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{{Short description|Health profession}}
'''Psychiatric nursing''' or '''mental health nursing''' is the appointed position of a [[nursing|nurse]] that specialises in [[mental health]], and cares for people of all ages experiencing [[mental disorder|mental illnesses]] or [[mental distress|distress]]. These include: [[neurodevelopmental disorders]], [[schizophrenia]], [[schizoaffective disorder]], [[mood disorder]]s, [[addiction]], [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[personality disorder]]s, [[eating disorder]]s, [[suicidal ideation|suicidal thoughts]], [[psychosis]], [[paranoia]], and [[self-harm]].
[[Mental health nurse|Mental health nurses]] receive specific training in [[psychotherapy|psychological therapies]], building a [[therapeutic alliance]], dealing with [[challenging behaviour]], and the administration of [[psychiatric medication]].
In most countries, after the 1990s, a psychiatric nurse would have to attain a [[bachelor's degree]] in nursing to become a [[Registered nurse|Registered Nurse (RN)]], and specialise in mental health. Degrees vary in different countries, and are governed by country-specific regulations. In the United States one can become a RN, and a psychiatric nurse, by completing either a diploma program, an associate (ASN) degree, or a bachelor's (BSN) degree.
Mental health nurses can work in a variety of services, including: [[Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services|Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS)]], [[Acute medical unit|Acute Medical Units (AMUs)]], [[Psychiatric intensive-care unit|Psychiatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs)]], and [[Community mental health service|Community Mental Health Services (CMHS)]].
== History ==
[[File:Civilian Public Service -93, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, psychiatric nursing class (8389167373).jpg|alt=Civilian Public Service -93, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, psychiatric nursing class (8389167373)|thumb|Civilian Public Service -93, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, psychiatric nursing class (8389167373)]]
The history of [[psychiatry]] and psychiatric nursing, although disjointed, can be traced back to ancient philosophical thinkers. [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]], in particular, was the first known person to create a questionnaire for the mentally ill using biographical information to determine the best course of psychological treatment and care.<ref name="Alfredo, D. 2009">{{cite book |last=Alfredo |first=D. |year=2009 |title=The History of Psychiatric Nursing}} {{full citation needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> Some of the first known psychiatric care centers were constructed in the Middle East during the 8th century. The medieval Muslim physicians and their attendants relied on clinical observations for diagnosis and treatment.<ref name="Alexander, F. 1967">{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=F. |last2=Selesnick |first2=S. T. |year=1967 |title=The History of Psychiatry: An Evaluation of Psychiatric Thought and Practice from Prehistoric Times to the Present |location=Michigan |publisher=Allen and Unwin}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref>
In 13th century medieval Europe, psychiatric hospitals were built to house the mentally ill, but there were not any nurses to care for them and treatment was rarely provided. These facilities functioned more as a housing unit for the insane.<ref name="Alexander, F. 1967"/> Throughout the high point of Christianity in Europe, hospitals for the mentally ill believed in using religious intervention. The insane were partnered with "soul friends" to help them reconnect with society. Their primary concern was befriending the melancholy and disturbed, forming intimate spiritual relationships. Today, these soul friends are seen as the first modern psychiatric nurses.<ref name="Nolan, P. 1993">{{cite book |last=Nolan |first=P. |year=1993 |title=A History of Mental Health Nursing |location=United Kingdom |publisher=Stanley Thornes Ltd.}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref>
In the colonial era of the United States, some settlers adapted community health nursing practices. Individuals with mental defects that were deemed as dangerous were incarcerated or kept in cages, maintained and paid fully by community attendants. Wealthier colonists kept their insane relatives either in their attics or cellars and hired attendants, or nurses, to care for them. In other communities, the mentally ill were sold at auctions as slave labor. Others were forced to leave town.<ref name="Levine, M. 1981">{{cite book |last=Levine |first=M. |year=1981 |title=The History and Politics of Community Mental Health |url=https://archive.org/details/historypoliticso0000levi |url-access=registration |location=United States |publisher= Oxford Press}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> As the population in the colonies expanded, informal care for the community failed and small institutions were established. In 1752 the first "lunatics ward" was opened at the [[Pennsylvania Hospital]] which attempted to treat the mentally ill. Attendants used the most modern treatments of the time: purging, bleeding, blistering, and shock techniques. Overall, the attendants caring for the patients believed in treating the institutionalized with respect. They believed if the patients were treated as reasonable people, then they would act as such; if they gave them confidence, then patients would rarely abuse it.<ref name="Levine, M. 1981"/>
