Content deleted Content added
Murgatroyd49 (talk | contribs) Undid revision 1218619316 by DragonofBatley (talk) source? Never ever heard it called that. |
See also - Buildings and structures in Oxford; Parks and open spaces in Oxford |
||
| (79 intermediate revisions by 50 users not shown) | |||
Line 4:
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Oxford
| settlement_type = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] and [[non-metropolitan district]]
|perrow = 2/2/2
|border = infobox
|total_width = 300
|image1 = Museum of Oxford (5652685943).jpg
|caption1 = [[Oxford Town Hall|Town Hall]]
|image2 = Bridge of Sighs with Lampost, Oxford, July 25, 2023.jpg
|caption2 = [[Bridge of Sighs, Oxford|Bridge of Sighs]]
|image3 = Cathedral oxford.jpg
|caption3 = [[Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford|Cathedral]]
|image4 = Clarendon Building, Oxford, England - May 2010.jpg
|caption4 = [[Clarendon Building]]
|image5 = Sheldonian Theatre Oxford 2023 03.jpg
|caption5 = [[Sheldonian Theatre]]
|image6 = Radcliffe Camera, Oxford - Oct 2006.jpg
|caption6 = [[Radcliffe Camera]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_size =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_link =
| etymology =
| motto = {{lang-la |Fortis est veritas |translation=the truth is strong}}
| image_map = Oxford UK locator map.svg
| map_caption = Oxford shown within [[Oxfordshire]]
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|51|45|7|N|1|15|28|W|region:GB_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[England]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South East England|South East]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Non-metropolitan county|County]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Oxfordshire]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 8th century
| established_title1 = City status
| established_date1 = 1542
| parts = <!-- Government -->
| government_footnotes = <ref name="Council leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/oxford-councillors |title=Councillors |website=Oxford City Council |access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Non-metropolitan district]]
| leader_title = [[Executive arrangements|Executive]]
| leader_name = [[Executive arrangements#Leader and cabinet|Leader and cabinet]]
| leader_title1 = [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom|Control]]
| leader_name1 = {{English district control|GSS=E07000178}}
| leader_title2 = [[Executive arrangements#Leader and cabinet|Leader]]
| leader_title4 = [[List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election|MPs]]
| [[Anneliese Dodds]] ([[Labour and Co-operative Party|L]]) <!-- Oxford East constituency -->
| [[Layla Moran]] ([[Liberal Democrats (UK)|LD]])<!-- Oxford West and Abingdon constituency -->
}}
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation|area}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = {{English district area|GSS=E07000178}}
| area_rank = [[List of English districts by area|{{English district area rank|GSS=E07000178}}]]
<!-- Population -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="popstats">{{United Kingdom district population citation}}</ref>
| population_as_of = {{English statistics year}}
| population_total = {{English district population|GSS=E07000178}}
| population_rank = [[List of English districts by population|{{English district rank|GSS=E07000178}}]]
| population_density_km2 = {{English district density|GSS=E07000178}}
| population_demonym = Oxonian
<!-- demographics (section 1) -->| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]])</span>
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021|id=E07000178|title=Oxford Local Authority|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list
| 70.7% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
| 15.4% [[British Asians|Asian]]
Line 115 ⟶ 109:
| 3.7% [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|other]]
}}
<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span>
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis"/>
| demographics2_title1
| demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible
| 39.0% [[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|no religion]]
| 38.1% [[Religion in England#Christianity|Christianity]]
| 8.7% [[Islam in England|Islam]]
| 1.6% [[Hinduism in England|Hinduism]]
| 0.7% [[Buddhism in England|Buddhism]]
| 0.7% [[History of the Jews in England|Judaism]]
| 0.4% [[Sikhism in England|Sikhism]]
| 0.9% [[Religion in England|other]]
| 9.9% not stated
}}
| utc_offset1 = +0
<!-- Codes -->| postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom|Postcode areas]]
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom|Dialling codes]]
| area_code = 01865
| blank1_info = E07000178
| footnotes =
}}
'''Oxford''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|k|s|f|ər|d|audio=En-uk-Oxford.ogg}}<!-- See [[MOS:RHOTIC]] and [[Help:IPA/English#Dialect variation]] for why the pronunciation is presented in this way. -->)<ref>{{cite book |editor=[[Clive Upton|Upton, Clive]] |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-863156-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00upto/page/734 734] |display-editors=etal |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00upto/page/734 }}</ref><ref>Dictionary.com, "oxford" in Dictionary.com Unabridged. Source location: Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oxford {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623104138/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Oxford |date=23 June 2012 }}. Available: http://dictionary.reference.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520140539/http://dictionary.reference.com/ |date=20 May 2015 }}. Accessed: 4 July 2012.</ref> is a [[City status in the United Kingdom|cathedral city]] and [[non-metropolitan district]] in [[Oxfordshire]], England, of which it is the county town. Founded in the 8th century, it was granted city status in 1542. The city is located at the confluence of the rivers [[Thames]] (locally known as [[
==History==
Line 173 ⟶ 144:
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Myles Birket Foster The High Oxford.jpg|thumb|left|19th-century view of the [[High Street, Oxford|High Street]] in Oxford]]
