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[[Image:Flag of Afghanistan 1992 free.png|thumb|Flag flown by the UIF]]
[[Image:Northern Alliance troops line a runway at Bagram Airbase.jpg|thumb|Northern Alliance troops lined up next to the runway at [[Bagram Air Base]], December 16, 2001]]
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In late 2001, with assistance from [[United States|U.S.]] and allied [[air support]] and [[special forces]], the UIF succeeded in retaking most of Afghanistan from the Taliban. Despite fears of a return to the chaos similar to that of the [[Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)]], the UIF factions largely accepted the new order.
== Organization and history ==
[[Image:Afghanistan map civilwar01.png|thumb|Map of the situation in Afghanistan in August 2001 until the U.S. invasion in October 2001]]
[[File:011215-F-3961R-018 Northern Alliance troops under General Dostum's command in Mazar-e Sharif.JPEG|thumb|General Dostum's Uzbek fighters [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] on 15 December 2001]]
The Afgahn [[mujahideen]] fighters who had previously defeated the communist government and formed the Islamic State of Afghanistan (ISA) came under attack and in 1996 lost the capital to the Taliban. At this juncture the mujahideen resorted to the creation of UIF because [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]] and other warlords who belonged to various groups but to no specific political party did not want to recognize the ISA as a legal entity, so the defeated government devised a military strategy to utilize these forces while not offending their political sensibilities.
In October 1996 [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] and Gen. Dostum came to an agreement in [[Khinjan District|Khinjan]] to form the anti-Taliban coalition that outside Afghanistan became known as the "Northern Alliance". They vowed to set up a non-[[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] government in the nine northern [[provinces of Afghanistan]] under their control. Their pact was also signed by [[Karim Khalili]], leader of the [[Shia Islam|Shiite]] [[Hazara people|Hazaras]] in Afghanistan, whose forces controlled a 10th province. The presence of the [[Russia]]n Consul General in Mazar-i-Sharif, Oleg Nevelayev, signaled diplomatic support from the Russian Federation. At that moment, the Taliban controlled all other provinces of Afghanistan, except a part of [[Parwan Province]] north of the capital [[Kabul]] that was held by Massoud's forces.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/11/world/2-afghan-factions-sign-pact-to-fight-new-kabul-rulers.html "2 AFGHAN FACTIONS SIGN PACT TO FIGHT NEW KABUL RULERS"]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/14/world/afghan-fights-islamic-tide-as-a-savior-or-a-conqueror.html "Afghan Fights Islamic Tide: As a Savior or a Conqueror?"]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/08/world/afghan-driven-from-kabul-makes-stand-in-north.html "Afghan Driven From Kabul Makes Stand in North"]</ref>
Although recognised by most foreign nations as the legal government, it only controlled up to 30% of the country. [[President of Afghanistan]] [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] was the national head of the United Islamic Front, however the central government had little power and personnel changes were frequent. The exception to this was the post of Defence Minister, which was held by Ahmed Shah Massoud and [[Mohammed Fahim]]. Before the [[9/11 attacks]]; [[Russia]], [[Iran]], the [[Central Asia]]n nations of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], [[India]] and [[Turkey]] were giving aid to UIF. However [[Pakistan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] were supporting the Taliban.
Three [[ethnic group]]s dominated the UIF: the [[Tājik people|Tajiks]], who make up 27% of Afghanistan's population and are the second largest ethnic group, the Hazara and the [[Uzbeks]], who each make up about 9% of the population. From the Taliban conquest in 1996 until November 2001 the UIF controlled roughly 30% of Afghanistan's population in provinces such as [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]], [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]], [[Takhar Province|Takhar]] and parts of [[Parwan Province|Parwan]], [[Kunar Province|Kunar]], [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]], [[Laghman Province|Laghman]], [[Samangan Province|Samangan]], [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]], [[Ghōr Province|Ghōr]] and [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]], all in the north of the country (hence the name 'Northern Alliance'). Throughout the campaign against the Taliban, the UIF's fortunes fluctuated, but neither side succeeded in gaining a major advantage.
The political leader of the alliance was Rabbani; however, he was little more than a front man for the military commanders. Massoud served as the UIF's Minister of Defence and was by far its most visible and powerful figure, personally commanding around 10,000 best trained and best equipped of the UIF's estimated 40,000 troops. Several other important military leaders controlled different factions within the alliance, including generals Dostum and Fahim and [[Herat Province]]-based commander [[Ismail Khan]]. Dostum had the right to nominate six ministers, including those of defense and foreign affairs, and was the military commander in northern Afghanistan.
The Northern Alliance's air element was made up from aircraft that were brought to Afghanistan by the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1980s and captured during the collapse of the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]], as well as of those delivered by the alliance's allies later. This consisted of [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]]s, [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]], [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]]s and [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-24s]].<ref>''World Aircraft Information Files'', Bright Star Publishing London, File 332 Sheet 3</ref> They were engaged in heavy combat with the Taliban ground and air forces and few survived.
On September 13, 2001, it was confirmed that Ahmad Shah Massoud had died following an attack by [[al-Qaeda]] assassins posing as Saudi journalists four days earlier on September 9. Mohammed Fahim, the next most senior Tajik commander, succeeded Massoud a few days later. In November and December 2001 the UIF gained control of much of the country, including the capital city of Kabul. This was facilitated by extensive bombing of Taliban forces and military infrastructure by the United States during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|U.S.-led attack on Afghanistan]].
== Factions ==
The UIF was composed of roughly five main mujahideen parties (Iran and Turkey considered there to be seven factions in total):
*[[Islamic Movement of Afghanistan]] - ''Harakat-i-Islami-yi Afghanistan'' - [[Shia Islam|Shia]], led by [[Ayatollah]] [[Muhammad Asif Muhsini]].
