Secoya language: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Tucanoan language spoken in Ecuador and Peru}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Secoya
|nativename=''Paikoka''
|states=[[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Colombia]], [[Brazil]]
|states=[[Ecuador]], [[Peru]]
|region=[[Putumayo River]], [[Vaupés River]]
|ethnicity=[[Secoya people]]
Line 15 ⟶ 17:
|glotto=seco1241
|glottorefname=Secoya
|ELP=1752
|ELPname=Baicoca-Siecoca (shared)
}}
'''Secoya''' (also Sieko Coca, Paicoca, Airo Pãi) is a Western [[Tucanoan language]] spoken by the [[Secoya people]] of [[Ecuador]] and [[Peru]].
The [[Secoya people|Secoya]] language has been classified as a member of the [[Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan]] linguistic family and the sub-family, Western [[Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan]], in [[Ecuador]] and [[Peru]]. The remaining sub-families are Eastern Tucanoan and Central Tucanoan, comprising at least fourteen languages spoken in the region of the Vaupés River in Colombia and Brazil. Included among the Secoya are a number of people called Angoteros. Although their language comprises only some dialectal differences of Secoya, there are no other communicative obstacles present. The Siona of the Eno River, linguistically different from the Siona of the Putumayo, say there are significant dialectal differences between their language and Secoya, but are still considered a part of them. In ethnographic publications, the Secoya go by other alternate names as well: Encabellado, Pioje, Santa Maria, and Angutera.<ref>Johnson, Orville E., Gramatica Secoya</ref>
 
Included among the Secoya are a number of people called Angoteros. Although their language comprises only some dialectal differences of Secoya, there are no other communicative obstacles present. The [[Siona language|Siona]] of the Eno River, linguistically different from the Siona of the Putumayo, say there are significant dialectal differences between their language and Secoya, but are still considered a part of them. In ethnographic publications, the Secoya go by other alternate names as well: Encabellado, Pioje (meaning "no" in Secoya),<ref>Steward, Julian H., Western Tucanoan Tribes</ref> Santa Maria, and Angutera.<ref>Johnson, Orville E., Gramatica Secoya</ref>
 
==Phonology==
Line 43 ⟶ 49:
 
=== Consonants ===
 
The [y] symbol in Secoya grammar corresponds to the [j] symbol in the I.P.A. system.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
Line 55 ⟶ 59:
! [[Glottal stop|Glottal]]
|-
| ! rowspan="2" | '''[[Stop consonant|StopPlosive]]'''
|! {{small|Voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| p
| {{IPA link|t}}
| t
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| k
| {{IPA link|}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
|! {{small|Voiced}}
|
| {{IPA link|d}}
| d
|
|
|
|
|-
| ! rowspan="2" | '''[[Aspirated consonant|AspiratedFricative]]'''
|! {{small|Voiceless}}
|
| {{IPA link|}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
| h
|-
|! {{small|Voiced}}
|
| {{IPA link|}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| ! colspan="2" | '''[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]'''
| {{IPA link|m}}
| m
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ! colspan="2" | '''[[Glides (linguistics)|Glide]]'''
| w
|
| {{IPA link|j}} {{grapheme|y}}
| y
|
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|}
 
=== Vowels ===
 
Back vowels are made with rounded lips and the others are made with non-rounded lips. Nasalization is also distinctive among all vowels.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Height
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="4" | Position
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
|-
|! [[FrontBack vowel|FrontBack]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
|! [[BackHigh vowel|BackHigh]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
|-
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
| colspan="2" | [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPA link|u}}
| i
|-
| colspan="2" | ɨ
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
| u
| {{IPA link|e}}
|-
| {{IPA link|a}}
| colspan="2" | [[Low vowel|Low]]
| {{IPA link|o}}
| e
| colspan="2" | a
| o
|}
 
Line 136 ⟶ 138:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|! align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Category (General)'''
!
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|
|! align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Unit (Specific)'''
!
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|
|! align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Units (Specific)'''
|-
| '''pa̱i'''||||'''pa̱i-o'''||||'''pa̱i-o hua'i'''
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====Animals====
 
The nouns denoting animals appear in their basic form without suffix to indicate the generic type. To indicate the singular, the suffix ''-e'' or ''-o'' is added. To form the plural noun, the [[Specifier (linguistics)|specifier]] ''hua'i'' is added to any of the two forms.
 
