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[[File:Moekki.jpg|thumb|right|A private island with a [[Cottage|summer cottage]] in [[Finnish Lakeland]], [[Finland]]]]
A '''private island''' is a disconnected body of land wholly owned by a [[private citizen]] or [[corporation]]. Although this exclusivity gives the owner substantial control over the property, private [[islands]] remain under the jurisdiction of national and sometimes local governments. Their size can vary widely, from that of a typical suburban yard to several hundred square kilometers.
==Geographic distribution==
==Ownership==▼
Southeast Asia has numerous islands, with Indonesia being an archipelago of 17,000 islands and the Philippines having around 7,100. Real estate laws restrict foreigners' ability to buy property in the geographical area, and many islands either have unclear ownership rights or are already settled. Private islands that are available in Southeast Asia's real estate market are also prohibitively costly due to being in high demand by hotel developers. Developments address these difficulties by selling private islands that have villas and neighbor islands that have high-end hotels; the proximity keeps costs of habitation down.<ref>{{cite news |last=McMillan |first=Alex Frew |date=November 25, 2008 |title=Buying a private piece of paradise |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/25/realestate/25iht-reisle.1.18917815.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208053936/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/25/realestate/25iht-reisle.1.18917815.html |archive-date=
Europe has hundreds of thousands of islands, many of which are privately owned. With 17,000 islands in Finland, 221,831 islands in Sweden and thousands in Croatia, Europe is increasingly becoming a hotspot for private island holidays.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visiwa.com |title=Visiwa Private Islands for rent in Europe – Island Holiday |website=Visiwa |access-date=2014-01-15
Virtually all islands in the world are claimed and governed by some national government. That nation's laws apply, and any attempt by the owner to claim [[sovereignty]] would generally be unrealistic. Nevertheless, some people still try to set up their own [[micronation]]s on islands, like real-estate millionaire [[Michael Oliver (real estate)|Michael Oliver]]'s attempt at building a [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] [[city-state]] called the [[Republic of Minerva]] in the southern [[Pacific Ocean]]. There are widely varying government policies regarding private islands: for instance, islands off the coast of [[China]], like any other land within the country,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal Reports (Publications of the Law Library of Congress) |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/publications-of-the-law-library-of-congress/about-this-collection/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201211029/https://www.loc.gov/collections/publications-of-the-law-library-of-congress/about-this-collection/ |archive-date=Feb 1, 2023 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> cannot be purchased outright, but only leased from the government for a maximum period of 50 years.▼
The [[Falkland Islands]] in the South Atlantic feature a number of private islands, typically run as sheep raising family farms and tourist destinations. Prominent among these is [[Weddell Island]], one of the largest private islands in the world, with a surface area of {{convert|265.8|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>H. Pichon, N. Rolland and N. Orlova. [http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/maritime-boundaries/inventory_report/inventory_report/at_download/file ''D2.1.1 Inventory Report''.] European Coastal Erosion database. European Commission, 2002. p. 122</ref> While the [[Hawaii]]an island of [[Lanai]] is still bigger at {{convert|364|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, technically it might not qualify as part of its territory (about 2%) does not belong to the principal owner.<ref>{{cite web | last=O'Connor | first=Clare | title=Is Larry Ellison's $500 Million Hawaiian Island The World's Most Expensive? | website=Forbes | date=2012-06-21 | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/06/21/larry-ellison-hawaii-lanai-island-david-murdock-dole/ | access-date=2021-09-27}}</ref>▼
"Private" islands in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]] and some other countries are not legally entirely private{{spaced ndash}}any [[foreshore]], such as a beach, is owned by the government,{{Citation needed|reason=Unable to verify|date=August 2017}} and is hence publicly accessible property, despite what the owners of the land on the island may wish to claim. The same applies to [[freedom to roam]] in Nordic countries: only the yard of a house and the immediate vicinity is legally protected against trespassing, and the water bodies around the island are freely navigable.▼
