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[[Pre-Columbian Peru|Peruvian territory]] was home to several [[Ancient Peru|ancient cultures]]. Ranging from the [[Norte Chico civilization]] starting in 3500 BCE, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five [[cradles of civilization]], to the [[Inca Empire]], the largest state in the [[pre-Columbian]] Americas, the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE.
The [[Spanish Empire]] conquered the region in the 16th century and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|established a viceroyalty]] that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in [[Lima]]. Higher education started in the Americas with the official establishment of the [[National University of San Marcos]] in Lima in 1551. Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821, and following the foreign military campaigns of [[José de San Martín]] and [[Simón Bolívar]], and the decisive [[battle of Ayacucho]], Peru [[Peruvian War of Independence|completed its independence in 1824]]. In the ensuing years, the country
The [[sovereign state]] of Peru is a [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] republic divided into [[Administrative divisions of Peru|25 regions]]. Peru has a high level of [[Human development index|human development]]<ref name="UNDP" /> with an upper middle income level<ref name="WBdata" /> ranking 82nd on the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic and Financial Surveys, World Economic Outlook October 2015 |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |website=www.imf.org |access-date=15 February 2018 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113211842/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the region's most prosperous economies with an average growth rate of 5.9%<ref name="WBoverview">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |title=Peru Overview |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505064825/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live }}</ref> and it has one of the world's fastest industrial growth rates at an average of 9.6%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |title=Peru |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010810/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |archive-date=7 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing; along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and [[biotechnology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |title=Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad |trans-title=Training module on genetic resources and biosafety |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú]] |author=David E. Castro Garro |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018}}</ref> The country forms part of [[The Pacific Pumas]], a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in [[Freedom in the world|social freedom]];<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf "Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf |date=27 July 2017 }} by [[Freedom House]], 31 January 2017</ref> it is an active member of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]], the [[Pacific Alliance]], the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] and the [[World Trade Organization]]; and is considered as a [[middle power]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McKercher|first1=B. J. C.|title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136664366|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ|language=en|quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources...|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
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