*[[Jamiat-e Islami|Islamic Party of Afghanistan]] - ''Jamiat-e Islami Afghanistan'' - Made up of mainly [[Dari (Persian)|Dari]]-speaking [[Tājik people|Tajiks]] and led by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]. In later years as the capital was lost and the situation was largely military, Rabbani had little influence compared to Defence Ministers [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] and [[Mohammad Fahim]], who were also members of the party.
*[[Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan|Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan]] - ''Ittehad-e Islami bara-ye Azadi-ye Afghanistan'' - [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]], led by [[Abdul Rasul Sayyaf]]. The party is now known as [[Islamic Missionary Activity|Islamic Dawah]] Organisation of Afghanistan (''Tanzim-e Dahwat-e Islami-ye Afghanistan'').
*[[Hezbe Wahdat|Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan]] - ''Hezb-e Wahdat-e Islami Afghanistan'' - Made up of Shia [[Hazara people|Hazaras]] and supported by Iran, once led by [[Abdul Ali Mazari]] then after his death it was led by [[Mohammed Mohaqiq]] and [[Karim Khalili]].
*[[Junbish-e Milli-yi Islami-yi Afghanistan|National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan]] - ''Junbish-e Milli-yi Islami-yi Afghanistan'' - Made up of [[Uzbeks]] and former communists, led by [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]], supported by Turkey. Dostum's deputy was [[Abdul Malik Pahlawan]] until his betrayal in 1997 (Malik later rejoined the alliance, but is conflicted with Dostum ever since).
== Legacy ==
[[File:020101-N-2383B-507 ATF Fighter.jpg|thumb|A UIF fighter in the [[Helmand Province]] on 1 January 2002]]
The United Front was extremely influential in the [[List of Afghan Transitional Administration personnel|transitional Afghan Government]] of [[Hamid Karzai]]. Notably, Mohammed Fahim became the Vice President and Minister of Defence, [[Yunus Qanuni]] became the Minister of Education and Security Advisor and Dr [[Abdullah Abdullah]] became the Foreign Minister. Most foreign observers expected this dominance to continue and for Fahim or Qanuni to be selected as Karzai's Vice President in the 2004 elections. However, Karzai instead selected [[Ahmad Zia Massoud]], younger brother of the former United Front leader Ahmad Shah Massoud. Karzai easily won the 2004 Presidential election with 55.4% of the vote, followed by three former leaders of the UIF, Quanuni (16.3%), Mohaqiq (11.7%) and Dostum (10%).
The majority of the alliance is now part of the [[United National Front (Afghanistan)|United National Front]] which is led by Rabbani and includes many former leaders of the UIF such as Vice President Mohammed Fahim, Vice President Ahmad Zia Massoud, Parliamentary Speaker Yunus Qanuni, Chief of Staff Abdul Rashid Dostum, and Minister of Energy Ismail Khan. The United National Front has positioned itself as a "loyal" opposition to Karzai. A number of former UIF members are however loyal to Karzai, notably Abdul Rasul Sayyaf.
Some of the military strength of the UIF has now been absorbed into the [[Military of Afghanistan]], while many of the remaining soldiers were disarmed through a nationwide [[disarmament]] program. The existence and strength of the [[Afghan National Army]] has significantly reduced the threat of the former UIF elements attempting to use military action against the new [[NATO]]-backed government. Most of the country's senior military personnel are former members of the UIF, including [[Afghan Ministry of Defense|Defense Minister]] [[Abdul Rahim Wardak]] and General [[Bismillah Khan (Afghanistan)|Bismillah Khan]].
== Controversies ==
Much criticism has been leveled against the United Islamic Front for alleged breaches of human rights, by both Afghan and international groups, such as the 2001 [[Dasht-i-Leili massacre]], which spawned the documentary ''[[Afghan Massacre: The Convoy of Death]]''. The influence allied warlords have in their territories where they make their own, often draconian, laws is one factor. [[Human Rights Watch]] has released documents alleging internal displacement and executions, widespread rape, arbitrary arrests and [[forced disappearance|"disappearances"]] targeted against the civilian population.<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/afghan-bck1005.htm#uf Press Backgrounder: Military Assistance to the Afghan Opposition<br> (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, October 2001)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
While the Taliban have been most commonly criticized for their perceived role in the cultivation and distribution of [[opium]], areas controlled by the Northern Alliance have also been responsible for the cultivation of opium. A 2001 [[U.N. Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention]] study found that, following a Taliban ban on opium cultivation, opium production in Afghanistan had dropped 91% in 2001, even though the country had earlier accounted for 71% of the world supply. However, opium production in Northern Alliance-controlled areas remained stable.<ref name='Most'>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Most Opium Reported Grown In Northern Alliance Areas | date=October 05, 2001 | publisher= | url =http://www.unwire.org/unwire/20011005/19106_story.asp | work =United Nations Foundation | pages = | accessdate = 2009-11-21 | language = }}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996-2001)]]
*[[United National Front (Afghanistan)]]
*[[Haron Amin]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{commonscat|United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (Northern Alliance)}}
*[http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/northern_alliance.htm Northern Alliance at FAS (August 1998)]
*[http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701-01.htm#P195_43109 Human Rights Watch on the UIF (July 2001)]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1552994.stm Afghanistan's Northern Alliance, BBC, 19 September, 2001]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1652187.stm Who are the Northern Alliance?, BBC, 13 November, 2001]
{{War on Terrorism|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Afghan Civil War]]
[[Category:Defunct Islamic organizations]]
[[Category:Military history of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Organizations disestablished in 2002]]
[[Category:War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]]
[[af:Noordelike Alliansie]]
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