The 1790s saw the beginnings of [[moral treatment]] being introduced for people with mental distress.<ref name="Videbeck, S. L. 2008">{{cite book |last=Videbeck |first=S. L. |year=2008 |title=Psychiatric- Mental Health Nursing |url=https://archive.org/details/psychiatricmenta0000vide |url-access=registration |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkes|isbn=9780781764254 }}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> The concept of a safe asylum, proposed by [[Philippe Pinel]] and [[William Tuke]], offered protection and care at institutions for patients who had been previously abused or enslaved.<ref name="Videbeck, S. L. 2008"/> In the United States, [[Dorothea Dix]] was instrumental in opening 32 state asylums to provide quality care for the ill. Dix also was in charge of the Union Army Nurses during the [[American Civil War]], caring for both Union and Confederate soldiers. Although it was a promising movement, attendants and nurses were often accused of abusing or neglecting the residents and isolating them from their families.<ref name="Videbeck, S. L. 2008"/>
The formal recognition of [[psychiatry]] as a modern and legitimate profession occurred in 1808.<ref name="Alexander, F. 1967"/> In Europe, one of the major advocates for mental health nursing to help psychiatrists was Dr. William Ellis. He proposed giving the "keepers of the insane" better pay and training so more respectable, intelligent people would be attracted to the profession. In his 1836 publication of ''Treatise on Insanity'', he openly stated that an established nursing practice calmed depressed patients and gave hope to the hopeless.<ref name="Nolan, P. 1993"/> However, psychiatric nursing was not formalized in the United States until 1882 when [[Linda Richards]] opened Boston City College. This was the first school specifically designed to train nurses in psychiatric care.<ref name="Boyd, M. 1998"/>
The discrepancy between the founding of [[psychiatry]] and the recognition of trained nurses in the field is largely attributed to the attitudes in the 19th century which opposed training women to work in the medical field.<ref name="Alfredo, D. 2009"/>
In 1913 [[Johns Hopkins University]] was the first college of nursing in the United States to offer psychiatric nursing as part of its general curriculum. The first psychiatric nursing textbook, ''Nursing Mental Diseases'' by [[Harriet Bailey]], was not published until 1920. It was not until 1950 when the National League for Nursing required all nursing schools to include a clinical experience in [[psychiatry]] to receive national accreditation.<ref name="Videbeck, S. L. 2008"/> The first psychiatric nurses faced difficult working conditions. Overcrowding, under-staffing and poor resources required the continuance of custodial care. They were pressured by an increasing patient population that rose dramatically by the end of the 19th century. As a result, labor organizations formed to fight for better pay and fewer hours.<ref name="Nolan, P. 1993"/> Additionally, large asylums were founded to hold the large number of mentally ill, including the famous [[Kings Park Psychiatric Center]] in Long Island, New York. At its peak in the 1950s, the center housed more than 33,000 patients and required its own power plant. Nurses were often called "attendants" to imply a more humanitarian approach to care. During this time, attendants primarily kept the facilities clean and maintained order among the patients. They also carried out orders from the physicians.<ref name="Nolan, P. 1993"/>
In 1963, President [[John F. Kennedy]] accelerated the trend towards deinstitutionalization with the [[Community Mental Health Act]]. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed, which made it illegal for an organization to discriminate if federally funded. Despite this ruling, certain states such as Mississippi and Alabama fought these laws in court, promoting segregation within healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Kylie M. |date=July 6, 2020 |title=Discrimination and Racism in the History of Mental Health Care |url=https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/July-2020/Discrimination-and-Racism-in-the-History-of-Mental-Health-Care |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/July-2020/Discrimination-and-Racism-in-the-History-of-Mental-Health-Care |title=Discrimination and Racism in the History of Mental Health Care | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness }}</ref> Moreover, since psychiatric drugs were becoming more available allowing patients to live on their own and the asylums were too expensive, institutions began shutting down.<ref name="Nolan, P. 1993"/> Nursing care thus became more intimate and holistic. Expanded roles were also developed in the 1960s allowing nurses to provide outpatient services such as counseling, psychotherapy, consultations, prescribing medications, along with the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses.<ref name="Boyd, M. 1998"/>
The first developed standard of care was created by the psychiatric division of the [[American Nurses Association]] (ANA) in 1973. This standard outlined the responsibilities and expected quality of care of nurses.<ref name="Videbeck, S. L. 2008"/>
In 1975, the government published a document called "Better Services for the Mentally Ill" which reviewed the current standards of psychiatric nursing worldwide and laid out better plans for the future of mental health nursing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vo46Jqvu_8oC|title=A History of Mental Health Nursing|last=Nolan|first=Peter|date=2000-10-01|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=9780748737215|language=en}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref>
Global health care underwent huge expansions in the 1980s; this was due to the government's reaction from the fast increasing demand on health care services. The expansion was continued until the economic crisis of the 1970s.<ref name=":0" />
In 1982, the Area Health Authorities was terminated.<ref name=":0" />
In 1983, better structure of hospitals was implemented. General managers were introduced to make decisions, thus creating a better system of operation. The year 1983 also saw a lot of staff cuts which were heavily felt by all the mental health nurses. However, a new training syllabus was introduced in 1982, which offered suitable knowledgeable nurses.<ref name=":0" />
