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Line 1: {{Short description\|French mathematician (1920–1996)}} {{Infobox scientist \| name = Marcel-Paul Schützenberger \| image = Schützenberger.jpeg \| image_size = \| caption = Schützenberger in 1972 \| birth_date = {{birth date\|1920\|10\|24\|mfdf=y}} \| birth_place = [[Paris]] \| death_date = {{death date and age\|1996\|07\|29\|1920\|10\|24\|mfdf=y}} \| death_place = Paris \| nationality = French \| fields = [[Mathematics]] \| workplaces = [[University of Paris]] \| alma_mater = [[University of Paris]] \| doctoral_advisor = [[Georges Darmois]]<br>[[Albert Châtelet]] \| doctoral_students = [[Jean Berstel]]<br>[[Dominique Foata]]<br>[[Alain Lascoux]]<br>[[Maurice Nivat]]<br>[[Dominique Perrin]] \| known_for = {{Plainlist\| * [[Schutzenberger group]] * [[Weighted automaton]] * [[Plactic monoid]] * [[Chomsky hierarchy\|Chomsky–Schützenberger hierarchy]] * [[Chomsky–Schützenberger enumeration theorem]] * [[Chomsky–Schützenberger representation theorem]] }} \| awards = }} '''Marcel-Paul "Marco" Schützenberger''' (24 October ~~24,~~ 1920 – 29 July ~~29,~~ 1996) was a ~~[[France\|~~French]] [[mathematician]] and Doctor of Medicine. He worked in the fields of [[formal language]], [[combinatorics]], and [[information theory]].<ref name="WilfEtAl1996">Herbert Wilf, Dominique Foata, ''et al.'', "[http://combinatorics.math.upenn.edu/Volume_3/Html/v3i1f1.html In Memoriam: Marcel-Paul Schützenberger, 1920-1996] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720095810/http://combinatorics.math.upenn.edu/Volume_3/Html/v3i1f1.html \|date=2011-07-20 }}," ''Electronic Journal of Combinatorics'', served from University of Pennsylvania Dept. of Mathematics Server, article dated 12 October 1996, retrieved from WWW on 4 November 2006.</ref> In addition to his formal results in [[mathematics]], he was "deeply involved in [a] struggle against the [[Votary\|votaries]] of [[Neo-Darwinism\|[neo-]Darwinism]]",<ref name="Foata1996">Foata, Dominique, "In Memoriam," ''op. cit.''</ref> a stance which has resulted in some mixed reactions from his peers and from critics of his stance on [[evolution]]. Several notable theorems and objects in mathematics as well as [[computer science]] bear his name (for example [[Schutzenberger group]] or the [[Chomsky–Schützenberger hierarchy]]). [[Paul Schützenberger]] was his great-grandfather. In the late 1940s, he was briefly married to the psychologist [[Anne Ancelin Schützenberger]].<ref name="orange">{{cite web\|url=http://a.ancelin.schutzenberger.pagesperso-orange.fr/\|title=Anne Ancelin Schützenberger\|language=fr\|website=orange.fr\|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> ==Contributions to medicine and biology== Schützenberger's first doctorate, in medicine, was awarded in 1948 from the ''Faculté de Médecine de Paris''.<ref name="SchutzenBerger1948">Schützenberger, Marcel-Paul, ''[http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~berstel/Mps/Travaux/A/1948-12TheseMedecine.pdf Contribution à l'étude statistique du sexe à la naissance]'', Doctoral thesis, ''Faculté de Médecine de Paris'', 2 July 1948.</ref> His doctoral thesis, on the statistical study of ~~gender~~biological sex at birth, was distinguished by the [[Dominique Jean Larrey\|Baron Larrey]] Prize from the [[French Academy of Medicine]].<ref name="Besson2001">Besson, Jaques, "''[http://igm.univ-mlv.fr/~berstel/Mps/Souvenirs/Contributions/JacquesBesson/MPSParBesson.pdf La quête de M. P. Schützenberger en Médecine et Biologie]''," dated March 2001, <!---now redundant:---at URL: http://igm.univ-mlv.fr/~berstel/Mps/---> retrieved on 5 November 2006.</ref> Biologist Jaques Besson, a co-author with Schützenberger on a biological topic,<ref>Besson, Jaques, Gavaudan, Pierre, & Schützenberger, Marcel-Paul, "''[http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~berstel/Mps/Travaux/A/1969-1AcidesAminesCras.pdf Sur l'existence d'une certaine corrélation entre le poids moléculaire des acides aminés et le nombre de triplets intervenant dans leurs codages]''," ''C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris'', No. 268, pp. 1342–1344, 1969.</ref> while noting that Schützenberger is perhaps most remembered for work in pure mathematical fields, credits him<ref name="Besson2001"/> for likely being responsible for the introduction of statistical sequential analysis in French hospital practice.