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{{short description|Black hole created from the concentration of energy}}
{{other uses|Kugelblitz (disambiguation)}}
{{refimprove|date = July 2022}}
 
InA <!--Schwarzschild -->'''kugelblitz''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkuːɡl̩ˌblɪt͡s|lang|De-Kugelblitz.ogg}}) is a [[theoretical physics|theoretical]], aastrophysical Schwarzschildobject '''kugelblitz'''predicted by [[general relativity]]. It is a concentration of [[heat]], [[light]] or [[radiation]] so intense that its energy forms an [[event horizon]] and becomes self-trapped:. accordingIn toother [[general relativity]] and the [[Mass–energy equivalence|equivalence of mass and energy]]words, if enough [[radiation]] is aimed into a region of space, the concentration of energy can warp [[spacetime]] enoughso formuch thethat regionit to becomecreates a [[black hole]], although. thisThis would be a black hole whose original [[Mass–energy equivalence|mass–energy]] had beenwas in the form of [[radiant energy]] rather than matter.;<ref>{{citeCite journal |last=Senovilla |first=José M M |date=2015-01-08 |title=Black hole formation by incoming electromagnetic radiation |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0264-9381/32/1/017001 |journal=[[Classical and Quantum Gravity]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=017001 |doi=10.1088/0264-9381/32/1/017001 |issn=0264-9381|arxiv=1408.2778 |bibcode=2015CQGra..32a7001S }}</ref> however, there is currently no uniformly accepted method of distinguishing black holes by origin.
|last=Senovilla|first=J.M.M.
|year=2014
|title=Black hole formation by incoming electromagnetic radiation
|journal=[[Classical and Quantum Gravity]]
|doi=10.1088/0264-9381/32/1/017001
|volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=017001
|arxiv=1408.2778|bibcode=2015CQGra..32a7001S|s2cid=119266727
}}</ref> In simpler terms, a kugelblitz is a black hole formed from radiation as opposed to matter.
 
[[John Archibald Wheeler]]'s 1955 ''[[Physical Review]]'' paper entitled "[[Geon (physics)|Geons]]" refers to the kugelblitz phenomenon and explores the idea of creating such particles (or [[toy model]]s of particles) from [[spacetime]] curvature.<ref name="Wheeler1955PhysRev">{{Cite journal |last=Wheeler |first=John Archibald |author-link=John Archibald Wheeler |date=15 January 1955 |title=Geons |url=https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.97.511 |journal=[[Physical Review]] |language=en |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=511–536 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.97.511 |bibcode=1955PhRv...97..511W |issn=0031-899X}}</ref>
The best-known reference to the kugelblitz idea in English is probably [[John Archibald Wheeler]]'s 1955 paper "Geons",<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Wheeler |first=J. A. |authorlink=John Archibald Wheeler
|year=1955
|title=Geons
|journal=[[Physical Review]]
|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.97.511
|bibcode = 1955PhRv...97..511W
|volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=511–536
}}</ref> which explored the idea of creating particles (or [[toy model]]s of particles) from [[spacetime]] curvature, called [[Geon (physics)|geons]]. Wheeler's paper on [[geon (physics)|geons]] also introduced the idea that lines of electric charge trapped in a [[wormhole]] throat might be used to model the properties of a charged particle-pair.
 
A study published in ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'' in 2024 argues that the formation of a kugelblitz is impossible due to dissipative quantum effects like [[vacuum polarization]], which prevent sufficient energy buildup to create an event horizon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Álvarez-Domínguez |first1=Álvaro |last2=Garay |first2=Luis J. |last3=Martín-Martínez |first3=Eduardo |last4=Polo-Gómez |first4=José |date=2024-07-26 |title=No Black Holes from Light |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.041401 |journal=Physical Review Letters |language=en |volume=133 |issue=4 |page=041401 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.041401 |pmid=39121419 |issn=0031-9007|arxiv=2405.02389 |bibcode=2024PhRvL.133d1401A }}</ref> The study concludes that such a phenomenon cannot occur in any realistic scenario within our universe.
Kugelblitz drives have been considered possible future [[black hole starship]] engines.<ref>{{YouTube |id=EzZGPCyrpSU |''5 REAL Possibilities for Interstellar Travel''}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last=Lee|first=J.S.
|year=2013
|title=The effect of Hawking Radiation on Fermion re-inflation of a Schwarzschild Kugelblitz
|journal=[[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]]
|volume=66 |pages=364–376
}}</ref>
 
The kugelblitz phenomenon has been considered a possible basis for interstellar engines (drives) for future [[black hole starship]]s.<ref>{{YouTube |id=EzZGPCyrpSU |''5 REAL Possibilities for Interstellar Travel''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=J. S. |date=December 2013 |title=The Effect of Hawking Radation on Fermion Re-Inflation of a Schwartszchild Kugelblitz |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JBIS...66..364L/abstract |journal=[[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]] |volume=66 |pages=364–376 |bibcode=2013JBIS...66..364L |issn=0007-084X}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date = July 2022}}
A man-made kugelblitz would only be conceivable with a [[gamma-ray laser]] 1 billion times stronger than the current hypothesized ones, and it would have to produce a pulse that was one 100 billionth of the current duration of a modern [[laser]]'s pulse. A single pulse would need to equate to the energy produced by the [[sun]] in 1/10 of a second.
 
== In fiction ==
A kugelblitz of this size would last five years, and a device similar to a [[Dyson sphere]] could be constructed around it to harness the energy produced by the [[Hawking radiation]].
* A kugelblitz is a major plot point in the third season of the American superhero television series [[The Umbrella Academy (TV series)|The Umbrella Academy]].
* A kugelblitz is the home of a major faction in Frederik Pohl's "[[Heechee|Gateway]]" novels.
 
== See also ==
* [[Bekenstein bound]]
* [[Ronald Mallett]]
* [[Micro black hole]]
 
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