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| name = Selman Waksman
| image = Selman Waksman NYWTS.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Nova Pryluka, [[Kiev Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]])
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Woods Hole, Massachusetts|Woods Hole]], [[Barnstable County, Massachusetts]], United States
| alma_mater = [[Rutgers University]] <br> [[University of California, Berkeley]]
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| citizenship = United States of America (after 1916)
| fields = [[Biochemistry]] and [[Microbiology]]
| prizes = {{no wrap|[[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] {{small|(1948)}}<br />[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] {{small|(1952)}} <br />[[Leeuwenhoek Medal]] {{small|(1950)}}}}
| spouse = Deborah B. Mitnik (died 1974)
| children = Byron H. Waksman (1919–2012)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Byron H. Waksman, M.D. (AAI '50) 1919–2012|journal=The Journal of Immunology|volume=189|issue=8|year=2012|pages=3783–3784|issn=0022-1767|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1290059|s2cid=220253897|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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==Biography==
Selman Waksman was born on July 22, 1888, to [[Jewish]] parents, in Nova Pryluka, [[Kiev Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]],<ref name="foundationhistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.waksman-foundation.org/html/foundation_history.html |title=The Foundation and Its History |publisher=waksman-foundation.org (No further authorship information available) |access-date=January 11, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142506/http://www.waksman-foundation.org/html/foundation_history.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> now [[Vinnytsia Oblast]], Ukraine. He was the son of Fradia (London) and Jacob Waksman.<ref name="NobelBio">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1952/waksman-bio.html|title=Selman A. Waksman - Biographical|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> He immigrated to the United States in 1910, shortly after receiving his diploma from the Fifth Gymnasium in [[Odessa]], and became a [[Naturalization|naturalized American citizen]] six years later.
Waksman attended [[Rutgers University|Rutgers College]] (now Rutgers University), where he graduated in 1915 with a [[Bachelor of Science]] in agriculture. He continued his studies at Rutgers, receiving a [[Master of Science]] the following year. During his graduate study, he worked under [[J. G. Lipman]] at the [[School of Environmental and Biological Sciences (Rutgers University)|New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station]] at Rutgers performing research in soil bacteriology. Waksman spent some months in 1915-1916 at the. [[United States Department of Agriculture]] in [[Washington, DC]] under [[Charles Thom]], studying soil fungi.<ref name="Ryan_1993">{{cite book | last = Ryan | first = Frank | year = 1993 | title = The forgotten plague: how the battle against tuberculosis was won—and lost | publisher = Little, Brown | location = Boston | isbn = 978-0316763806 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/forgottenplagueh00ryan }}</ref>{{rp|44–48}} He was then appointed as a research fellow at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where he was awarded his [[doctor of philosophy]] in biochemistry in 1918.
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Systematic experiments to test several strains of antibiotics against several different disease organisms were underway in Waksman's laboratory at the time. Their classic approach was to explore a complete matrix with rows consisting of antibiotics and columns consisting of different diseases. The bacteria which produced the antibiotic streptomycin were discovered by Schatz in the farmland outside his lab and tested by him.<ref name=NYT/> Waksman, however, eventually came to claim sole credit for the discovery.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}
The controversy of streptomycin between Waksman and Schatz brought to light the challenges of distributing credit for scientific research, discoveries, and patents.<ref name=":1" /> It prompted schools and universities to become more involved in the patenting process and to have more regulations on how credit is dispersed. Schools would also provide clearer lines for each individual’s role in a lab to minimize future litigations against school.<ref name=":1" />
===Neomycin===
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=== Marine bacteria ===