====Supernatural and Spiritual====
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=== Person ===
 
The nouns denoting people typically lead gender suffixes with a masculine or feminine singular. To form the plural noun, the [[Specifier (linguistics)|specifier]] ''hua'i'' is added. The nouns whose basic form is a verb or adjective gender carry the suffix ''-ë'' for singular masculine or ''-o'' for singular female. After the vowel /o/, the masculine ending becomes ''-u'' and after the vowels /e/ and /i/, becomes ''-i''. (If both vowels are identical, the vowel is reduced to one)
 
=== Number ===
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |+ Cardinal Numbers
|-
! te'i
Line 223 ⟶ 225:
! si'a jë̱-ña
| ten (Lit: on both hands)
|-
|}
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{| style="background: #CCCCCC; text-align: center"
!| Te'e hua'ti-re pa-yë'
| one machete-cd have-PRES
! hua'ti-re
| "I have a machete"}}
! pa-yë'
|-
|one
|machete-cd
|have-pres
|-
| colspan="3" | "I have a machete"
|}
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{| style="background: #CCCCCC; text-align: center"
| Caya naso hua'i-re huaë-'ë.
! Caya
| two {woolly monkeys} PL-cd kill-PAS
! naso
| "I killed two woolly monkeys."}}
! hua'i-re
! huaë-'ë.
|-
| two woolly
| monkeys
| pl-cd
| kill-pas
|-
| colspan="3" | "I killed two woolly monkeys."
|}
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{| style="background: #CCCCCC; text-align: center"
!| Si'a jë̱-ña huë-ña pa-ji'i.
| all hand-PL house-PL {to be-PAS.3SG.M}
! huë-ña
| "I had ten houses"}}
! pa-ji'i.
|-
| all hand-pl
| house-pl
| to be-pas.3sg.m
|-
| colspan="3" | "I had ten houses"
|}
 
To emphasize a number, express the same grammatical agreement suffix classifiers in the case of the adjective.
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{| style="background: #CCCCCC; text-align: center"
!| Toaso̲-ño-a̱ so̲quë-ño-a̱-re cua̱cue daë-'ë.
| three-CL.NOM-PL árbol-CL.NOM-PL-cd load {to come-pas}
! so̲quë-ño-a̱-re
| "They came carrying beams, three."}}
! cua̱cue daë-'ë.
|-
| three-cl.nom-pl
| árbol-cl.nom-pl-cd
| load to come-pas
|-
| colspan="3" | "They came carrying beams, three."
|}
 
The noun that the number describes can be suppressed when the context permits.
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{| style="background: #CCCCCC; text-align: center"
| Yë'ë tsi̱ te'i maca-pi oi-quë ñu-ji'i
! Yë'ë
| my child one.M single-sj cry.fz.m sitting-PAS.3SG.M
! tsi̱
| "Of my children, one sat crying."}}
! te'i
! maca-pi
! oi-quë
! ñu-ji'i
|-
| my
| child
| one.m
| single-sj
| cry.fz.m
| sitting-pas.3sg.m
|-
| colspan="6" | "Of my children, one sat crying."
|}
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{| style="background: #CCCCCC; text-align: center"
| Si'a hua'i saĕ-'ĕ. Sa-ni, caya hua'i-re huaĕ-'ĕ
! Si'a
| all PL go-PAS go-sec, two PL-cd kill-PAS
! hua'i
| "We all went and killed two (animals)."}}
! saĕ-'ĕ.
! Sa-ni,
! caya
! hua'i-re
! huaĕ-'ĕ
|-
| all
| pl
| go-pas
| go-sec,
| two
| pl-cd
| kill-pas
|-
| colspan="7" | "We all went and killed two (animals)."
|}
 
=== Gender ===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! General
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''General'''
!
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|
! Masculine
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Masculine'''
!
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|
! Feminine
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Feminine'''
!
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|
! Plural
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| ||||||||||||
Line 589 ⟶ 532:
|-
! tsio
| "seed"
|-
! ma'a
Line 679 ⟶ 622:
 
{| class=wikitable
!
! <br>
! Present
! Immediate Past
Line 706 ⟶ 649:
The following examples demonstrate the present and immediate past tense and use the root '''caje''' "down".
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
!| Tsia-ya-na caje-ji
| río-CL.NOM-DES bajar-PRES.3SG.M
! caje-ji
| "He's down the river."}}
!
|-
| río-cl.nom-des
| bajar-pres.3sg.m
| "He's down the river."
|}
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
!| Tsia-ya-na caje-pi
| río-CL.NOM-DES bajar-IMM.3SG.M
! caje-pi
| "He went down the river."}}
!
|-
| río-cl.nom-des
| bajar-immediate.past.3sg.m
| "He went down the river."
|}
 
