poetry-for-the-many/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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* Hedges, Paul, and Luca Farrow. "UK Elections: Jeremy Corbyn, Anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia". ''RSIS Commentaries'' (2 January 2020) [https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/136691/2/CO20002.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106072947/https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/136691/2/CO20002.pdf |date=6 November 2020 }}.
* {{cite magazine |last=Knight |first=Sam |date=23 May 2016 |title=Enter Left: will a fervent socialist reshape British politics or lead his party to irrelevance? |department=Letter from London |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=92 |issue=15 |pages=28–35 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/23/the-astonishing-rise-of-jeremy-corbyn |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930133405/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/23/the-astonishing-rise-of-jeremy-corbyn |url-status=live }}
* Manwaring, Rob, and Evan Smith. "Corbyn, British labour and policy change". ''British Politics'' 15.1 (2020): 25–47 [http://www.academia.edu/download/62494015/Manwaring-Smith2020_Article_CorbynBritishLabourAndPolicyCh.pdf online]{{dead link|date=
* Mueller, Frank, Andrea Whittle, and Gyuzel Gadelshina. "The discursive construction of authenticity: The case of Jeremy Corbyn". ''Discourse, Context & Media'' 31 (2019): 100324 [https://researchportal.northumbria.ac.uk/files/21474215/Corbyn_Paper_proxies_Forthcoming_2019_open_access_version.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030555/https://researchportal.northumbria.ac.uk/files/21474215/Corbyn_Paper_proxies_Forthcoming_2019_open_access_version.pdf |date=9 July 2024 }}.
* Prince, Rosa. ''[[Comrade Corbyn]]: A Very Unlikely Coup: How Jeremy Corbyn Stormed to the Labour Leadership'' (Biteback Publishing, 2016) {{ISBN|978-1849549967}}
* {{Cite AV media |title=Oh, Jeremy Corbyn – The Big Lie |people=[[Alexei Sayle|Sayle, Alexei]] (narrator) |publisher=Platform Films |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXvaWz4gpTc |via=[[YouTube]] |date=January 2023 |access-date=19 April 2024 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419112311/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=PXvaWz4gpTc |url-status=live }} (59 mins)
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