Swains Island in the [[Tokelau]] archipelago has been owned by the family of Eli Hutchinson Jennings since 1856. In the late 1910s, the U.S. and Britain agreed that the island fell under U.S. jurisdiction, and in 1925 it was administratively joined with [[American Samoa]]. In the 1950s, after a labor dispute between the Jennings family and workers on its [[copra|copra plantation]], a form of local government was established for the island, but the Jennings's ownership of the entire island was affirmed.<ref name="noaa">{{Cite book |last=Van Tilburg |first=Hans K. |url=http://npshistory.com/publications/noaa/unlocking-secrets-swains-island.pdf |title=Unlocking the Secrets of Swains Island: a Maritime Heritage Resources Survey |last2=Herdrich |first2=David J. |last3=Suka |first3=Rhonda |last4=Lawrence |first4=Matthew |last5=Filimoehala |first5=Christopher |last6=Gandulla |first6=Stephanie |date=September 2013 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries |series=Maritime Heritage Program Series: Number 6 |location=Silver Spring, Maryland |access-date=2024-04-25 |pages=1–2}}</ref>
There are many thousands of [[uninhabited island]]s in the world with potential for commercial development of tourist resorts or private recreational use. Some islands can be bought undeveloped, while others already have roads and/or houses. Islands are also available for rent.<ref>{{cite web |date=Dec 30, 2011 |title=Yksityisyyttä lomalle - vuokraa oma saari! |url=http://www.mtv3.fi/matkailu/ulkomaat/artikkeli.shtml/1466766/yksityisyytta-lomalle---vuokraa-oma-saari |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805011257/http://www.mtv3.fi/matkailu/ulkomaat/artikkeli.shtml/1466766/yksityisyytta-lomalle---vuokraa-oma-saari |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2014-01-15 |website=MTV.fi |language=Finnish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fung |first=Serena |date=2019-10-11 |title=Top 10 Private Islands For The Ultimate Escape |publisher=Destination Deluxe |url=https://destinationdeluxe.com/top-private-islands/ |url-status=live |access-date=2020-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918225949/https://destinationdeluxe.com/top-private-islands/ |archive-date=2020-08-18}}</ref> Many celebrities have their own private islands.<ref name="Hasan"/>▼
▲==Ownership==
Commercial development of uninhabited islands can raise ecological concerns, as many have a fragile environment.▼
▲Virtually all islands in the world are claimed and governed by some national government. That nation's laws apply, and any attempt by the owner to claim [[sovereignty]] would generally be unrealistic. Nevertheless, some people still try to set up their own [[micronation]]s on islands, like real-estate millionaire [[Michael Oliver (real estate)|Michael Oliver]]'s attempt at building a [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] [[city-state]] called the [[Republic of Minerva]] in the southern [[Pacific Ocean]]. There are widely varying government policies regarding private islands: for instance, islands off the coast of [[China]], like any other land within the country,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal Reports (Publications of the Law Library of Congress) |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/publications-of-the-law-library-of-congress/about-this-collection/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201211029/https://www.loc.gov/collections/publications-of-the-law-library-of-congress/about-this-collection/ |archive-date=
▲"Private" islands in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]] and some other countries are not always legally entirely private{{spaced ndash}}
===Cruise lines===▼
Since 1992 a number of [[cruise ship|cruise line]]s have acquired "private islands" to offer their customers exclusive beach experiences. Such islands (or sections thereof) were further developed to have restaurants and perhaps additional attractions such as parasailing, waterparks, zip lines, horseback riding, spas and more.<ref name=spiegel>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/reise/fernweh/kreuzfahrt-zur-privatinsel-strand-schnorcheln-seilrutsche-a-1131382.html |author=Michael Zehender |title= Privatinseln der Kreuzfahrt-Reedereien Wenn die Weltmeere nicht genug sind |publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=de |date=January 30, 2017| access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> Some islands have [[pier]]s, others are reached by [[ship's tender|tender]]. The purchase of an island allows the cruise line to achieve greater control over the venue and to influence the quality of experience of their passengers.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Selinsky | first=Debbie | title='Private' Island? |date=March 1996 | journal=Cruise Travel | issn=0199-5111 }}</ref> Certain private islands may be used not only by the cruise line that bought the property but also by associated lines.<ref name=spiegel/>▼
▲There are many thousands of [[uninhabited island]]s in the world with potential for commercial development of tourist resorts or private recreational use. Some islands can be bought undeveloped, while others already have roads and/or houses. Islands are also available for rent.<ref>{{cite web |date=Dec 30, 2011 |title=Yksityisyyttä lomalle - vuokraa oma saari! |url=http://www.mtv3.fi/matkailu/ulkomaat/artikkeli.shtml/1466766/yksityisyytta-lomalle---vuokraa-oma-saari
===List of "private islands" of cruise lines===▼
* [[Castaway Cay]], owner [[Disney Cruise Line]], pier access▼
▲Commercial development of uninhabited islands can raise ecological concerns, as many have a fragile environment.