Waksman's research also examined the role of bacteria in marine systems, with a particular focus on the role of bacteria in nutrient cycles. Waksman examined the degradation of alginic acid,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=S. A.|last2=Carey|first2=C. L.|last3=Allen|first3=M. C.|date=1934|title=Bacteria Decomposing Alginic Acid|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=28|issue=2|pages=213–220|doi=10.1128/jb.28.2.213-220.1934|issn=0021-9193|pmid=16559742|pmc=533668}}</ref> cellulose, <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=S. A.|last2=Carey|first2=C.|title=The Use of the Silica Gel Plate for Demonstrating the Occurrence and Abundance of Cellulose-Decomposing Bacteria|date=1926|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=12|issue=2|pages=87–95|doi=10.1128/jb.12.2.87-95.1926|issn=0021-9193|pmid=16559206|pmc=374888|doi-access=free}}</ref> and zooplankton.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=Selman A.|last2=Carey|first2=Cornelia L.|last3=Reuszer|first3=Herbert W.|date=1933-08-01|title=Marine bacteria and their rôle in the cycle of life in the sea: i. decomposition of marine plant and animal residues by bacteria|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/1537188|journal=The Biological Bulletin|volume=65|issue=1|pages=57–79|doi=10.2307/1537188|jstor=1537188|issn=0006-3185}}</ref> Waksman, working with Cornelia Carey, [[Margaret Hotchkiss]], [[Yvette Hardman Edmondson|Yvette Hardman]], and Donald Johnston, conducted multiple studies on the actions of bacteria in marine systems which included quantifying the abundance <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=S. A.|last2=Carey|first2=C. L.|date=1935|title=Decomposition of Organic Matter in Sea Water by Bacteria: II. Influence of Addition of Organic Substances upon Bacterial Activities|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=29|issue=5|pages=545–561|doi=10.1128/jb.29.5.545-561.1935|issn=0021-9193|pmid=16559809|pmc=543620|doi-access=free}}</ref> and viability of bacteria in seawater.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=S. A.|last2=Hotchkiss|first2=M.|date=1937|title=Viability of Bacteria in Sea Water|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=33|issue=4|pages=389–400|doi=10.1128/jb.33.4.389-400.1937|issn=0021-9193|pmid=16560007|pmc=545103|doi-access=free}}</ref>, examining the impact of copper on bacterial growth,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=Selman A.|last2=Johnston|first2=Donald B.|last3=Carey|first3=Cornelia A.|date=1943|title=The effect of copper upon the development of bacteria in sea water and the isolation of specific bacteria|url=https://images.peabody.yale.edu/publications/jmr/jmr05-02-06.pdf|journal=Journal of Marine Research|volume=5|issue=2–06|pages=136–152}}</ref> estimating the impact of bacterial activity on the nitrogen cycle, <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=S. A.|last2=Hotchkiss|first2=M.|last3=Carey|first3=C. L.|last4=Hardman|first4=Y.|title=Decomposition of Nitrogenous Substances in Sea Water by Bacteria|date=1938|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=35|issue=5|pages=477–486|doi=10.1128/jb.35.5.477-486.1938|issn=0021-9193|pmid=16560120|pmc=545432|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=Selman A.|last2=Hotchkiss|first2=Margaret|last3=Carey|first3=Cornelia L.|date=1933-10-01|title=Marine bacteria and their rôle in the cycle of life in the sea: ii. bacteria concerned in the cycle of nitrogen in the sea|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/1537170|journal=The Biological Bulletin|volume=65|issue=2|pages=137–167|doi=10.2307/1537170|jstor=1537170|issn=0006-3185}}</ref> and a separation of bacteria into groups based on habitat use in seawater, on plankton, or in the sediments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=Selman A.|last2=Reuszer|first2=H. W.|last3=Carey|first3=Cornelia L.|last4=Hotchkiss|first4=Margaret|last5=Renn|first5=C. E.|date=1933-04-01|title=Studies on the biology and chemistry of the gulf of maine : iii. bacteriological investigations of the sea water and marine bottoms|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/1537228|journal=The Biological Bulletin|volume=64|issue=2|pages=183–205|doi=10.2307/1537228|jstor=1537228|issn=0006-3185}}</ref>
==Nobel Prize==
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==Publications==
Selman Waksman was author or [[co-author]] of over 400 scientific papers, as well as 28 books<ref name="foundationhistory"/> and 14 scientific pamphlets.
* ''Enzymes'' (1926)
* ''Humus: origin, chemical composition, and importance in nature'' (1936, 1938)
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* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture December 12, 1952 ''Streptomycin: Background, Isolation, Properties, and Utilization''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160111114428/http://waksman-foundation.org/ Waksman Foundation for Microbiology]
* [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_medicine_and_allied_sciences/v059/59.3kingston.html "Streptomycin, Schatz v. Waksman, and the Balance of Credit for Discovery"]
* [http://findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=waksman&GSfn=selman&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=9533563&pt=Selman%20Abraham%20Waksman& Findagrave: Selman Waksman]
* [http://waksman.rutgers.edu/ The Waksman Institute of Microbiology at Rutgers University]
* [http://www.sciam.com/slideshow.cfm?id=10-nobel-snubs&thumbs=horizontal&photo_id=D2B7813E-A56F-E23D-B9B5F26CCD623611 No Nobel for You – Top 10 Nobel Snubs], ''[[Scientific American]]''
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1951-1975}}
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