The 2000s have seen major educational upgrades for nurses to specialize in mental health as well as various financial opportunities.<ref name=":0" />
== Interventions ==
Nursing interventions may be divided into the following categories:<ref name="Boyd, M. 1998">{{cite book|last1=Boyd|first1=Mary Ann|last2=Nihart|first2=M|title=Psychiatric Nursing: Contemporary Practice|date=1998|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-397-55178-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/psychiatricnursi0000unse_g1y2}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref>
===
==== Psychiatric medication ====
[[Psychiatric medication]] is a commonly used intervention and many psychiatric [[mental health nurse]]s are involved in the administration of medicines, both in oral (e.g. tablet or liquid) form or by [[intramuscular injection]]. [[Nurse practitioners]] can prescribe medication. Nurses will monitor for [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side effects]] and response to these [[medical]] treatments by using assessments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Simoons |first1=Mirjam |last2=Ruhé |first2=Henricus G. |last3=Van Roon |first3=Eric N. |last4=Schoevers |first4=Robert A. |last5=Bruggeman |first5=Richard |last6=Cath |first6=Daniëlle C. |last7=Muis |first7=Diny |last8=Arends |first8=Johan |last9=Doornbos |first9=Bennard |last10=Mulder |first10=Hans |date=14 February 2019 |title=Design and methods of the 'monitoring outcomes of psychiatric pharmacotherapy' (MOPHAR) monitoring program – a study protocol |journal=BMC Health Services Research |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=125 |doi=10.1186/s12913-019-3951-2 |pmc=6376699 |pmid=30764821 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Nurses will also offer information on medication so that, where possible, the person in care can make an informed choice, using the best medical-based evidence available.
==== Electroconvulsive therapy ====
Psychiatric mental health nurses are also involved in the administration of the treatment of [[electroconvulsive therapy]] and assist with the preparation and recovery from the treatment, which involves [[anesthesia]]. This treatment is only used in a tiny proportion of cases and only after all other possible treatments have been exhausted. Nurses may also be involved in gaining consent for this procedure.<ref>{{cite book|last=Varcarolis|first=Elizabeth M.|title=Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtbsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|date=12 March 2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-29415-7|page=90}}</ref> However, consent arrangements vary depending on the jurisdiction in which the treatment takes place.
==== Physical care ====
Along with other nurses, psychiatric mental health nurses will intervene in areas of physical need to ensure that people have good levels of personal hygiene, nutrition, sleep, etc., as well as tending to any concomitant physical ailments. In mental health patients, obesity is not rare because some medications can have a side effect of gaining weight which can cause the patient to have low confidence and lead to other health issues.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Improving the physical health of people with mental health problems|last=Glasper|first=Alan|date=2016|journal=British Journal of Nursing |volume=25|issue=12|pages=696–7|doi=10.12968/bjon.2016.25.12.696|pmid=27345074|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/399398/1/Improving%2520the%2520physical%2520health%2520of%2520people%2520with%2520mental%2520health%2520problems.docx}}</ref> To fix this problem, mental health nurses are urged to encourage patients to get more exercise to enhance their physical health, along with their mental health by improving the patients confidence and lowering stress levels, improving their mental health which has been a focus for mental health nurses because many patients do not get enough exercise.<ref name=":1" /> Nurses may also need to help the patients with alcohol or drug abuse because mental health patients are at a higher risk for this behavior.<ref name=":1" /> Mental health nurses need to be able to communicate to patients about this. The alcohol and drug abuse could cause the patient to also have a higher risk of sexually transmitted diseases because alcohol and drugs can lead to more sexual behavior.<ref name=":1" />
=== Psychosocial interventions ===
Psychosocial interventions are increasingly delivered by nurses in mental health settings. These include [[psychotherapy]] interventions, such as [[cognitive behavioural therapy]], [[family therapy]], and less commonly other interventions, such as [[Integrative milieu model|milieu therapy]] or [[psychodynamic]] approaches. These interventions can be applied to a broad range of problems including psychosis, depression, and anxiety. Nurses will work with people over a period of time and use [[psychological]] methods to teach the person psychological techniques that they can then use to aid [[recovery approach|recovery]] and help manage any future [[existential crisis|crisis]] in their mental health. In practice, these interventions will be used often, in conjunction with psychiatric medications. Psychosocial interventions are based on [[evidence-based practice]], and therefore the techniques tend to follow set guidelines based upon what has been demonstrated to be effective by [[nursing research]]. There has been some criticism<ref name="pmid12199882">{{Cite journal |last=Kitson |first=Alison |year=2002 |title=Recognising relationships: Reflections on evidence-based practice |journal=Nursing Inquiry |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=179–86 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1800.2002.00151.x |pmid=12199882|doi-access=free }}</ref> that evidence based practice is focused primarily on [[quantitative research]] and should reflect also a more [[qualitative research]] approach that seeks to understand the meaning of people's experience.
