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{{Short description|Language Family}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Manubaran
|altname=Mount Brown
|region=Southeastern peninsula of {{nowrap|[[New Guinea]]}}
|region=[[Mount Brown (Papua New Guinea)|Mount Brown]], southeastern peninsula of [[Papua New Guinea]]:<br>[[Central Province (Papua New Guinea)|Central Province]]
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]
|fam2=[[Papuan Peninsula languages|Papuan Peninsula]]
|fam3=Owen Stanley Range<ref>[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/papuan-peninsula/owen-stanley-range New Guinea World, Owen Stanley Range]</ref>
|glotto=manu1261
|glottorefname=Manubaran
}}
 
The '''Manubaran languages''' are a small family of [[Trans&ndash;New Guinea languages]] spoken around [[Mount Brown (Papua New Guinea)|Mount Brown]] in the "[[Bird's Tail]]" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are sometimesclassified includedwithin in a speculativethe [[Southeast Papuan languages|Southeast Papuan]] branch of Trans&ndash;New Guinea (TNG), but the Southeast Papuan families have not been shown to be any more closely related to each other than they are to other TNG families.
 
==Languages==
The languages are [[Doromu language|Doromu]] and [[Maria language (Papua New Guinea)|Maria]], and are 63% lexically similar. Apart from the pronoun *na "I", they have almost nothing in common with other branches of TNG.
The languages are [[Doromu language|Doromu]] and [[Maria language (Papua New Guinea)|Maria]], and are 63% lexically similar.
 
==Proto-language==
Pronouns are:
===Phonemes===
:{|
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:<ref name=ngw>[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/papuan-peninsula/owen-stanley-range/mount-brown New Guinea World, Mount Brown]</ref>
 
:{| {{table}}
| *m || *n || || ||
|-
| *p || *t || || *k || *ʔ
|-
| *b || *d || || *g ||
|-
| || *s || || || [*h]
|-
| *w || *ɾ || *j || ||
|}
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.
 
===Pronouns===
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:<ref name=ngw/>
:{| {{table}}
! !!sg!!pl
|-
!1
|*na ||*una[o/u]na
|-
!2
|colspan=2|*ja
|*ya||*ya[uma]
|-
!3
|*ina, *-e|colspan=2|*ina[uma]
|}
 
===Basic vocabulary===
====Usher (2020)====
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-Mount Brown and Proto-Doromu-Koki, as well as Proto-Gebi and Proto-Maria, by Usher (2020) are:<ref name=ngw/>
 
:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Mount Brown !! Proto-Doromu-Koki !! Proto-Gebi !! Proto-Maria
|-
! head
| *ada || *ada || ada || *ada
|-
! hair/feather(s)
| *u[w]e[t/k]a || *u[w]eta || uweta || *u[w]eʔa
|-
! ear
| *anema || *anema || anema || *anema
|-
! eye
| *ne || *ne || ne-una || ne[ʔ]una
|-
! nose
| *uɾuma || *uɾuma || uruma || *uɾuma
|-
! tooth
| *gade || *gade || gadi || *gade
|-
! tongue
| *api[j]e || *aɸi[j]e || api || *aɸi[j]e
|-
! blood
| *daweʔa || *dawaʔa || dawa || *daweʔa
|-
! bone
| *nena || *nena || nena || *nena
|-
! skin/bark
| *ɾoʔo || *ɾoʔo || lo-o || *ɾoʔo
|-
! breast
| *sisu || *sisu || sisu || *hihu
|-
! louse
| *gu[w]e || *gu[w]e || gu-e || *gu[w]e
|-
! dog
| *auna || *auna || auna || *auna
|-
! pig
| *dona || *dona || dona || *dona
|-
! bird
| *eɾena || *eɾena || eerma || *eɾena
|-
! egg
| *unema || *unema || unema || *unema
|-
! tree
| *jabo || *jabo || iabo || *jabo
|-
! man/husband
| *ami[j]e || *ami[j]e || amie || *ami[j]e
|-
! woman/wife
| *ɾema || *ɾema || lema ||
|-
! sun
| *me[i]daʔa || *me[i]daʔa || meda || *me[i]daʔa
|-
! moon
| *ejoʔa || *ejoʔo || e-io || *ejoʔa
|-
! water/river
| *koɾu || *koɾu || oru ≈ koro- || *ʔoɾu
|-
! fire
| *ita || *ita || ita || *iha
|-
! stone
| *waʔiga || || waiga || *waʔiga
|-
! path
| *ida || *ida || ida ||
|-
! name
| *ɾoka || *ɾoka || || *ɾoʔa
|-
! eat/drink
| *iɾi- || *iɾi- || || *iɾi-
|-
! one
| *jokohi || *jokoi || jokio || *joʔohi
|-
! two
| *[ɾ/j]ema || *[ɾ]ema || lema || *jema
|}
 