* [[Great Stirrup Cay]], Bahamas, [[Norwegian Cruise Line]]▼
* [[Harvest Caye]], Belize, [[Norwegian Cruise Line]]▼
* [[Half Moon Cay|Half Moon Cay or Little San Salvador Island]], Bahamas, [[Holland America Line]] ▼
* [[Princess Cays]], part of [[Eleuthera]], Bahamas, [[Princess Cruises]], bought in 1992<ref name=spiegel/>▼
* [[Ocean Cay]] MSC Marine Reserve, Bahamas, [[MSC Cruises]]▼
* Sir Bani Yas Island 'Beach Oasis' at [[Sir Bani Yas]], Abu Dhabi, MSC Cruises▼
==Real estate==
[[File:Dubaiworld.jpg|thumb|right|Several Islands on [[The World (archipelago)|The World archipelago]] off the coast of Dubai are privately held]]
[[File:Weddell-Island-Satellite-Image.jpg|thumb|[[Weddell Island]] in the [[Falkland Islands]], [[Atlantic Ocean#South Atlantic|South Atlantic]] is privately owned]]
The real estate market for private islands varies globally. Prices tend to be lower in [[Nova Scotia]], parts of [[Michigan]] and [[Maine]], and parts of [[Central America]]; and higher in Europe, [[the Bahamas]], and Oceanic countries like [[French Polynesia]].<ref name="millions">{{cite journal |last=Kolesnikov-Jessop |first=Sonia |date=November 1, 2008 |title=It Doesn't Take Millions to Buy a Private Island |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/166921 |url-status=live |journal=[[Newsweek]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224182518/https://www.newsweek.com/it-doesnt-take-millions-buy-private-island-91511 |archive-date=
In the 2000s, the [[United States housing bubble]] increased the cost-per-acre for private islands. The effect was fueled by the advent of the Internet, which provided greater access to island inventories. [[Conservation movement|Conservation]] groups' efforts to restrict development reduced the supply of private islands in the market, raising prices.<ref name="allure" />
▲===Cruise lines===
▲Southeast Asia has numerous islands, with Indonesia being an archipelago of 17,000 islands and the Philippines having around 7,100. Real estate laws restrict foreigners' ability to buy property in the geographical area, and many islands either have unclear ownership rights or are already settled. Private islands that are available in Southeast Asia's real estate market are also prohibitively costly due to being in high demand by hotel developers. Developments address these difficulties by selling private islands that have villas and neighbor islands that have high-end hotels; the proximity keeps costs of habitation down.<ref>{{cite news |last=McMillan |first=Alex Frew |date=November 25, 2008 |title=Buying a private piece of paradise |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/25/realestate/25iht-reisle.1.18917815.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208053936/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/25/realestate/25iht-reisle.1.18917815.html |archive-date=Dec 8, 2019}}</ref>
▲Since 1992 a number of [[cruise ship|cruise line]]s have acquired "private islands" to offer their customers exclusive beach experiences. Such islands (or sections thereof) were further developed to have restaurants and perhaps additional attractions such as parasailing, waterparks, zip lines, horseback riding, spas and more.<ref name=spiegel>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/reise/fernweh/kreuzfahrt-zur-privatinsel-strand-schnorcheln-seilrutsche-a-1131382.html |author=Michael Zehender |title= Privatinseln der Kreuzfahrt-Reedereien Wenn die Weltmeere nicht genug sind |publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=de |date=January 30, 2017| access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> Some islands have [[pier]]s, others are reached by [[ship's tender|tender]]. The purchase of an island allows the cruise line to achieve greater control over the venue and to influence the quality of experience of their passengers.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Selinsky | first=Debbie | title='Private' Island? |date=March 1996 | journal=Cruise Travel | issn=0199-5111 }}</ref> Certain private islands may be used not only by the cruise line that bought the property but also by associated lines.<ref name=spiegel/>
▲===List of "private islands" of cruise lines===
▲Europe has hundreds of thousands of islands, many of which are privately owned. With 17,000 islands in Finland, 221,831 islands in Sweden and thousands in Croatia, Europe is increasingly becoming a hotspot for private island holidays.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visiwa.com |title=Visiwa Private Islands for rent in Europe – Island Holiday |website=Visiwa |access-date=2014-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116164635/http://www.visiwa.com/ |archive-date=2014-01-16 }}</ref> Many islands, although privately owned, are not suitable for development due to legal and governmental restrictions or due to the physical characteristics of the island.