=== Spiritual interventions ===
The basis of this approach is to look at mental illness or distress from the perspective of a [[spiritual crisis]]. Spiritual interventions focus on developing a sense of meaning, purpose, and hope for the person in their current life experience.<ref>{{cite book|last=Swinton|first=John|title=Spirituality and Mental Health Care|publisher=Jessica Kingsley|year=2001|isbn=978-1-85302-804-5}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> Spiritual interventions involve listening to the person's story and facilitating the person to connect to [[God]], a greater power or greater whole, perhaps by using [[meditation]] or [[prayer]]. This may be a [[religious]] or non-religious experience depending on the individual's own spirituality. Spiritual interventions, along with psychosocial interventions, emphasize the importance of engagement, however, spiritual interventions focus more on caring and 'being with' the person during their time of crisis, rather than intervening and trying to 'fix' the problem. Spiritual interventions tend to be based on [[qualitative research]] and share some similarities with the [[humanistic psychology|humanistic]] approach to psychotherapy.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
=== Therapeutic relationship ===
As with other areas of [[nursing practice]], psychiatric mental health nursing works within [[nursing theory|nursing models]], utilising [[nursing care plan]]s, and seeks to care for the whole person. However, the emphasis of [[mental health nurse|mental health nursing]] is on the development of a [[therapeutic relationship|therapeutic alliance]].<ref name="multiple">Wilkin P (2003). ''in:'' {{cite book | editor=Barker, P| title=Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The craft of caring| location=London | publisher=Arnold | pages = 26–33|isbn=978-0-340-81026-2 | year=2003}}</ref> In practice, this means that the nurse should seek to engage with the person in care in a positive and collaborative way that will empower the patient to draw on his or her inner resources in addition to any other treatment they may be receiving.<ref name="multiple"/>
===Therapeutic relationship aspects of psychiatric nursing===
[[File:Navy nurse corps 1908.jpg|thumb|In 1913, [[Johns Hopkins University]] was the first college of nursing in the United States to offer psychiatric nursing as part of its general curriculum.]]
The most important duty of a psychiatric nurse is to maintain a positive therapeutic relationship with patients in a clinical setting. The fundamental elements of mental health care revolve around the interpersonal relations and interactions established between professionals and clients. Caring for people with [[mental disorder|mental illnesses]] demands an intensified presence and a strong desire to be supportive.<ref name="Berg">{{Cite journal |last1=Berg |first1=A |last2=Hallberg |first2=I. R |year=2000 |title=Psychiatric nurses' lived experiences of working with inpatient care on a general team psychiatric ward |journal=Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=323–33 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2850.2000.00307.x |pmid=11933404}}</ref>
====Understanding and empathy====
Understanding and empathy from psychiatric nurses reinforces a positive psychological balance for patients. Conveying an understanding is important because it provides patients with a sense of importance.<ref name=pmid12956021>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1440-0979.2003.00276.x |pmid=12956021 |title=Nurse-patient relationship: A dichotomy of expectations |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Nursing |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=103–9 |year=2003 |last1=Moyle |first1=Wendy }}</ref> The expression of thoughts and feelings should be encouraged without blaming, judging, or belittling.<ref name="transformative2002">{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1440-0979.2002.00245.x |pmid=12510595 |title=Transformative change of self: The unique focus of (adolescent) mental health nursing? |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Nursing |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=174–85 |year=2002 |last1=Geanellos |first1=Rene }}</ref> Feeling important is significant to the lives of people who live in a structured society, who often [[social stigma|stigmatise]] the mentally ill because of their disorder.<ref name=pmid17635627>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1447-0349.2007.00477.x |pmid=17635627 |title='Take my hand, help me out': Mental health service recipients' experience of the therapeutic relationship |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Nursing |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=274–84 |year=2007 |last1=Shattell |first1=Mona M |last2=Starr |first2=Sharon S |last3=Thomas |first3=Sandra P |url=https://works.bepress.com/mona_shattell/26/download/ }}</ref> Empowering patients with feelings of importance will bring them closer to the normality they had before the onset of their disorder. When subjected to fierce personal attacks, the psychiatric nurse retained the desire and ability to understand the patient. The ability to quickly empathise with unfortunate situations proves essential. Involvedness is also required when patients expect nursing staff to understand even when they are unable to express their needs verbally.<ref name=Berg/> When a psychiatric nurse gains understanding of the patient, the chances of improving overall treatment greatly increases.
