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Importing Wikidata short description: "Theory in evolutionary biology" (Shortdesc helper) |
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{{Main|Rate of evolution}}
[[File:Fossils in Evolutionary Biology.png|border|right|434x434px]]
The fossil record includes well documented examples of both phyletic gradualism{{Citation needed|reason=The previous citation provided no evidence for gradualism, and merely contrasted Darwin's models with those of Eldrige/Gould. Need concrete evidence here|date=October 2018}} and punctuational evolution.<ref name="BentonHarper" /> As such, much debate persists over the prominence of stasis in the fossil record.<ref name="Futuyma86" /><ref>Erwin, D. H. and R. L. Anstey (1995) ''New approaches to speciation in the fossil record''. New York : Columbia University Press.</ref> Before punctuated equilibrium, most evolutionists considered stasis to be rare or unimportant.<ref name="Mayr1992" /><ref>Gould, S. J. 2002. ''[[The Structure of Evolutionary Theory]]''. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nhIl7e61WOUC&pg=PA1154 875].</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wake |first1=David B. |last2=Roth |first2=G. |last3=Wake |first3=M. H. |date=1983 |title=On the problem of stasis in organismal evolution |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(83)90335-1 |volume=101 |issue=2 |page=212}}</ref> The paleontologist [[George Gaylord Simpson]], for example, believed that phyletic gradual evolution (called ''horotely'' in his terminology) comprised 90% of evolution.<ref>Simpson, G. G. (1944). ''Tempo and Mode in Evolution''. Columbia University Press. New York, p. 203.</ref> More modern studies,<ref name="Campbell">Campbell, N.A. (1990) ''Biology'' p. 450–451, 487–490, 499–501. Redwood City CA: Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company.</ref><ref name="Gould&Eldredge1977" /><ref name="McCarthy">McCarthy, T. & Rubridge, B. (2005) ''The Story of Earth and Life''. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. {{ISBN|1-77007-148-2}}.</ref> including a [[meta-analysis]] examining 58 published studies on speciation patterns in the fossil record showed that 71% of species exhibited stasis,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Neto|first1=SGB|last2=AF|first2=E|last3=S|first3=Mariana|date=2017|title=Speciation in real time and historical-archaeological and its absence in geological time|url=https://www.academia.edu/39120976|journal=Academia Journal of Scientific Research|language=en|doi=10.15413/ajsr.2017.0413
==Theoretical mechanisms==
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