==== Royal Caribbean International ====
▲The [[Falkland Islands]] in the South Atlantic feature a number of private islands, typically run as sheep raising family farms and tourist destinations. Prominent among these is [[Weddell Island]], one of the largest private islands in the world, with a surface area of {{convert|265.8|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>H. Pichon, N. Rolland and N. Orlova. [http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/maritime-boundaries/inventory_report/inventory_report/at_download/file ''D2.1.1 Inventory Report''.] European Coastal Erosion database. European Commission, 2002. p. 122</ref> While the [[Hawaii]]an island of [[Lanai]] is still bigger at {{convert|364|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, technically it might not qualify as part of its territory (about 2%) does not belong to the principal owner.<ref>{{cite web | last=O'Connor | first=Clare | title=Is Larry Ellison's $500 Million Hawaiian Island The World's Most Expensive? | website=Forbes | date=2012-06-21 | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/06/21/larry-ellison-hawaii-lanai-island-david-murdock-dole/ | access-date=2021-09-27}}</ref>
* Perfect Day at CocoCay ([[CocoCay|Little Stirrup Cay]]), Bahamas, pier access
* [[Labadee]], part of [[Cap-Haïtien|Cap-Haïtien,]] Haiti, pier access
* Royal Beach Club Paradise Island, [[Nassau, The Bahamas|Nassau]], Bahamas, day resort (under construction)
* Royal Beach Club [[Cozumel]], Quintana Roo, Mexico, day resort (planned)
* Perfect Day Mexico, part of [[Mahahual]], Quintana Roo, Mexico, pier access (planned)
==== Carnival Corporation ====
▲* [[Princess Cays]], part of [[Eleuthera]], Bahamas, [[Princess Cruises]], bought in 1992<ref name="spiegel" />
* [[Celebration Key]], part of [[Grand Bahama]], Bahamas, [[Carnival Cruise Line]], pier access (under construction)
==== Disney Cruise Line ====
* [[Lookout Cay at Lighthouse Point]], part of Eleuthera, Bahamas, pier access<ref>{{cite web |last=McKenzie |first=Natario |date=March 10, 2021 |title=Disney's Lighthouse Point development slated for early 2024 opening after pandemic delay |url=https://ewnews.com/disneys-lighthouse-point-development-slated-for-early-2024-opening-after-pandemic-delay |access-date=February 26, 2024 |website=[[Eyewitness News]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
==== Norwegian Cruise Line ====
==== MSC Cruises ====
===List of high-profile island owners===
* [[Gianni Agnelli]], Estate of – Dino Island off the [[Calabria]]{{cn|date=February 2022}}
* [[Pamela Anderson]] – Greece in [[The World (archipelago)|The World]], [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref name="Hasan">{{cite web |
* [[Bacardi]] family – near [[Grenada]]{{cn|date=February 2022}}
* [[Amar Desai]] - [[Nova Scotia]],
* [[Richard Branson]] – [[Necker Island (British Virgin Islands)|Necker Island]] & [[Moskito Island]], [[British Virgin Islands]]; and [[Makepeace Island]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makepeaceisland.com|title=Makepeace Island Noosa, Luxury Accommodation, Private Island Noosa|website=Makepeace Island|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref> Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.privateislandnews.com/richard–branson–opens–new–makepeace–island–luxury–resort–to–the–public/|title=Australia: Richard Branson opens new Makepeace Island luxury resort to the public|publisher=Privateislandnews.com|date=13 July 2011|access-date=19 August 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Raymond Burr]] – Naitoumba, [[Fiji]]{{cn|date=February 2022}}