====Individuality====
[[person-centered care|Individualised care]] becomes important when nurses need to get to know the patient. To lives this knowledge the psychiatric nurse must see patients as individual people with lives beyond their mental illness. Seeing people as individuals with lives beyond their mental illness is imperative in making patients feel valued and respected.<ref name=pmid12907378>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/01612840305320 |pmid=12907378 |title=Therapeutic Relationships and Boundary Maintenance: The Perspective of Forensic Patients Enrolled in a Treatment Program for Violent Offenders |journal=Issues in Mental Health Nursing |volume=24 |issue=6–7 |pages=605–25 |year=2009 |last1=Schafer |first1=Penny |last2=Peternelj-Taylor |first2=Cindy |s2cid=25280338 }}</ref> In order to accept the patient as an individual, the psychiatric nurse must not be controlled by his or her own values, or by ideas, and pre-understanding of mental health patients.<ref name=pmid14629636>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.0283-9318.2003.00233.x |pmid=14629636 |title=Patients' opinion on what constitutes good psychiatric care |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=339–46 |year=2003 |last1=Johansson |first1=Håkan |last2=Eklund |first2=Mona }}</ref> Individual needs of patients are met by bending the rules of standard interventions and assessment. Psychiatric nurses spoke of the potential to 'bend the rules', which required an interpretation of the unit rules, and the ability to evaluate the risks associated with bending them.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10855090 |year=1999 |last1=O'Brien |first1=A. J |title=Negotiating the relationship: Mental health nurses' perceptions of their practice |journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=153–61 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-0979.1999.00148.x }}</ref>
====Providing support====
Successful [[therapeutic relationship]]s between nurses and patients need to have positive support. Different methods of providing patients with support include many active responses.<ref name=pmid17635627/> Minor activities, such as shopping, reading the newspaper together, or taking lunch or dinner breaks with patients can improve the quality of support provided.<ref name=pmid15720494>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00774.x |pmid=15720494 |title=Trust as a foundation for the therapeutic intervention for patients with borderline personality disorder |journal=Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=23–32 |year=2005 |last1=Langley |first1=G. C |last2=Klopper |first2=H }}</ref> Physical support may also be used and is manifested through the use of touch.<ref name=pmid15720494/> Patients described feelings of [[haptic communication|connection]] when nurses hugged them or put a hand on their shoulder.<ref name=pmid17635627/> Psychiatric nurses in Berg and Hallberg's study described an element of a working relationship as comforting through holding a patient's hand.<ref name="Berg" /> Patients with depression described relief when the nurse embraced them.<ref name=pmid12956021/> Physical touch is intended to comfort and console patients who are willing to embrace these sensations and share mutual feelings with nurses.
====Being there and being available====
In order to make patients feel more comfortable, the patient care providers make themselves more approachable, therefore more readily open to multiple levels of personal connections. Such personal connections have the ability to uplift patients' spirits and secure confidentiality. Utilisation of the [[quality time|quality of time]] spent with the patient proves to be beneficial. By being available for a proper amount of time, patients open up and disclose personal stories, which enable nurses to understand the meaning behind each story.<ref name=pmid14629636/> The outcome results in nurses making every effort to attain a non-biased point of view.<ref name=pmid14629636/> A combination of being there and being available allows empirical connections to quell any negative feelings within patients.