The history of Oxford in England dates back to its original settlement in the [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Saxon period]]. Originally of strategic significance due to its controlling location on the upper reaches of the [[River Thames]] at its
During the Middle Ages Oxford had an important Jewish community, of which David of Oxford and his wife [[Licoricia of Winchester]] were prominent members.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abrams |first=Rebecca |title=Licoricia of Winchester: Power and Prejudice in Medieval England |date=2022 |publisher=The Licoricia of Winchester Appeal |isbn=978-1-3999-1638-7 |edition=1st |location=Winchester |publication-date=2022 |pages=57–58 |language=en}}</ref>
The university rose to dominate the town. A heavily ecclesiastical town, Oxford was greatly affected by the changes of the [[English Reformation]], emerging as the [[Diocese of Oxford|seat of a bishopric]] and a full-fledged city. During the [[English Civil War]], Oxford housed the court of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and stood at the heart of national affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hargreaves-Mawdsley |first=W. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/oxfordinageofjoh00harg |title=Oxford in the Age of John Locke |date=1973 |publisher=Norman, University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-1038-7 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref>
Line 182 ⟶ 155:
===Physical===
====Location====
Oxford's latitude and longitude are {{Coord|51|45|07|N|1|15|28|W|type:city_region:GB|display=inline
====Climate====
Line 305 ⟶ 278:
| Dec sun = 57.6
| year sun = 1615.5
| source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="Met Averages">{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcpn7mp10 |title=
| source 2 = [[University of Oxford]]<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/daily-data.html| title =Daily Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford| access-date =23 June 2020| publisher =[[University of Oxford]]| archive-date =23 June 2020| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200623115453/https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/daily-data.html| url-status =live}}</ref>
}}
Line 315 ⟶ 287:
====The city centre====
The city centre is relatively small and is centred on [[Carfax, Oxford|Carfax]], a crossroads which forms the junction of [[Cornmarket Street, Oxford|Cornmarket Street]] (pedestrianised), [[Queen Street, Oxford|Queen Street]] (mainly [[pedestrianised]]), [[St Aldate's, Oxford|St Aldate's]] and the [[High Street, Oxford|High Street]] ("the High"; blocked for through traffic). Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford's chain stores, as well as a small number of independent retailers, one of the longest established of which was [[Boswells of Oxford|Boswell's]], founded in 1738.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Boswells|url=http://www.boswells-online.co.uk//mall/infopageviewer.cfm/Boswells/AboutUs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123112907/http://www.boswells-online.co.uk/mall/infopageviewer.cfm/Boswells/AboutUs|archive-date=23 November 2007|access-date=10 January 2010|publisher=Boswells-online.co.uk}}</ref> The store closed in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ffrench|first=Andrew|date=29 February 2020|title=Everything must go now at Boswells in closing down sale|newspaper=[[Oxford Mail]]|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/18271030.everything-must-go-now-boswells-closing-sale/|url-status=live|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329215229/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/18271030.everything-must-go-now-boswells-closing-sale/|archive-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> St Aldate's has few shops but several local government buildings, including the [[town hall]], the city police station and local council offices.
====Suburbs====
Line 347 ⟶ 319:
{{main|Oxford Green Belt}}
[[File:Oxford_Malmaison_Hotel.jpg|right|thumb|Oxford Malmaison Hotel]]
Oxford is at the centre of the [[Oxford Green Belt]], which is an [[environmental policy|environmental]] and [[Planning in the United Kingdom|planning]] policy that regulates the rural space in [[Oxfordshire]] surrounding the city, aiming to prevent [[urban sprawl]] and minimize convergence with nearby settlements.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Oxford Green Belt: Key Facts
{{Geographic Location
Line 367 ⟶ 339:
There are two tiers of local government covering Oxford, at district and county level: [[Oxford City Council]] and [[Oxfordshire County Council]]. From 1889 to 1974 the city of Oxford was a [[county borough]], independent from the county council.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government Act 1972|year=1972|chapter=70|accessdate=25 April 2023}}</ref> Oxford City Council meets at the [[Oxford Town Hall|Town Hall]] on the street called [[St Aldate's, Oxford|St Aldate's]] in the city centre. The current building was completed in 1897, on a site which had been occupied by Oxford's [[guildhall]] since the 13th century.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1047153|desc=Town Hall, Municipal Buildings and Library|grade=II*|accessdate=25 April 2023}}</ref>
Most of Oxford is an [[unparished area]], but there are four [[civil parish]]es within the city's boundaries: [[Blackbird Leys]], [[Littlemore]], [[Old Marston]], and [[Risinghurst and Sandhills]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parish council contact details |url=https://mycouncil.oxford.gov.uk/mgParishCouncilDetails.aspx |website=Oxford City Council |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525050356/https://mycouncil.oxford.gov.uk/mgParishCouncilDetails.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Economy==
Line 376 ⟶ 348:
===Publishing===
[[Oxford University Press]], a department of the [[Oxford University|University of Oxford]], is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house. The city is also home to the UK operations of [[Wiley-Blackwell]], [[Elsevier]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publishers.org.uk/member/elsevier/ |title=Elsevier |publisher=The Publishers Association |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804121759/https://www.publishers.org.uk/member/elsevier/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and several smaller publishing houses.
