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Aronious42 (talk | contribs) Added mintage figures for the shillings of Elizabeth II's reign. Intend to go and add ones for other monarchs back to probably Victoria as time goes on. |
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{{short description|
{{Infobox coin
| Country = United Kingdom
| Denomination = One [[shilling]]
| Value =
| Unit =
| Mass = (1816–1970) 5.66
| Diameter = (1816–1970) 23.60
| Thickness =
| Edge = Milled
| Composition = {{plainlist|
* (1503–1816) [[Silver]] * (1816–1920) [[Sterling silver|92.5% Ag]] * (1920–1946) 50% Ag * (1947–1970) [[Cupronickel]]{{#tag:ref|75% [[Copper|Cu]] and 25% [[Nickel|Ni]]|group="nb"}} }}
| Years of Minting = {{Circa|1548}}{{snd}}1966
| Catalog Number =
| Obverse = File:British_shilling_1963_obverse.png
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| Reverse Design Date = 1947
}}
The [[United Kingdom|British]] '''shilling''',
Before [[Decimal Day]] in 1971, sterling used the [[Carolingian monetary system]] ("[[£sd]]"), under which the largest unit was a pound (£) divided into 20 shillings (s), each of 12 pence (d).
Although the coin was not minted until the
The notation {{code|ss/dd}} for a number of shillings and pence was widely used (e.g., "19/11" for nineteen shillings and eleven pence). The form {{code|ss/–}} was used for a number of shillings and zero pence (e.g., "5/–" for five shillings exactly).
==History==
[[File:Edward_VI_77001683.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Shilling of [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]], struck between 1551 and 1553]]
The first coins of the pound sterling with the value of 12d were minted in 1503<ref name="Rees1819">{{cite book|author=Abraham Rees|title=The Cyclopaedia; Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature. – London, Longman, Hurst (usw.) 1819–20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUVRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT403 |year=1819|publisher=Longman, Hurst|page=403}}</ref> or 1504<ref name="RMM RftS"/> and were known as testoons. The testoon was one of the first English coins to bear a real (rather than a representative){{clarify|date=February 2022}} portrait of the monarch on its obverse, and it is for this reason that it obtained its name from an [[
Shillings were minted during the
The Royal Mint debased the silver coinage in 1920 from 92.5% silver to 50% silver. Shillings of both alloys were minted that year.<ref name="Groom2010">{{cite book|author=David Groom|title=The Identification of British 20th Century Silver Coin Varieties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd5nAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|date=10 July 2010|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-4457-5301-0|pages=44|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115080535/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd5nAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|url-status=live}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}} This debasement was done because of the rising price of silver around the world, and followed the global trend of the elimination, or the reducing in purity, of the silver in coinage.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Numismatist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0NmAAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=American Numismatic Association}}</ref> The minting of silver coinage of the pound sterling ceased completely (except for the ceremonial [[Maundy Money]]) at the end of 1946 for similar reasons, exacerbated by the costs of the [[Second World War]]. New "silver" coinage was instead minted in [[cupronickel]], an alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel
Beginning with [[John Wrottesley, 1st Baron Wrottesley|Lord Wrottesley's]] proposals in the 1820s there were various attempts to decimalise the pound sterling over the next century and a half.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bankers' Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=meYzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA139|year=1855|publisher=Waterlow |page=139}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Revolution in Measurement – Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science |first1=Ronald Edward | last1=Zupko |series=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society |volume=186 |year=1990 |pages=242–245 |isbn=0-87169-186-8}}</ref> These attempts came to nothing significant until the 1960s when the need for a currency more suited to simple monetary calculations became pressing. The decision to decimalise was announced in 1966, with the pound to be redivided into 100, rather than 240, pence.<ref name="RM Decimalisation">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalmint.com/discover/decimalisation/the-story-of-decimalisation|title=The Story of Decimalisation
==Design==
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Testoons issued during the reign of Henry VII feature a right-facing portrait of the king on the obverse. Surrounding the portrait is the inscription {{small|HENRICUS DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRA}}, or similar, meaning "Henry, by the Grace of God, King of England and France".<ref name="RMM Shilling"/> All shillings minted under subsequent kings and queens bear a similar inscription on the obverse identifying the monarch (or Lord Protector during the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]), with the portrait usually flipping left-facing to right-facing or vice versa between monarchs. The reverse features the escutcheon of the [[Royal Arms of England]], surrounded by the inscription {{small|POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM}}, or a variant, meaning "I have made God my helper".<ref name="Humphreys1853">{{cite book |author=Henry Noel Humphreys|title=The Coin Collector's Manual, Or Guide to the Numismatic Student in the Formation of a Cabinet of Coins: Comprising an Historical and Critical Account of the Origin and Progress of Coinage, from the Earliest Period to the Fall of the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrtwE5MqSZ0C&pg=PA682|year=1853|publisher=Bohn|page=682}}</ref>
