Peruvian Ribereño Spanish

Peruvian Ribereño Spanish or Peruvian Coastal Spanish is the form of the Spanish language spoken in the coastal region of Peru. The Spanish spoken in Coastal Peru has four characteristic forms today: the original one, that of the inhabitants of Lima (known as limeños) near the Pacific coast and parts south, (formerly from the old section of the city from where it spread to the entire coastal region); the inland immigrant sociolect (more influenced by Andean languages); the Northern, in Trujillo, Chiclayo or Piura; and the Southern. The majority of Peruvians speak Peruvian Coast Spanish, as Peruvian Coast Spanish is the standard dialect of Spanish in Peru.

Between 1535 and 1739, Lima was the capital of the Spanish Empire in South America, from where Hispanic culture spread, and its speech became the "purest"^{[clarification needed]} since it was the home of the famous University of San Marcos of Lima.^[1] Also, it was the city that had the highest number of titles of nobility from Castile outside of Spain. Colonial people in Lima became used to living an ostentatious and courtly life style that people in the other capital cities of Spanish America did not experience, with the exception of Mexico City and later the city of Bogotá. On the other hand, they mostly lived from the riches extracted from the inland mines by the Indians.

Phonetics and phonology

The consonants of Peruvian Ribereño Spanish
	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal	Labio- velar
Plosive	p [p] b, v [b]	t [t] d [d]				c, qu [k] g, gu [ɡ]		cu [kʷ] gu, gü, hu [ɡʷ]
Approximant	b, v [β]	d [ð]			i, hi, ll, y [j]	g, gu [ɣ]		u, hu [w] gu, gü, hu [ɣʷ]
Affricate			ts [ts]	ch [tʃ] ll, y [dʒ]	ll, y [ɟʝ] ~ [ʝ]
Fricative	f [f]		c, s, z [s] s, z [z]	sh [ʃ]	j, g, x [ç]	j, g, x [x]	j, g, s, x [h]	ju [xʷ] ~ [hʷ]
Nasal	m, n [m]		n, m [n]		ñ, n [ɲ]	n [ŋ]
Lateral			l [l]
Trill			r, rr [r]
Tap			r [ɾ]

The Lima accent does not have a distinguished intonation as the rest of the Spanish-speaking world does.^{[citation needed]}
In Lima there is no loss of syllable-final /s/ before a vowel or the end of a sentence. It is only aspirated in a preconsonantal position. This is unique, by all the social classes in the whole Latin American coast.^{[citation needed]} The pronunciation of ese is soft predorsal.
The vibrants /r/ and /ɾ/ are realized as non-assibilated [r] and [ɾ], respectively.
The so-called yeísmo and seseo occur.
There is no confusion of /r/ with /l/ in syllable-final position like the Caribbean countries and the lower sociolects of Chile.
/x/ before /e/ and /i/ are pronounced as a soft palatal [ç]. The jota is velar: [x] (resembling Castilian) in emphatic or grumpy speech, especially before /a/, /o/ and /u/; it is sometimes pronounced as glottal [h]
If the word-final /d/ is not elided, it is hypercorrectively realized as a voiceless stop [t].
Word-final /n/ is routinely retracted to velar [ŋ] (the most highlighted Andalusian trait).
Additional consonants [ʃ] and [ts] for Chinese & Japanese proper and common nouns.

Grammatical subject

Since the use of 'vos' instead of 'tú' as a familiar form of address was a marker of low social class in post-medieval Spanish, it exists throughout contemporary Latin America but it was never used in the capitals of the viceroyalties, such as Lima or Mexico City.

Prescriptive Limeño Spanish has adjusted considerably to more closely resemble the standard Spanish linguistic model, because of the city's disdain of the contact with the Andean world and autochthonous languages for centuries. ^{[citation needed]}

However, until the beginning of the 20th century, speech on the Northern Peruvian coast was similar in many ways with how individuals spoke on the Ecuadorian-Colombian coast. The most remarkable variation from the Castilian norm was the presence of 'vos', which was used to refer to one's family and is completely missing today. This part of Northern Peru also had a strong influence on the extinct Muchik or Mochica language.^{[citation needed]}

Inland immigrants variation

The other main variety of Spanish from the coast of Peru is that which appeared after the linguistic influence from the Sierra and of the rural environment into the coastal cities and the former 'Garden City' by the Great Andean Migration (1940–1980).^{[citation needed]}

Its main characteristics are:

The strong use of diminutives, double possessives and the routine use of 'pues' or 'pe' and 'nomás' in postverbal position.
The redundant use of verbal clitics, particularly 'lo' (the so-called loismo)
The bilabization of /f/
Closed timbre
Andean tone

Recent changes

This popular variety of Coastal Peruvian dialect is not only contributed to by Andean influences but also, of course, by foreign ones: Anglicisms and Argentinisms are all very present in the lexicon.