====Ross (2014)====
The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Manubaran and lower-level reconstructions by [[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Malcolm Ross]] (2014)<ref>[[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Ross, Malcolm]]. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-manubaran Proto-Manubaran]. ''TransNewGuinea.org''.</ref><ref>[[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Ross, Malcolm]]. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-maria Proto-Maria]. ''TransNewGuinea.org''.</ref><ref>[[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Ross, Malcolm]]. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-doromu Proto-Doromu]. ''TransNewGuinea.org''.</ref> are from the Trans-New Guinea database:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/ |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016| access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref>
 
:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Manubaran !! Proto-Doromu !! Proto-Maria
|-
! head
| *ada || *ada || *ada
|-
! hair
| *weʔia || *ue-ta || *ueʔa
|-
! ear
| *ane-ma || *ane-ma || *ane-ma
|-
! eye
| *ne(u) || *ne(-) || *ne-
|-
! nose
| *uru-ma || *uru-ma || *uru-ma
|-
! tooth
| *gade || *gade || *gade
|-
! tongue
| *afie || *afie || *ahie
|-
! leg
| *[n,y]u-ka || *yu-ka || *nu-ʔa; *one-ʔa
|-
! louse
| *gue || *gue || *gue
|-
! dog
| *auna || *auna || *auna
|-
! pig
| *Dona || *dona || *tona
|-
! bird
| *erena || *erena || *erena
|-
! egg
| *une-ma || *une-ma || *une-ma
|-
! blood
| || *tava || *tae(k,ʔ)a
|-
! bone
| *nena || *nena || *nena
|-
! skin
| *roʔ(o,a) || *ro(a) || *roʔ(o,a)
|-
! tree
| *yabo || *yabo || *yabo
|-
! man
| *amie || *amie || *amie
|-
! woman
| || *rema || *oue
|-
! sky
| *gure || *gure || *gure
|-
! sun
| *maida(ka) || *meida(ka) || *maidaʔa
|-
! moon
| *e(y)oʔa; *mohe- (?) || || *eoʔa
|-
! water
| *koru || *koru || *ʔoru
|-
! fire
| *ita || *ita || *ita
|-
! stone
| || *fore || *vaʔiga
|-
! name
| *roka || *roka || *roʔa-ba
|-
! eat
| *iri- || *iri || *iri-
|-
! one
| *yokohi || *yokoima || *yoʔohi
|-
! two
| *(ye)(ka)ma[nu] || *re-manu || *ye-ma
|}
 
==Evolution==
[[Maria language (Papua New Guinea)|Maria]] reflexes of [[proto-Trans-New Guinea]] (pTNG) etyma are:<ref name="Pawley-TNG">{{cite book |last1=Pawley |first1=Andrew |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Trans New Guinea family |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=21–196 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
 
*''ama'' ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
*''baba(e)'' ‘father’ < *mbapa
*''kuyau'' ‘[[cassowary]]’ < *ku(y)a
*''ita(isa)'' ‘tree’ < *inda
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}}
 
==Further reading==
[[Category:Languages of Papua New Guinea]]
*[[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Ross, Malcolm]]. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-manubaran Proto-Manubaran]. ''TransNewGuinea.org''.
[[Category:Southeast Papuan languages]]
*[[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Ross, Malcolm]]. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-maria Proto-Maria]. ''TransNewGuinea.org''.
*[[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Ross, Malcolm]]. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-doromu Proto-Doromu]. ''TransNewGuinea.org''.
 
== External links ==
* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/papuan-peninsula/owen-stanley-range Owen Stanley Range]
* (ibid.) [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/papuan-peninsula/owen-stanley-range/mount-brown Proto–Mount Brown]
 
{{Southeast Papuan languages}}
{{Trans–New Guinea languages}}
{{Papuan languages}}
 
[[Category:Manubaran languages| ]]
{{papuan-lang-stub}}
[[Category:Owen Stanley Range languages]]
{{PapuaNewGuinea-stub}}
[[Category:Languages of Central Province (Papua New Guinea)]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manubaran_languages"