===Science and technology===
Line 385 ⟶ 357:
[[File:Wellington Square Oxford 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wellington Square, Oxford|Wellington Square]], the name of which has become synonymous with the university's central administration]]
The presence of the university has also led to Oxford becoming a centre for the education industry. Companies often draw their teaching staff from the pool of [[Oxford University]] students and graduates, and, especially for [[English as a Foreign or Second Language|EFL education]], use their Oxford location as a selling point.<ref>
{{cite
|url=http://www.oxford-royale.co.uk/learn-english-in-oxford
|title=Learn English in Oxford
|newspaper=Oxford Royale
|publisher=oxford-royale.co.uk
|access-date=25 May 2014
Line 399 ⟶ 372:
[[File:St_Mary%27s_Church,_Radcliffe_Sq,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg|right|thumb|The University Church of St Mary the Virgin]]
[[File:Carfaxtower fromcornmarket.jpg|right|thumb|Carfax Tower at Carfax, the junction of the High Street, Queen Street, [[Cornmarket Street|Cornmarket]] and [[St Aldate's, Oxford|St Aldate's]] streets at what is considered by many to be the centre of the city]]
Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to [[Carfax Tower]] and the [[University Church of St Mary the Virgin|University Church]] of St Mary the Virgin, both of which offer views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic [[Covered Market, Oxford|Covered Market]]. In the summer, [[punt (boat)|punting]] on the [[Thames]]/[[river Isis|Isis]] and the [[river Cherwell|Cherwell]] is a common practice. As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009){{needs update|date=May 2024}},<ref>{{cite web|last=Hearn|first=Dan|date=19 August 2009|title=Oxford tourism suffers triple whammy|url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/4555044.Oxford_tourism_suffers_triple_whammy/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821150917/http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/4555044.Oxford_tourism_suffers_triple_whammy/|archive-date=21 August 2009|access-date=1 March 2010|work=[[Oxford Mail]]}}</ref> Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres and an ice rink.
===Retail===
[[File:High Street in Oxford by Night 2009 LL.jpg|right|thumb|Night view of High Street with Christmas lights – one of Oxford's main streets]]
There are two small [[shopping mall]]s in the city centre: the [[Clarendon Centre]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Clarendon Shopping Centre|url=http://www.clarendoncentre.co.uk/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328140642/http://www.clarendoncentre.co.uk/|archive-date=28 March 2010|access-date=10 January 2010|publisher=Clarendoncentre.co.uk}}</ref> and the [[Westgate
{{cite web|title=Blackwell's Books, Oxford|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/cities/oxford/blackwells.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232350/http://www.britainexpress.com/cities/oxford/blackwells.htm|archive-date=25 May 2014|access-date=25 May 2014|publisher=britainexpress.com}}
</ref>
Line 410 ⟶ 383:
There is a long history of [[brewing]] in Oxford. Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, at [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose]], survived until 1889. In the 16th century brewing and [[malting]] appear to have been the most popular trades in the city. There were breweries in [[Brewer Street, Oxford|Brewer Street]] and [[Paradise Street, Oxford|Paradise Street]], near the [[Castle Mill Stream]]. The rapid expansion of Oxford and the development of its railway links after the 1840s facilitated expansion of the brewing trade.<ref name=Woolley78>{{cite journal |last1=Woolley |first1=Liz |year=2010 |title=Industrial Architecture in Oxford, 1870 to 1914 |journal=Oxoniensia |volume=LXXV |page=78 |publisher=[[Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society]] |issn=0308-5562}}</ref> As well as expanding the market for Oxford's brewers, railways enabled brewers further from the city to compete for a share of its market.<ref name=Woolley78/> By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere.<ref name=Woolley78/> The nine breweries were: Flowers & Co in [[Cowley Road]], Hall's [[St Giles, Oxford|St Giles]] Brewery, Hall's Swan Brewery (see below), Hanley's City Brewery in [[Queen Street, Oxford|Queen Street]], Le Mills's Brewery in [[St. Ebbes]], [[Morrells Brewing Company|Morrell's]] Lion Brewery in [[Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas]] Street (see below), Simonds's Brewery in Queen Street, Weaving's Eagle Brewery (by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery) in [[Park End Street]] and Wootten and Cole's [[St Clement's, Oxford|St. Clement's]] Brewery.<ref name=Woolley78/>
The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in [[Paradise Street, Oxford|Paradise Street]], and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Page |editor-first=William |editor-link=William Page (historian) |series=Victoria County History |title=A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 2: Industries: Malting and Brewing |year=1907 |publisher=[[Archibald Constable]] & Co |pages=225–277 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=101945#s12 |access-date=5 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316074332/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=101945#s12 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[brewery]] became known as Hall's Oxford Brewery, which acquired other local breweries. Hall's Brewery was acquired by [[Samuel Allsopp & Sons]] in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richmond|first1=Lesley|last2=Turton|first2=Alison|year=1990|title=The Brewing industry: a guide to historical records|isbn=978-0-7190-3032-1|page=165|publisher=Manchester University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NB8NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA165|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921111019/https://books.google.com/books?id=NB8NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq|archive-date=21 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Morrell's Brewing Company|Morrell's]] was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney. He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.headington.org.uk/history/famous_people/morrellfamily.htm |title=History of Headington, Oxford |publisher=Headington.org.uk |date=19 April 2009 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323033009/http://www.headington.org.uk/history/famous_people/morrellfamily.htm |archive-date=23 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> After an acrimonious family dispute this much-loved brewery was closed in 1998,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/1998/7/9/85120.html |title=Morrells Brewery up for sale |publisher=Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201232227/http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/1998/7/9/85120.