<ref name="Schutzenberger1949">Schützenberger, Marcel-Parul, "''[http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~berstel/Mps/Travaux/A/1949-5AnalyseSeqSHP.pdf Une application de l'analyse séquentielle]''," ''Semaine des Hôpitaux de Paris'', Vol. 25 No. 60, pp. 2562–2564, 14 August 1949.</ref> ==Contributions to mathematics, computer science, and linguistics== Schützenberger's second doctorate was awarded in 1953 ~~from~~through ~~Université~~the [[Paris ~~III~~Institute of Statistics]].<ref>{{cite thesis\| type=Ph.D.\| author=Marcel-Paul Schützenberger\| title=Contributions aux applications statistiques de la theorie de l'information\| year=1953\| volume=3-117\| publisher=Institut de statistique de l'universite de Paris\| series=Publications de l'Institut de Statistique de l'Université de Paris III}} [~~http~~https://www.worldcat.org~~/title/contributions-aux-applications-statistiques-de-la-theorie-de-linformation~~/oclc/25494563 Record] at [[WorldCat]]</ref> This work, developed from earlier results<ref>Ville, Jean & Schützenberger, Marcel-Paul, "''Les opérations des mathématiques pures sont toutes des fonctions logiques,''" ''Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences'', 232, pp. 206-207, 1951.</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Schützenberger \|first=Marcel-Paul \|title=Sur les rapports entre la quantité d'information au sens de Fisher et au sens de Wiener \|journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences \|volume=232 ~~\|issue=~~ \|pages=925–927 \|year=1951 \|url=http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~berstel/Mps/Travaux/A/1951-4FisherWienerCras.pdf}}</ref> is counted amongst the early influential French academic work in information theory.<ref name="MindellEtAl2003">{{cite book \|last=Mindell \|first=David \|chapter=From Communications Engineering to Communications Science: Cybernetics and Information Theory in the United States, France and the Soviet Union \|title=Science and Ideology: A Comparative History \|editor-first=Mark \|editor-last=Walker \|publisher=Routledge \|location=London \|pages=66–95 \|year=2003 \|isbn=978-0-415-27122-36 \|display-authors=etal}}</ref> His later impact in both [[linguistics]] and combinatorics is reflected by two theorems in formal linguistics (the [[Chomsky–Schützenberger enumeration theorem]]<ref name="Chomsky&Schutzenberger1963">Chomsky, Noam & Schützenberger, Marcel-Paul "[http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~berstel/Mps/Travaux/A/1963-7ChomskyAlgebraic.pdf The Algebraic Theory of Context-Free Languages]", in ''Computer Programming and Formal Systems'', P. Braffort and D. Hirschberg (eds.), North Holland, pp. 118-161, 1963.</ref> and the [[Chomsky–Schützenberger representation theorem]]), and one in combinatorics (the [[Schützenberger theorem]]). With [[Alain Lascoux]], Schützenberger is credited with the foundation of the notion of the [[plactic monoid]],<ref name="Lascoux&Shutzenberger1981">Lascoux, Alain & Schützenberger, Marcel-Paul, "''[http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~berstel/Mps/Travaux/A/1981-1PlaxiqueNaples.pdf Le monoïde plaxique]''," in ''Noncommutative structures in algebra and geometric combinatorics (Naples, 1978)'', volume 109 of ''Quad. Ricerca Sci.'', pp. 129–156, CNR, Rome, Italy, 1981.</ref><ref name="Schutzenberger1997">{{cite journal \|last=Schützenberger \|first=Marcel-Paul \|title=Pour le monoïde plaxique \|journal=Math. Inform. Sci. Humaines \|volume=140 ~~\|issue=~~ \|pages=5–10 \|year=1997 \|url=http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~berstel/Mps/Travaux/A/1997PourMonoidePlaxique.pdf}}</ref> reflected in the name of the combinatorial structure called by some the Lascoux–Schützenberger tree.<ref name="Little2002">{{cite journal \|last=Little \|first=David \|title=Combinatorial Aspects of the Lascoux-Schützenberger Tree \|journal=[[Advances in Mathematics~~\|Adv. Math.~~]] \|volume=174 \|issue=2 \|pages=236–253 \|year=2003 \|doi=10.1016/S0001-8708(02)00038-5 \|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Lam&Shimozono2006">{{cite journal \|~~last~~last1=Lam \|~~first~~first1=Thomas \|last2=Shimozono \|first2=Mark \|title=A Little Bijection for Affine Stanley Symmetric Functions \|journal=Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire \|volume=54A \|pages=B54Ai \|arxiv=math.CO/0601483 ~~\|work=~~\|year=2006 \|bibcode=2006math......1483L \|url=https://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~slc/wpapers/s54Alamshim.pdf}}</ref> Relatedly, they invented [[Schubert polynomials]]. In [[automata theory]], Schützenberger is credited with first defining (what later became known as) [[weighted automaton\|weighted automata]], the first studied model of automata which compute a quantitative output.