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==Early life==
Cleber was born in [[Maastricht]], the youngest of eight children in the Roman Catholic family of Gerardus Josephus Cleber, the organist and choir conductor at the [[Basilica of Saint Servatius]], and Anna Maria Bastian. His father gave him his first music lessons.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}▼
▲Cleber was born in Maastricht, the youngest of eight children in the Roman Catholic family of Gerardus Josephus Cleber, the organist and choir conductor at the [[Basilica of Saint Servatius]], and Anna Maria Bastian. His father gave him his first music lessons.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
After high school, he attended the [[Maastricht Academy of Music]], where he studied [[violin]] and [[piano]], and at fifteen years old, he began playing viola with the [[Limburgs Symfonie Orkest|Maastrichts Stedelijk Orkest]]. He later became fascinated by [[jazz]] and the music of [[Duke Ellington]] and thus chose to continue his studies at the [[Royal Conservatory of Liège]] in [[saxophone]] and [[clarinet]]. There he was advised to study [[trombone]] instead, because his lips were thought to be well suited for it.<ref>[http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn6/cleber Profile], huygens.knaw.nl; accessed 22 June 2015.{{in lang|nl}}</ref>
==Career==
===Trombonist===
Cleber completed his obligatory military service early so that he could join the jazz orchestra of [[Paul Godwin]]. During a performance with Godwin in 1936, he received a commission to play with the [[Tonhalle Orchester Zürich]], where he remained until 1939, when the threat of [[World War II]] became too great. He returned to the Netherlands and began playing violin and trombone for the [[Tuschinski Theatre|Tuschinski Theatre, Amsterdam]], under the direction of [[Max Tak]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}
==
On 8 February 1939, he married Elisa Magdelijns (1917–2007), with whom he had a daughter, Yvonne Charlotte Cleber. The couple later divorced on 25 September 1951.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}▼
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2015}}
Cleber came into contact with [[Algemene Vereniging Radio Omroep|AVRO]], a Dutch public broadcaster, and in 1940, he joined their orchestra as a trombonist under the direction of [[Elzard Kuhlman]]. A year later, this orchestra became part of the Groot Amusementsorkest of the [[Nazi Party|Nazi]]-organised [[Nederlandsche Omroep]], and in 1942, by virtue of obligatory membership in the [[Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer]], he became a trombonist in the [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra]].
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===Conductor===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2015}}
In 1948, Cleber left the Netherlands to work for [[Radio Batavia]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]], forming the [[Cosmopolitain Orkest]]. His wife and daughter followed later
Cleber returned to the Netherlands to share the direction of AVRO's theatre orchestra with [[Gerard van Krevelen]]. In 1952, he formed [[De Zaaiers]], a pops orchestra, for AVRO, which with additional string players expanded to become a newly formed Cosmopolitain Orkest a year later. In 1957, his orchestra won the ‘Golden Gondola’ in [[Venice]]. He also worked as an arranger not only for his own orchestra but also for the Metropole Orkest and [[Promenade Orkest]].{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
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Sukarno wanted ''Indonesia Raya'' to be as majestic as the Dutch national anthem, ''[[Wilhelmus]]''. ''Wilhelmus'' has a slow tempo ([[Tempo#Basic tempo markings|largo]]), whereas ''Indonesia Raya'' was intended to have a march tempo (Tempo di [[Tempo#Basic tempo markings|marcia]]), which led to Cleber's initial disagreement with the president over the orchestration. He began to work on the second arrangement, and the tempo was changed to ''Maestoso con bravura'', ("majestically and with bravura"). Sukarno liked the second arrangement better; however, he thought that there should be a part in the anthem that expresses beauty, softness, and sweetness, just prior to the climactic refrain. In the third arrangement, Cleber modified the verses right before the chorus to employ the string section, whereas the chorus itself was accompanied by the timpani, cymbal, and brass section. Sukarno considered this arrangement perfect and approved it.<ref name="Kompas"/>
==Personal life==
▲On 8 February 1939,
==References==
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[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Dutch composers]]
[[Category:Dutch male conductors (music)]]
[[Category:Dutch Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Musicians from Maastricht]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch conductors (music)]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch male musicians]]
[[Category:The Ramblers (band) members]]
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