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref> the beer brand names being taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery,<ref>{{cite web |author=www.quaffale.org.uk |url=http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/479 |title=Morrells Brewery Ltd |publisher=Quaffale.org.uk |date=22 September 2001 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122013846/http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/479 |archive-date=22 November 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> while the 132 [[Tied house|tied]] [[pubs]] were bought by Michael Cannon, owner of the American hamburger chain [[Fuddruckers]], through a new company, Morrells of Oxford.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pstalker.com/echo/f_45a.html |title=Jericho Echo |publisher=Pstalker.com |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808010233/http://www.pstalker.com/echo/f_45a.html |archive-date=8 August 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The new owners sold most of the pubs on to [[Greene King]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/2051362.stm |title=England | Brewer buys pub chain for £67m |work=BBC News |date=18 June 2002 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112044544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/2051362.stm |archive-date=12 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/2001/2/19/69009.html |title=Brewery site plan nears final hurdle |publisher=Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk |date=19 February 2001 |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225022552/http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/2001/2/19/69009.html |archive-date=25 December 2008 }}</ref> Oxford's first legal [[distillery]], the [[Oxford Artisan Distillery]], was established in 2017 in historic farm buildings at the top of [[South Park, Oxford|South Park]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/15435753.grab-glass-oxford-artisan-distillery-opens-south-park-today/ | date=27 July 2017 | title=Grab a glass: The Oxford Artisan Distillery opens in South Park today | first=Marc | last=Evans | newspaper=[[Oxford Mail]] | access-date=11 September 2021 | archive-date=10 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910211013/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/15435753.grab-glass-oxford-artisan-distillery-opens-south-park-today/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
===Bellfounding===
Line 416 ⟶ 389:
==Buildings==
{{See also|Category: Buildings and structures in Oxford}}
[[File:Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_2,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg|right|thumb|[[Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford]]]]
[[File:Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg|right|thumb|[[Oxford Botanic Garden]]]]
Line 434 ⟶ 408:
===Parks and nature walks===
{{See also|Category: Parks and open spaces in Oxford}}
Oxford is a very green city, with several parks and nature walks within the [[Oxford Ring Road|ring road]], as well as several sites just outside the ring road. In total, 28 [[nature reserve]]s exist within or just outside the ring road, including:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
Line 454 ⟶ 429:
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! rowspan="2" |Ethnic Group
! colspan="2" |1981 estimates<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1985 |title=Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement |url=https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806 |journal=Commission for Racial Equality |language=
! colspan="2" |1991<ref name="Casweb-1991">Data is taken from United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm Casweb Data services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215152146/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm |date=15 December 2021 }} of the United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm |date=5 April 2022 }} (Table 6)</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602031124/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="Nationalarchives-2021">{{Cite web |title=2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808112341/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="Nationalarchives-2022">{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group, census2021 (TS021) |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129141139/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!Number
Line 809 ⟶ 784:
|-
!rowspan="2"|Religion
!colspan="2"|2001<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?mode=construct&version=0&dataset=1607 |title=KS007 - Religion
!colspan="2"|2011<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS208EW/view/1946157259?cols=measures |title=2011 census – theme tables |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062523/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS208EW/view/1946157259?cols=measures |url-status=live }}</ref>
!colspan="2"|2021<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1 | title=Religion - Office for National Statistics | access-date=21 December 2022 | archive-date=29 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129115419/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!Number
Line 852 ⟶ 827:
[[File:Oxford Bus Company 604 on Route U1, Oxford Station (14966079163).jpg|thumb|[[Oxford Bus Company]] [[flywheel energy storage]] bus on a BrookesBus service]]
