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{{Redirect|Laplace}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Pierre-Simon Laplace
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===Dynamic theory of tides===
While [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] explained the tides by describing the tide-generating forces and [[Daniel Bernoulli|Bernoulli]] gave a description of the static reaction of the waters on Earth to the tidal potential, the ''dynamic theory of tides'', developed by Laplace in 1775,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2011112017524/short-notes-on-the-dynamical-theory-of-laplace.html | title=Short notes on the Dynamical theory of Laplace| date=20 November 2011}}</ref> describes the ocean's real reaction to [[tidal force]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hautala |first1=Susan |last2=Kelly |first2=Kathryn |last3=Thompson |first3=LuAnne |author3-link=LuAnne Thompson |title=Tide Dynamics |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/luanne/pages/ocean420/notes/tidedynamics.pdf |date=2005}}</ref> Laplace's theory of ocean tides took into account [[friction]], [[resonance]] and natural periods of ocean basins. It predicted the large [[amphidromic]] systems in the world's ocean basins and explains the oceanic tides that are actually observed.<ref name="pearsonhighered.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/samplechapter/0132401223.pdf | title=Higher Education}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahn |first1=Kyungjin |title=An Astronomer's View on the Current College-Level Textbook Descriptions of Tides |url=http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/kess/JGGHBA/2009/v30n5/JGGHBA_2009_v30n5_671.pdf |publisher=Korean Earth Science Society |date=September 2009}}</ref>
The equilibrium theory, based on the gravitational gradient from the Sun and Moon but ignoring the Earth's rotation, the effects of continents, and other important effects, could not explain the real ocean tides.<ref>[http://www.sanho.co.za/tides/tide_theory.pdf Tidal theory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822175040/http://www.sanho.co.za/tides/tide_theory.PDF |date=22 August 2017 }} website South African Navy Hydrographic Office</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oberlin.edu/faculty/swojtal/SFWpage/161Stuff/161Lect17/sld012.htm |title=Dynamic theory for tides |publisher=Oberlin.edu |access-date=2 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/645fall2003_web.dir/ellie_boyce/dynamic.htm|title= Dynamic Theory of Tides}}</ref><ref name="pearsonhighered.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.vims.edu/physical/research/TCTutorial/dynamic.htm |title=Dynamic Tides – In contrast to "static" theory, the dynamic theory of tides recognizes that water covers only three-quarters o |publisher=Web.vims.edu |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113022202/http://web.vims.edu/physical/research/TCTutorial/dynamic.htm |archive-date=13 January 2013
Since measurements have confirmed the theory, many things have possible explanations now, like how the tides interact with deep sea ridges and chains of seamounts give rise to deep eddies that transport nutrients from the deep to the surface.<ref>{{cite web|author=Floor Anthoni |url=http://www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/tides.htm |title=Tides |publisher=Seafriends.org.nz |access-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> The equilibrium tide theory calculates the height of the tide wave of less than half a meter, while the dynamic theory explains why tides are up to 15 meters.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.linz.govt.nz/hydro/tidal-info/tidal-intro/cause-nature|title= The Cause & Nature of Tides}}</ref> Satellite observations confirm the accuracy of the dynamic theory, and the tides worldwide are now measured to within a few centimeters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/topex/tides.html |title=Scientific Visualization Studio TOPEX/Poseidon images |publisher=Svs.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/SVS-1333 |title=TOPEX/Poseidon Western Hemisphere: Tide Height Model : NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive|date=15 June 2000 }}</ref> Measurements from the [[CHAMP (satellite)|CHAMP]] satellite closely match the models based on the [[TOPEX]] data.<ref>TOPEX data used to model actual tides for 15 days from the year 2000 [http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a001300/a001332/ TOPEX/Poseidon Flat Earth Tide Height Model]</ref><ref>http://www.geomag.us/info/Ocean/m2_CHAMP+longwave_SSH.swf {{Dead link|date=November 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://volkov.oce.orst.edu/tides/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121022041453/http://volkov.oce.orst.edu/tides/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=OSU Tidal Data Inversion |publisher=Volkov.oce.orst.edu |access-date=2 June 2012 }}</ref> Accurate models of tides worldwide are essential for research since the variations due to tides must be removed from measurements when calculating gravity and changes in sea levels.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dgfi.tum.de/en/news/baroclinic-tides/|title= Dynamic and residual ocean tide analysis for improved GRACE de-aliasing (DAROTA)|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402194935/http://www.dgfi.tum.de/en/news/baroclinic-tides/|archive-date= 2 April 2015|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
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==Analytic theory of probabilities==
In 1812, Laplace issued his ''Théorie analytique des probabilités'' in which he laid down many fundamental results in statistics. The first half of this treatise was concerned with probability methods and problems, the second half with statistical methods and applications. Laplace's proofs are not always rigorous according to the standards of a later day, and his perspective slides back and forth between the Bayesian and non-Bayesian views with an ease that makes some of his investigations difficult to follow, but his conclusions remain basically sound even in those few situations where his analysis goes astray.<ref name="stigler"/> In 1819, he published a popular account of his work on probability. This book bears the same relation to the ''Théorie des probabilités'' that the ''Système du monde'' does to the ''Mécanique céleste''.<ref name="ball"/> In its emphasis on the analytical importance of probabilistic problems, especially in the context of the "approximation of formula functions of large numbers," Laplace's work goes beyond the contemporary view which almost exclusively considered aspects of practical applicability.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laplace, Pierre-Simon Marquis de – Encyclopedia of Mathematics|url=https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Laplace,_Pierre-Simon_Marquis_de|access-date=
===Inductive probability===
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===English translations===
* [[File:Laplace-12.jpg|alt=Volumes 1 and 2 of "System of the World" (1809)|thumb|246x246px|Volumes 1 and 2 of "System of the World" (1809)]] [[Nathaniel Bowditch|Bowditch, N.]] (trans.) (1829–1839) ''Mécanique céleste'', 4 vols, Boston
** New edition by Reprint Services {{isbn|0-7812-2022-X}}
* – [1829–1839] (1966–1969) ''Celestial Mechanics'', 5 vols, including the original French
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