====Being genuine====
The act of being genuine must come from within and be expressed by nurses without reluctance. Genuineness requires the nurse to be natural or authentic in their interactions with the patient.<ref name=pmid12801401>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02677.x |pmid=12801401 |title=Being professional and being human: One nurse's relationship with a psychiatric patient |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=101–8 |year=2003 |last1=Hem |first1=Marit Helene |last2=Heggen |first2=Kristin }}</ref> In his article about pivotal moments in therapeutic relationships, Welch found that nurses must be in accordance with their values and beliefs.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1440-0979.2005.00376.x |pmid=16181152 |title=Pivotal moments in the therapeutic relationship |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Nursing |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=161–5 |year=2005 |last1=Welch |first1=Mark }}</ref> Along with the previous concept, O'Brien <ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1440-0979.2000.00171.x |pmid=11887269 |title=Nurse-client relationships: The experience of community psychiatric nurses |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=184–94 |year=2000 |last1=O'Brien |first1=Louise }}</ref> concluded that being consistent and reliable in both punctuality and character makes for genuinity. Schafer and Peternelj-Taylor <ref name=pmid12907378/> believe that a nurses 'genuineness' is determined through the level of consistency displayed between their verbal and non-verbal behaviour. Similarly, Scanlon<ref name=pmid16737499>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.00958.x |pmid=16737499 |title=Psychiatric nurses perceptions of the constituents of the therapeutic relationship: A grounded theory study |journal=Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=319–29 |year=2006 |last1=Scanlon |first1=A }}</ref> found that genuineness was expressed by fulfilling intended tasks. [[Self-disclosure]] proves to be the key to being open and honest.<ref name=pmid10672096>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01288.x |pmid=10672096 |title=What do people need psychiatric and mental health nurses for? |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=378–88 |year=2000 |last1=Jackson |first1=Sue |last2=Stevenson |first2=Chris }}</ref> It involves the nurse sharing life experiences and is essential to the development of the therapeutic relationship, because as the relationship grows patients are reluctant to give any more information if they feel the relationship is too one sided.<ref name=pmid10672096/> Multiple authors found genuine emotion, such as tearfulness, blunt feedback, and straight talk facilitated the therapeutic relationship in the pursuit of being open and honest.<ref name=pmid17635627/> The friendship of a [[therapeutic relationship]] is different from a sociable friendship because the therapeutic relationship friendship is asymmetrical in nature.<ref name=pmid17635627/> The basic concept of genuineness is centered on being true to one's word. Patients would not trust nurses who fail in complying with what they say or promise.
====Promoting equality====
For a successful therapeutic relationship to form, a beneficial co-dependency between the nurse and patient must be established. A derogatory view of the patient's role in the clinical setting dilapidates a therapeutic alliance. While patients need nurses to support their recovery, psychiatric nurses need patients to develop skills and experience.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1351-0126.2001.00457.x |pmid=11896864 |title='Partnership': A co-operative inquiry between Community Mental Health Nurses and their clients. 2. The nurse-client relationship |journal=Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=111–7 |year=2002 |last1=Hostick |first1=T |last2=McClelland |first2=F }}</ref> Psychiatric nurses convey themselves as team members or facilitators of the relationship, rather than the leaders.<ref name=pmid17635627/> By empowering the patient with a sense of control and involvement, nurses encourage the patient's independence.<ref name=pmid17635627/> Sole control of certain situations should not be embedded in the nurse. Equal interactions are established when nurses talk to patients one-on-one. Participating in activities that do not make one person more dominant over the other, such as talking about a mutual interest or getting lunch together strengthen the levels of equality shared between professionals and patients. This can also create the "illusion of choice"; giving the patient options, even if limited or confined within structure.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00763.x |pmid=15450025 |title=Conversation starters: Re-examining and reconstructing first encounters within the therapeutic relationship |journal=Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=575–82 |year=2004 |last1=McAllister |first1=M |last2=Matarasso |first2=B |last3=Dixon |first3=B |last4=Shepperd |first4=C }}</ref>
====Demonstrating respect====
To develop a quality therapeutic relationship, nurses need to make patients feel respected and important.<ref name=pmid14629636/> Accepting patient faults and problems is vital to convey respect—helping the patient see themselves as worthy and worthwhile.<ref name="transformative2002"/>
====Demonstrating clear boundaries====
[[professional boundaries|Boundaries]] are essential for protecting both the patient and the nurse, and maintaining a functional therapeutic relationship. Limit setting helps to shield the patient from embarrassing behaviour,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1440-0979.2005.00363.x |pmid=15896254 |title=The attitudes, knowledge and skills needed in mental health nurses: The perspective of users of mental health services |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Nursing |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=78–87 |year=2005 |last1=Rydon |first1=Sharon E }}</ref> and instills the patient with feelings of safety and containment.<ref name=pmid15720494/> Limit setting also protects the nurse from "[[occupational burnout|burnout]]",<ref name=pmid15720494/> preserving personal stability—thus promoting a quality relationship.