This next example demonstrates the immediate past tense when the basic form of the verb ends in [í] or [ʔí]. It uses the root '''sa'i''' "go".
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
!| Tsia-ya-na sa-ji'í
| río-CL.NOM-DES bajar-IMM.3SG.M
! sa-ji'í
| "He went down the river"}}
!
|-
| río-cl.nom-des
| bajar-immediate.past.3sg.m
| "He went down the river"
|}
 
This example demonstrates the distant past. This category is pointed out with the suffix '''-a̱'-''' after the basic form of the verb.
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
!| Tsia-ya-na caje-a̱'-ji'í
| río-CL.NOM-DES bajar-DISTANT.3SG.M
! caje-a̱'-ji'í
| "He's already down the river"}}
!
|-
| río-cl.nom-des
| bajar-distant.past.3sg.m
| "He's already down the river"
|}
 
This example demonstrates future tense.
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
!| Tsia-ya-na caje-sipi
| río-CL.NOM-DES bajar-FUT.3SG.M
! caje-sipi
| "He will go down the river"}}
!
|-
| río-cl.nom-des
| bajar-future.3sg.m
| "He will go down the river"
|}
 
==Modality==
Line 768 ⟶ 686:
The potential suffix is demonstrated by the addition of '''-ja̱i''' on the basic form of the verb. It has the variants '''-ja̱'''' and '''-ja̱''' and indicates that the event is to take place.
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
!| hue'o-ja̱i-jë̱'ë
| cargar-POT-imp
!
| "I'm going to load it."}}
|-
| cargar-pot-imp
| "I'm going to load it."
|}
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
!| quërë-ja̱-'a̱-huë'ë
| arrastrar-POT-rem-pos
!
| "We will drag it."}}
|-
| arrastrar-pot-rem-pos
| "We will drag it."
|}
 
===Irrealis Suffix===
Line 788 ⟶ 700:
The irrealis suffix is demonstrated by the addition of '''-ra'''' on the basic form of the verb. It indicates that the event has not been performed. It's never used with the present or future tense.
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
| Sai-co hua'i pa-ni yëquë ti̱'a-ra'-huë
! Sai-co
| ir-fz PL estar-sec nos.EXCL llegar-IRR-PAS
! hua'i
| "If we were marching, we would come."}}
! pa-ni
! yëquë
! ti̱'a-ra'-huë
|-
| ir-fz
| pl
| estar-sec
| nos.excl
| llegar-irr-pas
|-
| colspan="5" | "If we were marching, we would come."
|}
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
| De'o-co pa'i-to yë'ë-pi huero-ra'-huë
! De'o-co
| ser.bueno-fz.F ser-si yo-sj comprar-IRR-PAS
! pa'i-to
| "If it had been in good condition (canoe), I would've bought it."}}
! yë'ë-pi
! huero-ra'-huë
|-
| ser.bueno-fz.f
| ser-si
| yo-sj
| comprar-irr-pas
|-
| colspan="4" | "If it had been in good condition (canoe), I would've bought it."
|}
 
===Obligative Suffix===
Line 822 ⟶ 714:
The obligative suffix is demonstrated by the addition of '''-ti̱''' to the basic form of the verb and indicates an urgency to perform the action. It can be coupled with the '''-ra'''' irrealis suffix.
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
!| Dai-si-co hua'i pa-ni naso-re hua-ti̱-ra'-huë
| venir-cto-fz PL estar-sec chorongo-cd matar-OBL-IRR-PAS
! hua'i&nbsp;
| "If they had come, we would surely have killed the woolly monkeys."}}
! pa-ni
! naso-re
! hua-ti̱-ra'-huë
|-
| venir-cto-fz
| pl
| estar-sec
| chorongo-cd
| matar-obl-irr-pas
|-
| colspan="5" | "If they had come, we would surely have killed the woolly monkeys."
|}
 
