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{{Short description|Family of derivatives of xanthene used as dyes, indicators and fluorescent tracers}}
{{distinguish|rhodanine}}
[[Image:Rhodamine skeleton.svg|thumb|Rhodamine core structure]]
[[File:Rodamiini lahustumine veeklaasis.jpg|thumb|Rhodamine in water
'''Rhodamine''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|oʊ|d|əm|iː|n}} is a family of related dyes, a subset of the [[triarylmethane dye]]s. They are derivatives of [[xanthene]]. Important members of the rhodamine family are [[
==Use==
Aside from their major applications, they are often used as a [[tracer dye]], e.g. to determine the rate and direction of flow and transport of water.
In addition to their major applications, rhodamines are used in [[dye laser]] as [[Active laser medium|gain media]].<ref>[[F. P. Schäfer]] (Ed.), ''Dye Lasers'', 3rd Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990).</ref><ref>[[F. J. Duarte]] and L. W. Hillman (Eds.), ''Dye Laser Principles'' (Academic, New York, 1990).</ref>
==Other derivatives==
There are many rhodamine derivatives used for imaging purposes, for example Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hendrickson |first1=W. A. |last2=Ward |first2=K. B. |date=1975-10-27 |title=Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5 |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=1349–1356 |doi=10.1016/0006-291x(75)90508-2 |issn=1090-2104 |pmid=5}}</ref> tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) and its isothiocyanate derivative (TRITC) and
Other derivatives of rhodamine include newer fluorophores such as [[Alexa (fluor)|Alexa 546, Alexa 633]], [[DyLight Fluor|DyLight 550 and DyLight 633]], [[HiLyte fluor 555 HiLyte 594]], [[Janelia Dyes JF549 and JF669]] have been tailored for various chemical and biological applications where higher [[Photobleaching|photostability]], increased brightness, different spectral characteristics, or different attachment groups are needed.
Substituents of the [[xanthene]] core are influencing the properties of the [[xanthene]] dyes by both electronic and steric effects. Specifically designed [[Substituent|substituents]] also allows xanthenes to bear specific functions activatable upon excitation by [[visible light]], e.g. they could act as [[photoremovable protecting group]] for [[Carboxylate|carboxylates]] and [[Halide|halides]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Šebej |first1=Peter |last2=Wintner |first2=Jürgen |last3=Müller |first3=Pavel |last4=Slanina |first4=Tomáš |last5=Al Anshori |first5=Jamaludin |last6=Antony |first6=Lovely Angel Panamparambil |last7=Klán |first7=Petr |last8=Wirz |first8=Jakob |date=2013-03-01 |title=Fluorescein Analogues as Photoremovable Protecting Groups Absorbing at ~520 nm |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo301455n |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |language=en |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=1833–1843 |doi=10.1021/jo301455n |pmid=22827158 |issn=0022-3263}}</ref> [[carbon monoxide]] (thus being a photo[[Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules|CORM]]),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antony |first1=Lovely Angel Panamparambil |last2=Slanina |first2=Tomáš |last3=Šebej |first3=Peter |last4=Šolomek |first4=Tomáš |last5=Klán |first5=Petr |date=2013-09-06 |title=Fluorescein Analogue Xanthene-9-Carboxylic Acid: A Transition-Metal-Free CO Releasing Molecule Activated by Green Light |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ol4021089 |journal=Organic Letters |language=en |volume=15 |issue=17 |pages=4552–4555 |doi=10.1021/ol4021089 |pmid=23957602 |issn=1523-7060}}</ref> or added as a secondary functionality of fluorescent dyes, e.g. fluorescent [[PH indicator|pH indicators]].
== References ==
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