Bus services in Oxford and its suburbs are run by the [[Oxford Bus Company]] and [[Stagecoach West]] as well as other operators including [[Arriva Shires & Essex]] and [[Thames Travel]]. Oxford has one of the largest urban [[park and ride]] networks in the United Kingdom. Its five sites, at Pear Tree, [[Redbridge, Oxford|Redbridge]], [[Seacourt]], Thornhill, [[Water Eaton, Oxfordshire|Water Eaton]] and [[Oxford Parkway]] have a combined capacity of 4,930 car parking spaces,<ref>{{cite web|title=Park and ride car parks|url=http://voyager.oxfordshire.gov.uk/Carpark.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925095850/http://voyager.oxfordshire.gov.uk/Carpark.aspx|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|work=Roads and transport|publisher=[[Oxfordshire County Council]]}}</ref> served by 20 Oxford Bus Company double decker buses with a combined capacity of 1,695 seats.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 2015|title=Oxford Bus Company Fleet List|url=http://assets.goaheadbus.com/media/cms_page_media/72/OBC%20fleetlist-aug2015.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091420/http://assets.goaheadbus.com/media/cms_page_media/72/OBC%20fleetlist-aug2015.pdf|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|publisher=Oxford Bus Company}}</ref> [[Hybrid electric bus|Hybrid buses]] began to be used in Oxford in 2010, and their usage has been expanded.<ref>{{cite news|last=Little|first=Reg|date=15 July 2010|title=Transport revolution|pages=1–2|newspaper=[[The Oxford Times]]|publisher=[[Newsquest]] (Oxfordshire) Ltd|location=Oxford|url=http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/news/8272347.Green_revolution_on_buses/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726195919/http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/news/8272347.Green_revolution_on_buses/|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> In 2014 Oxford Bus introduced a fleet of 20 new buses with [[flywheel energy storage]] on the services it operates under contract for [[Oxford Brookes University]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Holley|first=Mel|date=10 September 2014|title=Gyrodrive debuts in Oxford|work=RouteOne|publisher=Diversified Communications|url=http://www.route-one.net/industry/gyrodrive-debuts-oxford//|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131202053/http://www.route-one.net/industry/gyrodrive-debuts-oxford/|archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> Most buses in the city now use a [[smartcard]] to pay for journeys<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.go-ahead.com/sustainability/customers/smart-ticketing.aspx |title=Smart ticketing |work=Sustainability |publisher=Go-Ahead Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206134929/http://go-ahead.com/sustainability/customers/smart-ticketing.aspx |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=21 April 2015 }}</ref> and have free [[WiFi]] installed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decN/newsarticle.htm?newsarticle_itemid=55527 |title=Free Wi-Fi on city buses and buildings as Oxford gets Super Connected |work=Newsroom |publisher=Oxford City Council |date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421085613/http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decN/newsarticle.htm?newsarticle_itemid=55527 |archive-date=21 April 2015 |url-status=
===Coach===
Line 858 ⟶ 833:
===Cycling===
Among
===Rail===
Line 890 ⟶ 865:
* [[A420 road|A420]] – which also begins in Oxford and leads to [[Bristol]], passing [[Swindon]] and [[Chippenham]].
====Zero-emission
{{main|zero-emission zone in Oxford}}
On 28 February 2022 a [[zero-emission]] pilot area became operational in Oxford city centre. Zero-emission vehicles can be used without incurring a charge but all petrol and diesel vehicles (including hybrids) incur a daily charge if they are driven in the zone between 7am and 7pm.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/residents/roads-and-transport/oxford-zero-emission-zone-zez/about-zero-emission-zone/ |title=About Oxford's Zero Emission Zone |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228130330/https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/residents/roads-and-transport/oxford-zero-emission-zone-zez/about-zero-emission-zone |url-status=live }}</ref>
A consultation on the introduction of a wider
====Bus gates====
Oxford has eight bus gates, short sections of road where only buses and other authorised vehicles can pass.<ref>{{Cite web
Six further bus gates are currently proposed. A council-led consultation on the traffic filters ended on 13 October 2022. On 29 November 2022, Oxfordshire County Council cabinet approved the introduction on a trial basis, for a minimum period of six months.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Colivicchi |first1=Anna |title=Plans for six traffic filters in Oxford approved by council |url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/23157606.plans-six-traffic-filters-oxford-approved-council/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |publisher=Oxford Mail |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204162608/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/23157606.plans-six-traffic-filters-oxford-approved-council/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The trial will begin after improvement works to Oxford railway station are complete, which is expected to be by October 2024.<ref>{{cite web
====Motorway====
Line 912 ⟶ 888:
[[File:Sheldonian Theatre 2009 LL.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sheldonian Theatre]] in 2009]]
There are two universities in Oxford, the [[University of Oxford]] and [[Oxford Brookes University]], as well as the specialist further and higher education institution [[Ruskin College]] that is
====The Bodleian Library====
Line 919 ⟶ 895:
==Media==
As well as the [[BBC]] national [[radio station]]s, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including [[BBC Radio Oxford]], [[Heart South]], [[Destiny 105]], [[
Local papers include ''[[The Oxford Times]]'' (compact; weekly), its sister papers the ''[[Oxford Mail]]'' ([[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]]; daily) and the ''Oxford Star'' (tabloid; free and delivered), and ''[[Oxford Journal]]'' (tabloid; weekly free pick-up). Oxford is also home to several [[advertising agencies]]. ''[[Daily Information]]'' (known locally as "Daily Info") is an event information and advertising news sheet which has been published since 1964 and now provides a connected website. ''[[Nightshift (Oxford Music Magazine)|Nightshift]]'' is a monthly local free magazine that has covered the Oxford music scene since 1991.<ref>"[http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/archive/2000/07/06/Oxfordshire+Archive/6630975.Preview__Nightshift_night/ Preview: Nightshift night] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105092333/http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/archive/2000/07/06/Oxfordshire+Archive/6630975.Preview__Nightshift_night/ |date=5 January 2012 }}", "Oxford Mail", 6 July 2000</ref>