* [[Nicolas Cage]] – Leaf Cay, Bahamas<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064312/http://www.privateislandsmag.com/2008/09/nicholas-cage-leaf-cay/ "{{Sic|Nic|holas|hide=y}} Cage - Leaf Cay, Bahamas"], ''Private Island'' Magazine</ref>
* [[Arnaud Henry Salas-Perez]] Prince [[Obolensky]]
* [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]] – [[Musha Cay]], Bahamas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mushacay.com/#/discover–paradise|title=Musha Cay|website=Musha Cay|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref>
* [[Edward de Bono]] – Green Island – [[Australia]], Tessera – [[Italy]], Reklusia – Bahamas.{{cn|date=February 2022}}
* [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] – [[Blackadore Caye]], [[Belize]]<ref>{{cite web |date=12 September 2008 |title=Leonardo DiCaprio – Blackadore Cay, Belize |url=http://www.privateislandsmag.com/2008/09/leonardo–dicaprio–blackadore–cay–belize/ |access-date=19 August 2013 |publisher=Private Islands Magazine}}</ref>
* [[Celine Dion]] – Île Gagnon, Quebec.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 September 2008 |title=Celine Dion – Île Gagnon, Quebec |url=http://www.privateislandsmag.com/2008/09/celine–dion–ile–gagnon–quebec/ |access-date=19 August 2013 |publisher=Private Islands Magazine}}</ref>
Line 66 ⟶ 84:
* [[Nick Hexum]] – [[Melody Key]], Florida<ref>{{cite web |date=12 August 2008 |title=Nick Hexum 311 – Melody Key, Florida |url=http://www.privateislandsmag.com/2008/08/nick–hexum–311–melody–key–florida/ |access-date=19 August 2013 |publisher=Private Islands Magazine}}</ref>
* [[Faith Hill]] and [[Tim McGraw]] – [[Goat Cay, Exuma]], Bahamas<ref name="Hasan"/>
* [[Jim Jannard]]
* [[Dean Kamen]] – [[North Dumpling Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], US{{cn|date=February 2022}}
* [[John Lennon]] – [[Dorinish|Dorinish Island]] in [[Clew Bay]], [[County Mayo]], Ireland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.privateislandsmag.com/2008/10/john–lennon%E2%80%99s–irish–%E2%80%9Cbeatle–island%E2%80%9D/ |title=John Lennon's Irish "Beatle Island" | Private Islands Magazine |publisher=Privateislandsmag.com |date=23 October 2008|access-date=19 August 2013}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
Line 76 ⟶ 94:
* [[Michael Ondaatje]] – Several islands, Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahone Bay · Nova Scotia, Canada |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Mahone+Bay,+NS,+Canada/@44.4371033,-64.3788443,13z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x4b575fcaaffa63fb:0xcac5f4cf4516e49f!8m2!3d44.4492183!4d-64.3821478 |website=Google Maps}}</ref>
* [[Roberto Ongpin]] – [[Balesin Island]], in [[Polillo Islands|Polillo]], [[Quezon]], [[Philippines]]{{cn|date=February 2022}}
* [[Baron Rothschild]] – [[Bell Island (The Bahamas)|Bell Island]], Bahamas{{cn|date=February 2022}}
* [[Steven Spielberg]] – two islands, in an undisclosed location in the [[Madeira Archipelago]]{{cn|date=March 2023}}
* [[Ted Turner]] – St. Phillips Island, [[South Carolina]], US{{cn|date=February 2022}}
* [[Robin Williams]] – [[Pender Harbour, British Columbia|Pender Harbour]], British Columbia, Canada{{clarify|reason=not the name of an island|date=February 2022}}{{cn|date=February 2022}}
==See also==
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