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
| Toaso̲ jaso-huë-a̱-pi hua-ni je̱o-ja̱-ti̱-ra'-huë
! Toaso̲
| tres escopeta-CL.NOM-PL-con matar-sec finalizar-POT-OBL-IRR-PAS
! jaso-huë-a̱-pi
| "With three shotguns we will surely kill them off completely."}}
! hua-ni
! je̱o-ja̱-ti̱-ra'-huë
|-
| tres
| escopeta-cl.nom-pl-con
| matar-sec
| finalizar-pot-obl-irr-pas
|-
| colspan="4" | "With three shotguns we will surely kill them off completely."
|}
 
==Predicates and Arguments==
 
===Pe'o===
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
!| pe'o -o
| {not be.LOC} PFV.3SG.F
! -o
| "There was none"}}
|-
| not be.LOC
| PFV.3SG.F
|-
| colspan="2" | "There was none"
|}
 
===Peo'ji===
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
!| p'eo -ji
| {not have} IPFV.3SG.M
! -ji
| "He didn't have"}}
|-
| not have
| IPFV.3sg.m
|-
| colspan="2" | "He didn't have"
|}
 
==Obliques==
Line 883 ⟶ 745:
 
===-pi (source of action, agent)===
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
|Ëja-o hua'i-pi yë'e-ni de'o-ye sehuo-caë-'ë
! Ëja-o
|head-nf PL-sj me-cd be.good-pp.nf answer-bto-PAS
! hua'i-pi
|"The headmen answered me"}}
! yë'e-ni de'o-ye
! sehuo-caë-'ë
|-
| head-nf
| pl-sj
| me-cd be.good-pp.nf
| answer-bto-pas
|-
| colspan="4" | "The headmen answered me"
|}
 
===-ni (movement to an animate object)===
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
|Yë'ë pa-co-ni oca-na sao-huë
! Yë'ë
|mi wife-fz.F-cd rio.down-DES send-PAS
! pa-co-ni
|"My wife would send us downstream."}}
! oca-na
! sao-huë
|-
| mi
| wife-fz.f-cd
| rio.down-des
| send-pas
|-
| colspan="4" | "My wife would send us downstream."
|}
 
===-na (destination)===
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
|Yë'ë ja'quë do'i-na moto-pë-re huero-huë
! Yë'ë
|my father account-DES engine-CL.NOM-cd purchase-PAS
! ja'quë&nbsp;
|"Charge the engine to my father's account"}}
! do'i-na
! moto-pë-re
! huero-huë
|-
| my
| father
| account-des
| engine-cl.nom-cd
| purchase-pas
|-
| colspan="5" | "Charge the engine to my father's account"
|}
 
===-re/-té (reference)===
{{interlinear|indent=3
{|
|Noca yo-huë-na aya-huë
! Noca
|bananas.cd canoe-CL.NOM-DES add.in-PAS
! yo-huë-na
|"I put bananas in the canoe."}}
! aya-huë
|-
| bananas.cd
| canoe-cl.nom-des
| add.in-pas
|-
| colspan="3" | "I put bananas in the canoe."
|}
 
==Endangerment==
The Ecuadorian-Peruvian War in 1941 had a great impact on the life of the Secoya after it created a separation of the local groups by splitting up the region. This division resulted in the obsolescence of many customs and traditions that were once prevalent in their culture. In the early 1970s, the Texaco and Gulf oil companies converged on Ecuador when massive petroleum reserves were discovered underground. The extensive periods of oil drilling ravaged many of their settlement areas, culminating in disastrous ecological problems like water and [[soil contamination]]. Even today, the Secoya still face many problems involving geopolitical feuds, harassment by oil companies, and the colonization and assimilation of Mestizo culture. The language status of the Siona-Secoya group is threatened, with only 550 speakers in Ecuador and 680 in Peru.
 
==Notes==
Line 949 ⟶ 775:
 
==References==
* [[Orville E. Johnson|Johnson, Orville E.]] (1990). Gramatica secoya (Ed. limitada, 1. ed.). Quito, Ecuador: Inst. Lingüístico de Verano.
 
== External links ==
* [[Orville E. Johnson|Johnson, Orville E.]]. (1990). Gramatica secoya (Ed. limitada, 1. ed.). Quito, Ecuador: Inst. Lingüístico de Verano.
* ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0327 Documentation of Ecuadorian Secoya]
 
<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/><div style="display:none;">
IMM:immediate past
DISTANT:distant past
OBL:obligative
DES:destination
</div><section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>
 
{{Tucanoan languages}}
{{Languages of Ecuador}}
{{Languages of Peru}}
 
[[Category:Tucanoan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Languages of Peru]]