Line 926 ⟶ 902:
===Museums and galleries===
{{See also|Category:Museums of the University of Oxford}}
Oxford is home to many [[List of museums in Oxford|museums]], [[art museum|galleries]], and collections, most of which are free of admission charges and are major [[tourist attraction]]s. The majority are departments of the [[University of Oxford]]. The first of these to be established was the [[Ashmolean Museum]], the world's first [[university museum]],<ref>{{cite book| last=MacGregor | first=A. | date=2001 | title=The Ashmolean Museum: A brief history of the museum and its collections | publisher=[[Ashmolean Museum]]/Jonathan Horne Publications }}</ref> and the oldest museum in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Support Us|url=http://www.ashmolean.org/support/corporatesupport/about/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503032502/http://www.ashmolean.org/support/corporatesupport/about/|archive-date=3 May 2007|access-date=10 October 2007|work=The Ashmolean|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its first building was erected in 1678–1683 to house a [[cabinet of curiosities]] given to the University of Oxford in 1677. The museum reopened in 2009 after a major redevelopment. It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by [[Michelangelo]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[J. M. W. Turner|Turner]], and [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]], as well as treasures such as the [[Scorpion Macehead]], the [[Parian Chronicle|Parian Marble]] and the [[Alfred Jewel]]. It also contains "[[Messiah Stradivarius|The Messiah]]", a pristine [[Stradivarius]] violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashmolean Museum website, What's in the Ashmolean|url=http://www.ashmolean.org/collections/whatsin/|url-status=
The [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History|University Museum of Natural History]] holds the university's [[zoological]], [[entomological]] and [[geological]] specimens. It is housed in a large [[neo-Gothic]] building on [[Parks Road]], in the university's [[Science Area, Oxford|Science Area]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Oxford University Museum of Natural History Homepage|url=http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027090448/http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/|archive-date=27 October 2007|access-date=4 November 2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]]}}</ref> Among its collection are the skeletons of a ''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' and ''[[Triceratops]]'', and the most complete remains of a [[dodo]] found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the [[Charles Simonyi|Simonyi]] Professorship of the [[Simonyi Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science|Public Understanding of Science]], currently held by [[Marcus du Sautoy]]. Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the [[Pitt Rivers Museum]], founded in 1884, which displays the university's [[archaeological]] and [[anthropological]] collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General [[Augustus Pitt Rivers]] stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pitt Rivers Museum Website, About Augustus Pitt Rivers|url=http://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/pitt_rivers.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417130308/https://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/pitt_rivers.html|archive-date=17 April 2016|access-date=18 February 2016|publisher=University of Oxford Pitt Rivers Museum}}</ref>
Line 936 ⟶ 912:
===Music===
[[Holywell Music Room]] is said to be the oldest purpose-built music room in Europe, and hence Britain's first [[concert hall]].<ref name="tyack">{{cite book | title=Oxford: An architectural guide|author=Tyack, Geoffrey |year=1998| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | pages=187–188 | isbn=978-0-14-071045-8}}</ref> Tradition has it that [[George Frideric Handel]] performed there, though there is little evidence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wadham.ox.ac.uk/news/2017/february/holywell-music-room |title=Exploring Wadham's Holywell Music Room |publisher=Wadham College |date=21 February 2017 |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113055309/https://www.wadham.ox.ac.uk/news/2017/february/holywell-music-room |archive-date=13 January 2019 |url-status=
Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages, have produced many successful bands and musicians in the field of [[popular music]]. The most notable Oxford act is [[Radiohead]], who all met at nearby [[Abingdon School]], though other well known local bands include [[Supergrass]], [[Ride (band)|Ride]], [[Mr Big (British band)|Mr Big]], [[Swervedriver]], [[Lab 4]], [[Talulah Gosh]], [[the Candyskins]], [[Medal (band)|Medal]], [[The Egg (band)|the Egg]], [[Unbelievable Truth]], [[Hurricane No. 1]], [[Crackout (band)|Crackout]], [[Goldrush (band)|Goldrush]] and more recently, [[Young Knives]], [[Foals (band)|Foals]], [[Glass Animals]], [[Dive Dive]] and [[Stornoway (band)|Stornoway]]. These and many other bands from over 30 years of the Oxford music scene's history feature in the documentary film ''[[Anyone Can Play Guitar (film)|Anyone Can Play Guitar]]?''. In 1997, Oxford played host to [[BBC Radio 1|Radio 1's]] Sound City, with acts such as [[Travis (band)|Travis]], [[Bentley Rhythm Ace]], [[Embrace (English band)|Embrace]], [[Spiritualized]] and [[DJ Shadow]] playing in various venues around the city including [[Oxford Brookes University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/Various-NME-Presents-Radio-1-Sound-City-Oxford-97/release/694954 |title=Discography for NME Compilation Cassette for Oxford Sound City |website=[[Discogs]] |year=1997 |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729022109/http://www.discogs.com/Various-NME-Presents-Radio-1-Sound-City-Oxford-97/release/694954 |archive-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also home to several [[brass bands]], notably the [[City of Oxford Silver Band]], founded in 1887.
