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==History==
=== Atlantic slave trade (17th century – 1808) ===
{{further|Slave Coast of West Africa}}
The first people of ancestry from what is now modern [[Nigeria]] to arrive in what is now the modern [[United States]] were brought by force as [[Slavery in Colonial America|slaves]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/7.htm|title=Nigeria – The Slave Trade|access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref> [[Calabar]] and [[Badagry]] ([[Gberefu Island]]), Nigeria, became major points of export of enslaved people from Africa to the Americas during the 17th and 18th centuries. Most slave ships frequenting this port were English.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Two Princes of Calabar: An Eighteenth-century Atlantic Odyssey |first=Randy J. |last=Sparks |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-674-01312-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tt6BCT-9yEgC&pg=PA39 |page=39}}</ref> Most of the slaves of [[Bight of Biafra]] – many of whom hailed from the Igbo hinterland – were [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] to Virginia. After 400 years in the United States and the lack of documentation because of enslavement, African Americans have often been unable to track their ancestors to specific ethnic groups or regions of Africa. Like Americans of other origins, at this point most African Americans have ancestors of a variety of ethnic backgrounds. Most of the people who were kidnapped from Nigeria were likely to have been,<ref name="yorku">{{cite web |url=http://www.yorku.ca/nhp/areas/ethnic.htm |quote="''As is now widely known, enslaved Africans were often concentrated in specific places in the diaspora...USA (Igbo)''" |publisher=York university |title=Ethnic Identity in the Diaspora and the Nigerian Hinterland |location=Toronto, Canada |access-date=2008-11-23}}</ref> [[Igbo people|Igbo]] or [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]. Other ethnic groups, such as the [[Fulani people|Fulani]] and [[Edo people|Edo]] people were also captured and transported to the colonies in the New World.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Americans {{!}} owlapps|url=http://www.owlapps.net/owlapps_apps/articles?id=4293135&lang=en|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.owlapps.net}}</ref> The Igbo were exported mainly to [[Maryland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usefoundation.org/view/29 |title=Languages in America #25 along with Kru and Yoruba |publisher=U.S.ENGLISH Foundation, Inc |access-date=2009-05-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525112805/http://www.usefoundation.org/view/29 |archive-date=2009-05-25 }}</ref> and [[Virginia]].<ref name="history">{{cite book |page=23 |title=Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia |isbn=1-57806-706-5 |last=Chambers |first=Douglas B. |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |date=March 1, 2005}}</ref> They comprised the majority of all enslaved Africans in Virginia during the 18th century: of the 37,000 Africans trafficked to Virginia from Calabar during the eighteenth century, 30,000 were Igbo.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} In the next century, people of Igbo descent were taken with settlers who moved to [[Kentucky]]. According to some historians, the Igbo also comprised most of the slaves in Maryland.<ref name="history" /> This group was characterized by high rates of rebellion and suicide, as the people resisted and fought back against enslavement. Lot of Nigerians of Igbo origin were also brought into the U.S. in the late 1960s as war refugees during Nigerian civil war.
Some [[Nigeria#Ethnic groups|Nigerian ethnic groups]], such as the Yoruba, and some northern Nigerian ethnic groups, had traditional, cultural identification marks, such as tattoo and scarification designs. These could have assisted a kidnapped and enslaved person who escaped in locating other members of their ethnic group, but few enslaved people managed to escape the colonies. In the colonies, slavers tried to dissuade the practice of traditional tribal customs. They also mixed people of different ethnic groups to make it more difficult for them to communicate and band together in rebellion.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172026 "Ethnicity and the Slave Trade: 'Lucumi' and 'Nago' as Ethnonyms in West Africa"],</ref>
U.S. President [[Thomas Jefferson]] officially [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves|outlawed the Atlantic slave trade in 1808]], although some enslaved Africans continued to be illegally smuggled into the country and the institution of slavery persisted until the [[American Civil War]].
===Modern migration (1960s – present)===
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