Finally, young people from Lima's higher socioeconomic strata have also developed a peculiar and mannered form of speaking, noticeable particularly in the way that they alter their tone of speaking.^{[citation needed]}

Some common expressions

Agarrar y + to do something (Agarré y le dije...)
Parar (en) = to frequently be somewhere or to frequently do something (Paras en la cabina)
Pasar la voz = to inform (e.g. "spread the word")
De repente = perhaps, suddenly (depending on context)
Ni a palos = no way (literally "not even clubbed")

Some common words

Anticucho = typical food consisting almost always of grilled chicken or cow heart
Disforzarse = to be anxious
Tombo = police officer or soldier
Calato = nude
Chicotazo = whiplash
Fresco/a (or conchudo/a) = shameless person
Fregar (or joder) = to bother, to ruin
Gallinazo = a turkey buzzard or black-headed vulture-scavenger bird of Perú
Garúa = tenuous rain
Guachimán = adaptation of the English word watchman
Huachafo = ridiculous, gaudy
Huásca=being drunk
Alucina = can you believe it?
Jarana = party with folk music
Juerga = party
Óvalo = roundabout
Panteón = cemetery
Penar = a ghost that roams in a house
Pericote = mouse
Poto = buttocks
Zamparse = to break into a place (as in a waiting line, or crashing a party), or to get drunk.

Some informal words of extended use

Aguantar = to wait, to resist
Combi = small public transport van (ex. Toyota Hiace)
Chibolo/a = child, adolescent (disrespectful if the person is older)
Paltearse = to be embarrassed coming from the word for avocado (palta)
Pata = friend, pal
Pollada = party where cheap food and drink is served in order to raise money (low-class phenomenon similar to a potluck)

Contributions by other ethnic groups

Peruvians of foreign blood, especially of Chinese and Japanese descent, from first and second generations have a tinge of their native languages' rhythm and intonation to Lima accent, but majority of younger generations have no trace of their languages' accent, if they speak their native languages.

Slang

Some Peruvian slang comes from inverting the syllables of a word. This can be seen in words like 'fercho', which comes from the word 'chofer', driver, the word 'tolaca', which comes from 'calato'. Slang words do not always have to be the exact inverse of the original word: for example 'mica' comes from the word 'camisa', which means shirt. Or 'jerma' which comes from 'mujer' meaning woman.

Peruvian slang originally developed in the 1970s and 1980s with the experience of military dictatorships and the ever-present threat of terrorist activities from Maoist groups such as the MRTA and Sendero Luminoso.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Lapesa, Rafael (1986). Historia de la Lengua Española. Madrid. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Bibliographic sources

Canfield, Delos Lincoln (1960), "Lima Castilian: The Pronunciation of Spanish in the City of the Kings", Romance Notes, 2: 1–4
Canfield, Delos Lincoln (1981), Spanish pronunciation in the Americas, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Caravedo, Rocío (1977), Norma Culta de la ciudad de Lima, Lima: PUC, Instituto Riva-Agüero, Cuadernos de Trabajo, 1
Caravedo, Rocío (1983), Estudios sobre el español de Lima, I. Variación contextual de la sibilante, Lima: Fondo Editorial PUC
Caravedo, Rocío (1990), Sociolingüística del español de Lima, Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Caravedo, Rocío (1993), El habla de Lima y los patrones normativos del español, Lima: Academia de Ciencias y Tecnología
Escobar, Alberto (1978), Variaciones sociolingüísticas del castellano en el Perú, Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos
Granda, Germán de (2001), Estudios de linguistica andina, Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Lipski, John M. (1994), El español de América, Madrid: Cátedra
Lope Blanch, Juan M. (1993), Ensayos sobre el español de América, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Mackenzie, Ian (2001), A Linguistic Introduction to Spanish, Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 35
Malmberg, Bertil (1970), La América hispanohablante: Unidad y diferenciación del castellano, Madrid: Istmo
Rivarola, José Luis (1990), La Formación Lingüística de Hispanoamérica, Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

External links

The Spanish of Peru

[1] Lapesa, Rafael (1986). Historia de la Lengua Española. Madrid. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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