Line 1,000 ⟶ 976:
* "[[Harry Potter]]" (all the films to date)
* ''The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica'' by [[James A. Owen]]
* ''[[Jude the Obscure]]'' (1895) by [[Thomas Hardy]] (in which Oxford is thinly disguised as "Christminster")<ref>{{cite web |url=https://oxfordandempire.web.ox.ac.uk/only-thickness-wall-empire-and-oxford-thomas-hardys-jude-obscure-1895 |title='Only a thickness of wall': Empire and Oxford in Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure (1895) |first=John |last=Gray |work=Oxford and Empire Network |publisher=University of Oxford |date=n.d. |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124183413/https://oxfordandempire.web.ox.ac.uk/only-thickness-wall-empire-and-oxford-thomas-hardys-jude-obscure-1895 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Zuleika Dobson]]'' (1911) by [[Max Beerbohm]]
* ''[[Gaudy Night]]'' (1935) by [[Dorothy L. Sayers]]
Line 1,014 ⟶ 990:
* ''[[Doomsday Book (novel)|Doomsday Book]]'' (1992) by [[Connie Willis]]
* ''[[His Dark Materials]]'' trilogy (1995 onwards) by [[Philip Pullman]]
* ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'' (1997)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordshirelive.co.uk/news/oxfordshire-news/james-bond-every-oxfordshire-filming-5976698 |title=James Bond: Every Oxfordshire filming location in No Time To Die, Spectre and more |first=Sofia |last=Della Sala |date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Oxfordshire Live |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622205652/https://www.oxfordshirelive.co.uk/news/oxfordshire-news/james-bond-every-oxfordshire-filming-5976698 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Saint (1997 film)|The Saint]]'' (1997)
* ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'' (2000)
Line 1,033 ⟶ 1,009:
===Football===
[[File:East stand, Kassam Stadium, Oxford United - geograph.org.uk - 1705831.jpg|thumb|[[Kassam Stadium]]]]
[[File:London Road, Manor Ground, Oxford.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Manor Ground, Oxford|Manor Ground]], off London Road in Headington
The city's leading [[football club (association football)|football club]], [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]],
[[Oxford City F.C.]] is a semi-professional football club, separate from [[Oxford United]], they play in the [[National League (division)|National League]], the fifth tier, one level below the [[Football League]] in the [[English football league system|pyramid]].
Line 1,041 ⟶ 1,017:
===Rowing===
[[Oxford University Boat Club]] compete in the world-famous [[The Boat Race|Boat Race]]. Since 2007 the club has been based at a training facility and boathouse in [[Wallingford, Oxfordshire|Wallingford]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oubc.org.uk/contact-us |title=Contact Us |publisher=Oxford University Boat Club |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162646/http://www.oubc.org.uk/contact-us |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> south of Oxford, after the original boathouse burnt down in 1999. Oxford Brookes University also has an [[Oxford Brookes University Boat Club|elite rowing club]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-22754793 |title=Oxford Brookes University opens elite rowing facilities |date=4 June 2013 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913115451/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-22754793 |url-status=live }}</ref> and there are public clubs near [[Donnington Bridge]], namely the [[City of Oxford Rowing Club]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://oxfordrowingclub.org.uk/about-us/ |title=About Us |publisher=City of Oxford Rowing Club |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913115453/https://oxfordrowingclub.org.uk/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Falcon Boat Club<ref>{{cite web |url=https://falconboatclub.org.uk/about |title=About Falcon |publisher=Falcon Boat Club |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref> and Oxford Academicals Rowing Club.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordacademicals.org.uk/about/contact-us/ |title=Find Us |publisher=Oxford Academicals Rowing Club |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161607/https://www.oxfordacademicals.org.uk/about/contact-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Cricket===
[[Oxford University Cricket Club]] is Oxford's most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining international honours, including [[Colin Cowdrey]], [[Douglas Jardine]] and [[Imran Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketintheparks.org.uk/#!international-players/crls|title=International Players|publisher=Oxford University Cricket in the Parks|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930143746/http://www.cricketintheparks.org.uk/#!international-players/crls|archive-date=30 September 2015|url-status=
===Athletics===
Line 1,053 ⟶ 1,029:
===Rugby union===
[[Oxford Harlequins RFC]] is the city's main [[Rugby Union]] team and currently plays in the South West Division. [[Oxford R.F.C]] is the oldest city team and currently plays in the Berks, Bucks and Oxon Championship. Their most famous player was arguably Michael James Parsons known as Jim Parsons who was capped by [[England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/scrum/rugby/player/7339.html|title=Rugby Union|publisher=ESPN|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016021134/http://en.espn.co.uk/scrum/rugby/player/7339.html|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Oxford University RFC]] are the most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining International honours; including [[Phil de Glanville]], [[Joe Roff]], [[Tyrone Howe]], [[Anton Oliver]], [[Simon Halliday]], [[David Kirk]] and [[Rob Egerton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourfc.org/About.aspx|title=International Players|publisher=Oxford University Rugby Club|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016021134/http://www.ourfc.org/About.aspx|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=
===Hockey===
Line 1,066 ⟶ 1,042:
===American football===
[[Oxford Saints]] is Oxford's senior [[American Football]] team. One of the longest-running American football clubs in the UK, the Saints were founded in 1983 and have competed for over
===Gaelic football===
