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{{refimprove|date = July 2022}}
 
In [[theoretical physics]], aA <!--Schwarzschild -->'''kugelblitz''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkuːɡl̩ˌblɪt͡s|lang|De-Kugelblitz.ogg}}) is a [[theoretical physics|theoretical]] astrophysical object predicted by [[general relativity]]. It is a concentration of [[heat]], [[light]] or [[radiation]] so intense that its energy forms an [[event horizon]] and becomes self-trapped:. accordingIn toother [[general relativity]] and the [[Mass–energy equivalence|equivalence of mass and energy]]words, if enough [[radiation]] is aimed into a region of space, the concentration of energy can warp [[spacetime]] enoughso formuch the regionthat toit becomecreates a [[black hole]], although. thisThis would be a black hole whose original [[Mass–energy equivalence|mass–energy]] had beenwas in the form of [[radiant energy]] rather than matter.;<ref>{{citeCite journal |last=Senovilla |first=José M M |date=2015-01-08 |title=Black hole formation by incoming electromagnetic radiation |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0264-9381/32/1/017001 |journal=[[Classical and Quantum Gravity]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=017001 |doi=10.1088/0264-9381/32/1/017001 |issn=0264-9381|arxiv=1408.2778 |bibcode=2015CQGra..32a7001S }}</ref> however, there is currently no uniformly accepted method of distinguishing black holes by origin.
|last=Senovilla|first=J.M.M.
|year=2014
|title=Black hole formation by incoming electromagnetic radiation
|journal=[[Classical and Quantum Gravity]]
|doi=10.1088/0264-9381/32/1/017001
|volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=017001
|arxiv=1408.2778|bibcode=2015CQGra..32a7001S|s2cid=119266727
}}</ref> In simpler terms, a kugelblitz is a black hole formed from radiation as opposed to matter.{{says who|date = July 2022}}
 
[[John Archibald Wheeler]]'s 1955 ''[[Physical Review]]'' paper entitled "[[Geon (physics)|geonsGeons]]" refers to the kugelblitz phenomenaphenomenon and explores the idea of creating such particles (or [[toy model]]s of particles) from [[spacetime]] curvature.<ref name = "Wheeler1955PhysRev">{{citeCite journal |last=Wheeler |first=J.John A.Archibald |authorlinkauthor-link=John Archibald Wheeler |yeardate=15 January 1955 |title=Geons |url=https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.97.511 |journal=[[Physical Review]] |language=en |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=511–536 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.97.511 |bibcode = 1955PhRv...97..511W |volumeissn=97 |issue=2 |pages=511–5360031-899X}}</ref>
}}</ref> (It also introduces the idea that lines of electric charge trapped in a [[wormhole]] throat might be used to model the properties of a charged particle-pair.<ref name = Wheeler1955PhysRev/>{{so what|date = July 2022}}) It is perhaps the best-known reference to the kugelblitz idea in English.{{says who|date = July 2022}}
 
A study published in ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'' in 2024 argues that the formation of a kugelblitz is impossible due to dissipative quantum effects like [[vacuum polarization]], which prevent sufficient energy buildup to create an event horizon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Álvarez-Domínguez |first1=Álvaro |last2=Garay |first2=Luis J. |last3=Martín-Martínez |first3=Eduardo |last4=Polo-Gómez |first4=José |date=2024-07-26 |title=No Black Holes from Light |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.041401 |journal=Physical Review Letters |language=en |volume=133 |issue=4 |page=041401 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.041401 |pmid=39121419 |issn=0031-9007|arxiv=2405.02389 |bibcode=2024PhRvL.133d1401A }}</ref> The study concludes that such a phenomenon cannot occur in any realistic scenario within our universe.
A man-made kugelblitz has been described as conceivable through use of a [[gamma-ray laser]] one billion-times stronger than those currently available,{{fact|date = July 2022}} which would have to produce a pulse with a duration one 100-billionth of that of [[gamma-ray laser]]s currently available.{{fact|date = July 2022}}{{when|date = July 2022}} The energy of a single pulse of such a [[laser]] would equate to the energy produced by the [[sun]] in 1/10 of a second.{{fact|date = July 2022}} A kugelblitz of this size would last five years,{{fact|date = July 2022}} and a micro [[Dyson sphere]] could be constructed around it to harness the energy produced by the [[Hawking radiation]].{{says who|date = July 2022}}
 
The kugelblitz phenomenon has been considered a possible basis for interstellar engines (drives) for future [[black hole starship]]s.<ref>{{YouTube |id=EzZGPCyrpSU |''5 REAL Possibilities for Interstellar Travel''}}</ref><ref>{{citeCite journal |last=Lee |first=J. S. |date=December 2013 |title=The Effect of Hawking Radation on Fermion Re-Inflation of a Schwartszchild Kugelblitz |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JBIS...66..364L/abstract |journal=[[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]] |volume=66 |pages=364–376 |bibcode=2013JBIS...66..364L |issn=0007-084X}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date = July 2022}}
|last=Lee|first=J.S.
|year=2013
|title=The effect of Hawking Radiation on Fermion re-inflation of a Schwarzschild Kugelblitz
|journal=[[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]]
|volume=66 |pages=364–376
}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date = July 2022}}
 
== In Popular Culturefiction ==
* A fictional variation of Kugelblitzkugelblitz is useda asmajor a [[plot device]]point in Seasonthe 3third season of the [[Netflix]]American Seriessuperhero television series "[[The Umbrella Academy (TV series)|The Umbrella Academy]]".
* A kugelblitz is the home of a major faction in Frederik Pohl's "[[Heechee|Gateway]]" novels.
 
== See also ==
* [[Bekenstein bound]]
* [[Ronald Mallett]]
* [[Micro black hole]]
 
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