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{{Infobox
| name =Nezahualcoyotl
| succession =[[List of Texcoco rulers|''Tlatoani'' of Texcoco]]
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| mother = Matlalcihuatzin
| spouse = Azcalxochitzin
| birth_date ={{birth-date|April 28, 1402}}
| birth_place =[[Texcoco, State of Mexico|Texcoco]]
| death_date ={{death date and age|June 4, 1472|April
| death_place =[[Texcoco, State of Mexico|Texcoco]]
|}}
'''Nezahualcoyotl''' ({{lang-nci|Nezahualcoyōtl}} {{IPA-nah|nesawalˈkojoːtɬ|||}}, {{audio|Nesawalkoyotl.ogg|modern Nahuatl pronunciation}}) (April 28, 1402 – June 4, 1472) was a scholar, philosopher (
He is best remembered for his poetry; for his [[Hamlet]]-like biography as a dethroned prince with a victorious return, leading to the fall of [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)|Azcapotzalco]] and the rise of the [[Aztec Triple-Alliance|Aztec Triple Alliance]]; and for leading important infrastructure projects, both in [[Tetzcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] and [[Tenochtitlan]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Nezahualcoyotl: Texcoco’s Warrior Poet, Philosopher and King |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfkX3rvc5VE |access-date=2023-03-26 |language=en}}</ref> According to accounts by his descendants and biographers, [[Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl]] and [[Juan Bautista Pomar]], he had an experience of an "Unknown, Unknowable Lord of Everywhere" to whom he built an entirely empty temple in which no blood sacrifices of any kind were allowed — not even those of animals. However, he allowed human sacrifices to continue in other temples.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prescott|first=William H.|title=History of the Conquest of Mexico|publisher=J. B. Lippincott Company|year=1904|location=Paris|pages=208}}</ref>
==Name==
The Nahuatl name Nezahualcoyotl is commonly translated as “hungry coyote” or “fasting coyote.” However, more accurately, it means "coyote with a fasting collar," from ''nezahualli'', a collar made out of bands of paper twisted together. It was worn by those fasting to show others that they
==Early life==
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==The reconquest of Texcoco==
[[File:Nezahualcoyotl.jpg|thumb|Nezahualcoyotl as depicted in the 16th century [[Codex Ixtlilxochitl]].]]
As the ''[[tlatoani
The war was declared a shared and single effort, and the coalition army of more than 100,000 men under the command of Nezahualcoyotl and other important
The campaign was divided into three parts. One army attacked [[Acolman]] to the north and the second [[Coatlinchan]] to the south. A contingent led by Nezahualcoyotl himself was intended to attack Acolhuacan, only after providing support, upon request, to the first two armies. The coalition conquered Acolman and [[Otompan|Otumba]], sacking them only due to the sudden Tepanec siege of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco.
In a tactical move, the three armies united again and then divided into two. One of them, under Nezahualcoyotl, headed towards [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]], laying siege to Acolhuacan on its way, while the other attacked and destroyed [[Azcapotzalco (altepetl)|
After their victory, the coalition began a series of attacks on isolated Tepanec posts throughout the territory of Texcoco. The defeat of the Tepanecs and the total destruction of the kingdom of Azcapotzalco gave rise to the [[Aztec Triple Alliance]] between Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, and Tlacopan. Nezahualcoyotl was eventually crowned Tlatoani of [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] in 1431.
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A decade later, eager to produce a noble heir, Nezahualcoyotl married Azcalxochitzin after the death of her first husband, [[Cuacuauhtzin|King Cuahcuauhtzin]] of Tepechpan.<ref name="Tepechpan">{{cite book|title=The Tira de Tepechpan: Negotiating Place Under Aztec and Spanish Rule|author=Lori Boornazian Diel |publisher=University of Texas Press |date=2009 |location=Austin|language=English}}</ref>
== Legal system
[[File:Nezahualpiltzintli.jpg|thumb|Son of Nezahualcóyotl: [[Nezahualpilli]]|alt=Nezahualpiltzintli.jpg]]
According to [[Toribio de Benavente Motolinia|Motolinia]], Nezahualcoyotl practiced his strict laws judiciously and imposed them on all his subjects. He purportedly killed four of his sons for their sexual relationships with his concubines.
Nezahualcoyotl, himself half Mexica, adopted the Mexica religious and legal
==Achievements==
[[File:Glifo_prehispánico_de_Nezahualcóyotl.svg|thumb|right|250px|
Prehispanic glyph of Nezahualcóyotl. Note the nezahualli or fasting collar.]]
Revered as a sage and poet-king, Nezahualcoyotl gathered a group of followers called the ''[[tlamatini
Nezahualcoyotl is credited with cultivating what came to be known as Texcoco's Golden Age, which brought the rule of law, scholarship and artistry to the city and set high standards that influenced surrounding cultures. Nezahualcoyotl designed a code of law based on the division of power, which created the councils of finance, war, justice and culture (the last actually called the "Council of Music"). Under his rule, Texcoco flourished as the intellectual center of the [[Aztec Empire|Triple Alliance]] and was home to an extensive library that, tragically, did not survive the Spanish conquest. He also established an academy of music and welcomed worthy entrants from all regions of [[Mesoamerica]].
Texcoco has been called
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:MXN 100.jpg|thumb|Nezahualcoyotl on the Mexican 100 peso bill]] -->
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One of Nezahualcoyotl's historical legacies is as a poet, with a number of works in [[Classical Nahuatl language|Classical Nahuatl]] written in the 16th and 17th centuries ascribed to him. These attributions are testament to the long lifespan of oral tradition, since Nezahualcoyotl died almost 50 years before the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]], and the poems were written down another fifty years after that. [[Juan Bautista Pomar|Juan Bautista de Pomar]] was a grandson of Nezahualcoyotl and likely wrote them from memory of the oral tradition.
Poems attributed to Nezahualcoyotl include:<ref>{{cite book |author=León-Portilla |first=Miguel |url=https://historicas.unam.mx/publicaciones/publicadigital/libros/trece_poetas/mundo_azteca.html |title=Trece poetas del mundo azteca |date= |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México |year=1967 |edition=2nd, 1972 |location=Mexico City |pages=
*''In chololiztli'' (The Flight)
*''Ma zan moquetzacan'' (Stand Up!)
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[[Category:People from Texcoco, State of Mexico]]
[[Category:Mexican philosophers]]
[[Category:Aztec philosophy]]
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