Éire Óg Oxford is Oxford's local [[Gaelic Football]] team. Originally founded as a [[hurling]] club by Irish immigrants in 1959,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eireogoxford.co.uk/eire-og-60th-booklet/ |title=Éire Óg Oxford: Sixty Years |type=online booklet |date=2019 |publisher=Éire Óg Oxford |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206141323/http://www.eireogoxford.co.uk/eire-og-60th-booklet/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the club plays within the Hertfordshire league and championship,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eireogoxford.co.uk/about-us/ |title=About Us |publisher=Eire Óg Oxford |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206141323/http://www.eireogoxford.co.uk/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> being the only Gaelic Football club within Oxfordshire. Hurling is no longer played by the club; however, Éire Óg do contribute players to the Hertfordshire-wide amalgamated club, St Declans. Several well-known Irishmen have played for Éire Óg, including [[Darragh Ennis]] of ITV's ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase]]'', and [[Stephen Molumphy]], former member of the [[Waterford county hurling team]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
==Religion==
Line 1,076 ⟶ 1,052:
[[File:Christ Church Cathedral Interior 1, Oxford, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|Choir and organ of Christ Church Cathedral]]
*[[Oxford Central Mosque|Oxford Central Mosque, Oxford]]
*[[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]]
*[[Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford]]
*[[
==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in England}}
Oxford is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decAC/Town_twinning_occw.htm|title=Oxford's International Twin Towns|access-date=24 January 2015|work=Oxford City Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109003504/http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decAC/Town_twinning_occw.htm|archive-date=9 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Bonn]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonn.de/wirtschaft_wissenschaft_internationales/internationale_aktivitaeten/staedtepartnerschaften/index.html?lang=en|title=City Twinnings|access-date=1 August 2013|work=Stadt Bonn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410070837/http://www.bonn.de/wirtschaft_wissenschaft_internationales/internationale_aktivitaeten/staedtepartnerschaften/index.html?lang=en|archive-date=10 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Grenoble]], [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]], [[France]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Jérôme Steffenino, Marguerite Masson |url=http://www.grenoble.fr/jsp/site/Portal.jsp?page_id=92 |title=Ville de Grenoble – Coopérations et villes jumelles |publisher=Grenoble.fr |access-date=29 October 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071014074034/http://www.grenoble.fr/jsp/site/Portal.jsp?page_id=92 |archive-date = 14 October 2007}}</ref>
*[[Leiden]], [[South Holland]], [[Netherlands]]
*[[Manizales]], [[Caldas Department]], [[Colombia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/living/the-oxford-manizales-connection-of-town-versus-gown/15133 | title=The Oxford – Manizales connection of "town versus gown" | first=Alexander | last=Bragg | date=21 October 2016 | work=The City Paper | access-date=18 October 2020 | archive-date=20 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020090404/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/living/the-oxford-manizales-connection-of-town-versus-gown/15133 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[León, Nicaragua|León]], [[León Department]], [[Nicaragua]]
*[[Perm, Russia|Perm]], [[Perm Krai]], [[Russia]] (suspended in 2022 after the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/19971378.oxford-city-council-ends-unpopular-perm-twin-link-u-turn/ |title=Oxford City Council ends unpopular Perm twin link in U-turn |first=Tim |last=Hughes |date=4 March 2022 |newspaper=Oxford Mail |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306180459/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/19971378.oxford-city-council-ends-unpopular-perm-twin-link-u-turn/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ura.news/news/1052536858 |title=Оксфорд разорвал отношения с Пермью из-за спецоперации на Украине |publisher=Ura.news |date=5 March 2022 |accessdate=2022-03-08 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305125348/https://ura.news/news/1052536858 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Ramallah]], [[West Bank]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/1027/historic_moment_as_oxford_and_ramallah_in_palestine_become_twin_cities|title=Historic moment as Oxford and Ramallah in Palestine become twin cities|first=Oxford City|last=Council|website=www.oxford.gov.uk|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728025405/https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/1027/historic_moment_as_oxford_and_ramallah_in_palestine_become_twin_cities|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Wrocław]], [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Lower Silesia]], [[Poland]]
Line 1,156 ⟶ 1,134:
* {{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=Vic |last2=Smith |first2=Keith |series=Country Railway Routes |title=Oxford to Bletchley |publisher=Middleton Press |date=July 2005 |isbn=1-904474-57-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sager |first=Peter |title=Oxford & Cambridge: An Uncommon History |year=2005 |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=0-500-51249-3 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Saint |first=Andrew |year=1970 |title=Three Oxford Architects |journal=Oxoniensia |publisher=[[Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society]] |volume=XXXV |url
* {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bill |title=A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire |volume=Part 1: The North |year=1997 |publisher=Lamplight |location=Banbury and Witney |isbn=1-899246-02-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bill |title=A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire |volume=Part 2: The South |year=2001 |publisher=Lamplight |location=Banbury and Witney |isbn=1-899246-06-1 }}
Line 1,178 ⟶ 1,156:
{{Commons}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Oxford |volume=20 |pages=405–414 |first=Osbert John Radcliffe |last=Howarth |short=1}}
{{Oxfordshire}}
| |||