<ref name=WeightedAutomata>{{Cite journal\|last=Schützenberger\|first=M. P.\|date=1961-09-01\|title=On the definition of a family of automata\|journal=Information and Control\|language=en\|volume=4\|issue=2\|pages=245–270\|doi=10.1016/S0019-9958(61)80020-X\|issn=0019-9958\|doi-access=}}</ref> The mathematician [[Dominique Perrin]] credited Schützenberger with "deeply [influencing] the theory of semigroups", and "deep results on rational functions and transducers,", amongst other contributions to mathematics.<ref name="WilfEtAl1996"/> ==Offices, honors, and recognitions== Line 44 ⟶ 56: ; Posthumous recognitions After his death, two journals in theoretical mathematics dedicated issues to Schützenberger's memory. He was commemorated in this manner by ''[[Theoretical Computer Science (journal)\|Theoretical Computer Science]]'' in 1998<ref name="TCS1998">"Special issue: papers dedicated to the memory of Marcel-Paul Schützenberger", ''Theoretical Computer Science'', Nivat, M. & Perrin, Dominique (eds.), Vol. 204, Issues 1-2, September 1998.</ref> and again by the ''[[International Journal of Algebra and Computation]]'' in 1999.<ref name="IJAC1999">"Special Issue: Dedicated to the Memory of Marcel-Paul Schützenberger," ''International Journal of Algebra and Computation'', Vol. 9, Nos. 3-4, June & August 1999. Issue at URL: ~~http~~https://~~ejournals~~www.~~wspc~~worldscientific.com~~.sg~~/~~132~~toc/ijac/09/~~0903n04/S02181967990903n04.html{{dead link\|date=June 2017 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}~~03n04</ref> The mathematician [[David Berlinski]] provided this dedication in his 2000 book ''The Advent of The Algorithm ~~---~~: The Idea that Rules the World'': À la mémoire de mon ami . . M. P. Schützenberger, 1921-1996. ==Trivia== * The character "Dr. Schütz" in [[Boris Vian]]'s 1948 novel, ''Et on tuera tous les affreux'', is said to have been inspired by Schützenberger.<ref>~~See~~ {{cite web \|title= Marcel-Paul Schutzenberger {{!}} 24-Oct-1920 \|url= http://www.astroline.ro/P_Marcel-Paul_Schutzenberger__145.html \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929101351/http://www.astroline.ro/P_Marcel-Paul_Schutzenberger__145.html \|archive-date= 2007-09-29 \|publisher= ACASA \|website= Astroline.ro \|lang= ro }}</ref> * Together with many of his students, Schützenberger is one of the contributors of the pseudonymous collective [[M. Lothaire]]. Line 57 ⟶ 69: * ''De la diversité de certains cancers''. Pierre Florent Denoix, Paris (1954)/''About the diversity of some cancers'' * ''Théorie géométrique des polynômes eulériens'', with [[Dominique Foata]], Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer (1970)/''Geometric theory of [[Euler]] polynomials'' * ''Triangle de pensées'', with [[Alain Connes]] and [[André Lichnerowicz]], Paris, O. Jacob ; Saint-Gély du Fesc : Espace 34 (2000)/''Triangle of thoughts'' * ''Les failles du darwinisme'', La Recherche, n°283 (January 1996)/''The miracles of darwinism'' * ''Œuvres complètes'', edited by [[Jean Berstel]], [[Alain Lascoux]] and [[Dominique Perrin]], Institut Gaspard-Monge, Université Paris-Est (2009)/''Complete Works'' Line 78 ⟶ 90: \|first1=Herbert S. \|last1=Wilf \|journal=The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics \|volume=3 \|pages=#F1 \|doi=10.37236/2063 }} *{{MacTutor\|id=Schutzenberger}} Line 88 ⟶ 103: [[Category:1920 births]] [[Category:1996 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century French mathematicians]] [[Category:French ~~mathematicians~~people of German descent]] [[Category:20th-century French physicians]] [[Category:Combinatorialists]] [[Category:French statisticians]] [[Category:French information theorists]] [[Category:French National Centre for Scientific Research scientists]] [[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:University of Poitiers alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Poitiers ~~faculty~~]] [[Category:~~People~~Scientists from Paris]] [[Category:University of Paris alumni]] [[Category:Information theorists]]