====Demonstrating self-awareness====
Psychiatric nurses recognise personal vulnerability in order to develop professionally.<ref name=pmid12801401/> Humanistic insight, basic human values, and self-knowledge improves the depth of understanding the self.<ref name=pmid12358707>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2850.2002.00538.x |pmid=12358707 |title=Swedish forensic nursing care: Nurses' professional contributions and educational needs |journal=Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=531–9 |year=2002 |last1=Rask |first1=Mikael |last2=Aberg |first2=Jonas }}</ref> Different personalities affect the way psychiatric nurses respond to their patients. The more self-aware, the more knowledge on how to approach interactions with patients nurses have.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Interpersonal skills needed to form relationships with patients were acquired through learning about oneself.<ref name=pmid16737499/> Clinical supervision was found to provide the opportunity for nurses to reflect on patient relationships,<ref name="ClearyEdwards1999">{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1440-0979.1999.00141.x |pmid=10661080 |title=Factors influencing nurse-patient interaction in the acute psychiatric setting: An exploratory investigation |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=109–16 |year=1999 |last1=Cleary |first1=Michelle |last2=Edwards |first2=Clair |last3=Meehan |first3=Tom }}</ref> to improve clinical skills,<ref name=pmid12358707/> and to help repair difficult relationships.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1744-6163.1998.tb00998.x |pmid=9847826 |title=Factors Influencing Movement of Chronic Psychiatric Patients from the Orientation to the Working Phase of the Nurse-Client Relationship on an Inpatient Unit |journal=Perspectives in Psychiatric Care |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |year=1998 |last1=Forchuk |first1=Cheryl |last2=Westwell |first2=Jan |last3=Martin |first3=Mary-Lou |last4=Azzapardi |first4=Wendy Bamber |last5=Kosterewa-Tolman |first5=Donna |last6=Hux |first6=Margaret |doi-access=free }}</ref> The reflections <ref name=pmid14629636/> articulated by nurses through clinical supervision help foster self-awareness.
== Pediatric mental health nursing ==
Nurses are vital to the evaluation and treatment of children with mental illness. Pediatric mental health nursing is the treatment/nursing of mental illness in pediatric patients. Family nurse practitioners (FNPs) are typically expected to evaluate and treat pediatric patients struggling with their mental health. One out of five children experience a mental disorder in a given year, but only 20% receive treatment of said disorder.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resources|url=https://ipedsnursing.org/resources|access-date=2021-09-20|website=IPN|language=en}}</ref>
== Profession status ==
{{See also|Registered psychiatric nurse}}
===Canada===
The ''registered psychiatric nurse'' is a distinct nursing profession in all of the four western provinces. Such nurses carry the designation "[[Registered Psychiatric Nurse|RPN]]". In Eastern Canada, an Americanized system of psychiatric nursing is followed. Registered Psychiatric Nurses can also work in all three of the territories in Canada; although, the registration process to work in the territories varies as the psychiatric nurses must be licensed by one of the four provinces.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
===Ireland===
In [[Ireland]], mental health nurses undergo a 4-year honors degree training programme. Nurses that trained under the diploma course in Ireland can do a post graduation course to bring their status from diploma to degree.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
===New Zealand===
Mental Health Nurses in New Zealand require a diploma or degree in nursing. All nurses are now trained in both general and mental health, as part of their three-year degree training programme. Mental health nurses are often requested to complete a graduate diploma or a post graduate certificate in mental health, if they are employed by a District Health Board. This gives additional training that is specific to working with people with mental health issues.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
===Sweden===
In [[Sweden]], to become a ''registered psychiatric nurse'' one must first become a registered nurse which requires a BSc. (Bachelor of Science) in Nursing (three years of full-time study, 180 higher education credits). Then, one must complete one year of graduate studies in psychiatric/mental health nursing (60 higher education credits), which also includes writing a MSc. (Master of Science) thesis.<ref>"Specialistsjuksköterskeprogrammet med inriktning mot psykiatrisk vård" (In Swedish). University of Gothenburg. Accessed: January 26, 2018. URL: https://utbildning.gu.se/program/program_detalj/?programid=V2PSV</ref> The registered psychiatric nurse is an evolving profession in Sweden. However, unlike in countries such as the US, there is no [[psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner]], so in Sweden, the profession cannot for example prescribe pharmacological treatment.<ref>"Kompetensbeskrivning för legitimerad sjuksköterska med specialistsjuksköterskeexamen, inriktning psykiatrisk vård". (In Swedish). The Swedish Society of Nursing. Accessed: 26 January 2018. URL: https://www.swenurse.se/globalassets/01-svensk-sjukskoterskeforening/publikationer-svensk-sjukskoterskeforening/kompetensbeskrivningar-publikationer/kompetensbeskrivning.sjukskoterska.psykiatri.2014.pdf</ref>
===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Mental health nurse|Community psychiatric nurse}}
In the [[UK]] and Ireland the term ''psychiatric nurse'' has now largely been replaced with ''mental health nurse''. Mental health nurses undergo a 3–4 year training programme at bachelor's degree level, or a 2-year training programme at master's degree level, in common with other nurses. However, most of their training is specific to caring for clients with mental health issues.
