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[[File:(Toulouse) Lazarillo de Tormes et son maître aveugle (l'aveugle à la cruche verte et l'enfant) - Théodule Ribot - Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, U.S.A.jpg|thumb|'' Lazarillo de Tormes and his blind master'' [[Théodule Ribot]] - [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]]]
'''''The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of His Fortunes and Adversities''''' ({{lang-es|La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades}} {{IPA
==Summary==
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''Lazarillo de Tormes'' was banned by the Spanish Crown and included in the ''[[Index of Forbidden Books]]'' of the [[Spanish Inquisition]]; this was at least in part due to the book's anti-clerical flavor. In 1573, the Crown allowed circulation of a version which omitted Chapters 4 and 5 and assorted paragraphs from other parts of the book. An unabridged version did not appear in Spain until the nineteenth century. It was the Antwerp version that circulated throughout Europe, translated into French (1560), English (1576), Dutch (after the northern, largely Protestant Seven Provinces of the Low Countries [[Dutch Revolt|revolted against Spain]] in 1579), German (1617), and Italian (1622).
▲'''Spanish first edition title pages in 1554 of'' Lazarillo de Tormes''.'''
File:Lazarillo-Burgos-Juan de Junta.jpg|[[Burgos]], Juan de Junta
File:
File:Lazarillo-Alcala de Henares-Salcedo.jpg|[[Alcalá de Henares]], Salcedo
File:Lazarillo-Amberes-Martin Nucio.jpg|[[Antwerp]], Martín Nucio
</gallery
==Literary significance and criticism==
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Significantly, the only named characters are Lazarillo and his family: his mother Antoña Pérez, his father Tomé Gonzáles, and his stepfather El Zayde. The surname ''de Tormes'' comes from the river [[Tormes]]. In the narrative, Lazarillo explains that his father ran a mill on the river, where he was literally born on the river. The Tormes runs through Lazarillo's home town, [[Salamanca]], a Castilian-Leonese university city. (There is an old mill on the river, and a statue of Lazarillo and the blind man next to the Roman bridge [''puente romano''] in the city.)
Lazarillo is the diminutive of the Spanish name Lázaro. There are two appearances of the name Lazarus in the Bible, and not all critics agree as to which story the author was referring when he chose the name. The more well-known tale is in [[John 11]] ([http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=%20John&verse=11:41-44&src=! John 11:41–44]), in which Jesus raises [[Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]] from the dead. The second is in [[Luke 16]] ([http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=%20Luke&verse=16:19-31&src=! Luke 16:19–31]), a [[Rich man and Lazarus|parable about a beggar named Lazarus]] at the gate of a stingy rich man's house.
In contrast to the fancifully poetic language devoted to fantastic and supernatural events about unbelievable creatures and chivalric knights, the realistic prose of ''Lazarillo'' described suppliants purchasing [[indulgences]] from the Church, servants forced to die with their masters on the battlefield (as Lazarillo's father did), thousands of refugees wandering from town to town, poor beggars flogged away by whips because of the lack of food. The anonymous author included many popular sayings and ironically interpreted popular stories.
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==Reference in ''Don Quixote''==
In his book ''[[Don Quixote]]'', Cervantes introduces a gypsy thief called [[Ginés de Pasamonte]] who claims to be a writer (and who later in Part II masquerades as a puppeteer while on the run). Don Quixote interrogates this writer about his book:
{{cquote|"Is it so good?" said Don Quixote.
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"And is it finished?" asked Don Quixote.
"How can it be finished," said the other, "when my life is not yet finished?" |15px |15px |''Don Quixote''<ref name="Don Quixote">{{cite book |url=http://www.online-literature.com/view.php/don_quixote/26?term=lazarillo |author=Miguel de Cervantes |author-link=Miguel de Cervantes |translator=John Ormsby
==Social criticism==
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These two groups are clearly criticised through the different masters that Lazarillo serves. Characters such as the Cleric, the Friar, the Pardoner, the Priest and the Archbishop all have something wrong either with them as a person or with their character. The self-indulgent cleric concentrates on feeding himself, and when he does decide to give the "crumbs from his table" to Lazarillo, he says, "toma, come, triunfa, para tí es el mundo" "take, eat, triumph – the world is yours" a clear parody of a key communion statement.
In the final chapter, Lazarillo works for an Archpriest, who arranges his marriage to the Archpriest's maid. It is clear that Lazarillo's wife cheats on him with the Archpriest, and all vows of celibacy are forgotten.▼
In Chapter 3, Lazarillo becomes the servant of a Squire. The Squire openly flaunts his wealth despite not being able to feed himself, let alone Lázaro. This is a parody of the importance of having a strong image among the nobility.
▲In the final chapter, Lazarillo works for an Archpriest, who arranges his marriage to the Archpriest's maid.
==Authorship==
The identity of the author of ''Lazarillo'' has been a puzzle for nearly four hundred years. Given the subversive nature of ''Lazarillo'' and its open criticism of the Catholic Church, it is likely that the author chose to remain anonymous out of fear of religious persecution.
Neither the author nor the date and place of the first appearance of the work is known. It appeared anonymously; and no author's name was accredited to it until 1605, when the Hieronymite monk José de Sigüenza named as its author Fray [[Juan de Ortega (bishop of Chiapas)|Juan de Ortega]]. Two years later, it was accredited by the Belgian Valère André to [[Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (poet and diplomat)|Diego Hurtado de Mendoza]]. In 1608, André Schott repeated this assertion, although less categorically.
There has been some suggestion that the author was originally of Jewish extraction, but in 1492 had had to convert to Catholicism to avoid being expelled from Spain; that might explain the animosity towards the Catholic Church displayed in the book.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Apart from the chronological difficulties this hypothesis presents, Catholic criticism of Catholic clergy, including the Pope, had had a long and even reputable tradition that can be seen in the works of famous Catholic writers such as [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]], [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]] or [[Erasmus]].
Documents
==Sequels==
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==Further reading==
* Anon, ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', in: ''Two Spanish Picaresque Novels'', Trans. Michael Alpert. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969.
* Benito-Vessels, Carmen, and Michael Zappala, Eds. ''The Picaresque: A Symposium on the
*Fiore, Robert L. ''Lazarillo de Tormes''. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984.
* Maravall, José Antonio. ''La Literatura Picaresca desde la Historia Social (Siglos XVI al XVII)''. Madrid: Taurus Ediciones, 1987.
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*[http://pliski.com/en/ellazarillodetormes/ ''El lazarillo de Tormes'' 2015 animated mini-series]
*[https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.05360 The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of His Machine Learning Adversities]
* {{librivox book | title=Lazarillo de Tormes}} (Spanish and English)
{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lazarillo De Tormes}}
[[Category:1554 novels]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Spanish satirical novels]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish novels]]
[[Category:Spanish novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Spanish bildungsromans]]<!-- some see this novel as a precursor of bildungsromans -->
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in the 1550s]]
[[Category:NYRB Classics]]
[[Category:Toledo, Spain in fiction]]
[[Category:Works published anonymously]]
[[Category:Castile and León in fiction]]
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