RMNs can continue into further training as Advanced Nurse Practitioners (ANPs): this requires completion of a 9-month Master's programme. The role includes prescribing medications, being on call for hospital wards and delivering psychosocial interventions to clients.
===United States===
{{Main|Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner}}
{{See also|Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army}}
In [[North America]], there are three levels of psychiatric nursing.
* The ''[[licensed vocational nurse]]'' (''[[licensed practical nurse]]'' in some states) and the ''[[Psychiatric technician|licensed psychiatric technician]]'' may dispense medication and assist with data collection regarding psychiatric and mental health clients.
* The ''registered nurse'' or ''registered psychiatric nurse'' has the additional scope of performing assessments and may provide other therapies such as counseling and milieu therapy.
* The ''[[advanced practice registered nurse]]'' (APRN) either practices as a [[clinical nurse specialist]] or a [[nurse practitioner]] after obtaining a master's degree in psychiatric-mental health nursing. Psychiatric-mental health nursing (PMHN) is a nursing specialty. The course work in a master's degree program includes specialty practice. APRNs assess, diagnose, and treat individuals or families with psychiatric problems/disorders or the potential for such disorders, as well as performing the functions associated with the basic level.<ref>[http://www.apna.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3292 APNA About Psychiatric Mental Health Nurses]</ref> They provide a full range of primary mental health care services to individuals, families, groups and communities, function as psychotherapists, educators, consultants, advanced case managers, and administrators. In many states, APRNs have the authority to prescribe medications. Qualified to practice independently, psychiatric-mental health APRNs offer direct care services in a variety of settings: mental health centers, community mental health programs, homes, offices, HMOs, etc.
Psychiatric nurses who earn doctoral degrees (PhD, DNSc, EdD) often are found in practice settings, teaching, doing research, or as administrators in hospitals, agencies or schools of nursing.
==
In Australia, to be a psychiatric nurse a bachelor's degree of nursing need to be obtained in order to become a registered nurse (RN) and this degree takes three years full-time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mhsa.aihw.gov.au/resources/workforce/mental-health-nursing-workforce/|title=Mental health nurse workforce|website=mhsa.aihw.gov.au|access-date=2016-05-10}}</ref> Then a diploma in mental health or something similar will need to also be obtained, this is an additional year of study. An Australian psychiatric nurse has duties that may include assessing patients who are mentally ill, observation, helping patients take part in activities, giving medication, observing if the medication is working, assisting in behaviour change programs or visiting patients who are at home. Australian nurses can work in public or private hospitals, institutes, correctional institutes, mental care facilities and homes of the patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acmhn.org/about-us/about-mh-nursing|title=About MH Nursing|website=www.acmhn.org|access-date=2016-05-10}}</ref>
==
* [[List of counseling topics]]
* [[Mental health professional]]
* [[Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner|Psychiatric and mental health nurse practitioner]]
* [[Tom Main]] - author of seminal paper on psychiatric nursing
* [[Hildegard Peplau]] - psychiatric nurse theorist
* [[Tidal Model]] - model developed for mental health nursing
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite web|url=https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/job-profiles/mental-health-nurse|title=Mental Health Nurse Job Profile}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.nmc.org.uk/standards/code/read-the-code-online/|title=The Nursing and Midwifery Council's Code of Conduct}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNHAocMQRHw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/fNHAocMQRHw |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Creating a Nursing Portfolio|website=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qktwciqIvI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5qktwciqIvI |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=A Day in the Life of a Psychiatric Nurse|website=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1DJJ0Ew-hQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/w1DJJ0Ew-hQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Nursing Careers: A Career in Mental Health Nursing|website=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Keyes |first1=Corey L. M. |title=Mental health in adolescence: Is America's youth flourishing? |journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |date=July 2006 |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=395–402 |doi=10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.395 |pmid=16981819 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Galderisi |first1=Silvana |last2=Heinz |first2=Andreas |last3=Kastrup |first3=Marianne |last4=Beezhold |first4=Julian |last5=Sartorius |first5=Norman |title=Toward a new definition of mental health |journal=World Psychiatry |date=2015 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=231–233 |doi=10.1002/wps.20231 |pmid=26043341 |pmc=4471980 }}
{{Div col end}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Psychiatric And Mental Health Nursing}}
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