[[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] testoons have a different reverse design, featuring a crowned [[Tudor rose]], but those of [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] return to the Royal Arms design used previously.<ref name="CotUK">{{cite web|url=http://www.coins-of-the-uk.co.uk/pics/onesh.html|title=Shilling|publisher=Coins of the UK|access-date=30 December 2014|archive-date=30 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230193854/http://www.coins-of-the-uk.co.uk/pics/onesh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting with Edward VI the coins feature the denomination {{small|XII}} printed next to the portrait of the king. [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] and [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] shillings are exceptions to this; the former has the denomination printed on the reverse, above the coat of arms, and the latter has no denomination printed at all. Some shillings issued during Mary's reign bear the date of minting, printed above the dual portraits of Mary and [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]].<ref name="CotUK"/>
Early shillings of [[James VI and I|James I]] feature the alternative reverse inscription {{small|EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI}}, meaning "Let God arise and His enemies be scattered", becoming {{small|QVAE DEVS CONIVNXIT NEMO SEPARET}}, meaning "What God hath put together let no man put asunder" after 1604.<ref name="Moriesson">{{cite journal |last1=Moriesson |first1=Lieut.-Colonel H. W. |date=1907 |title=The Silver Coins of James I |url=http://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1907_BNJ_4_10.pdf |journal=British Numismatic Journal |volume=4 |pages=165–180 |access-date=2015-01-19 |archive-date=2014-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110193207/http://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1907_BNJ_4_10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
==In popular culture==
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A slang name for a shilling was a "bob" (plural as singular, as in "that cost me two bob"). The first recorded use was in a case of [[counterfeiting|coining]] heard at the [[Old Bailey]] in 1789, when it was described as [[:wikt:cant|cant]], "well understood among a certain set of people", but heard only among criminals and their associates.<ref>''Sessions Papers'' of the [[Old Bailey]] for 3 June 1789, quoted in {{cite book|title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|edition=2|year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|chapter=bob, n.<sup>8</sup>}}</ref>
In
To "take the [[King's shilling]]" was to enlist in the army or navy, a phrase dating back to the early 19th century.<ref name="bbch">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/history/trail/wars_conflict/soldiers/soldier_trade_in_world_fact_file.shtml#2|title=The King's Shilling|date=2005-01-28|website=BBC History – Fact files |publisher=BBC |access-date=2009-03-30|archive-url=https://
To "cut someone off with a shilling", often quoted as "cut off ''without'' a shilling" means to disinherit. Although having no basis in English law, some believe that leaving a family member a single shilling in one's will ensured that it could not be challenged in court as an oversight.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/81/4527.html ''Dictionary of Phrase and Fable''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001202210/http://www.bartleby.com/81/4527.html |date=2016-10-01 }}, E. Cobham Brewer, 1898</ref>
A popular legend holds that a shilling was the value of a cow in [[Kent]], or a sheep elsewhere.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gerald Kennedy|title=A Second Reader's Notebook|url=https://archive.org/details/secondreadersnot00kenn|url-access=registration|year=1959|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York}}</ref>
== Mintages ==
[[File:Great Britain, 1853 - 1 shilling, Victoria.jpg|thumb|Queen Victoria Shilling, 1838-1887. Engravers [[William Wyon]] and [[Jean Baptiste Merlen]].]]
[[File:Great Britain, 1887 - 1 shilling, Victoria.jpg|thumb|Queen Victoria Shilling, 1887-1889. Engravers [[Joseph Edgar Boehm]] and [[Leonard Charles Wyon]].]]
[[File:Great Britain, 1897 - 1 shilling, Victoria.jpg|thumb|Queen Victoria Shilling, 1893-1901. Engravers [[Thomas Brock]] and [[Edward Poynter]].]]
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Club|first=Online Coin|title=Shilling, Coin Type from United Kingdom|url=https://onlinecoin.club/Coins/CoinType/United_Kingdom/Shilling/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Online Coin Club|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025013508/https://onlinecoin.club/Coins/CoinType/United_Kingdom/Shilling/|url-status=live}}</ref>
'''Victoria'''
{{div col |colwidth=15em }}
*1838 - 1,956,240
*1839 - 5,666,760
*1840 - 1,639,440
*1841 - 875,160
*1842 - 2,094,840
*1843 - 1,465,200
*1844 - 4,466,760
*1845 - 4,082,760
*1846 - 4,031,280
*1848 - 1,041,480
*1849 - 645,480
*1850 - 685,080
*1851 - 470,071
*1852 - 1,306,574
*1853 - 4,256,188
*1854 - 522,414
*1855 - 1,368,499
*1856 - 3,168,600
*1857 - 2,562,120
*1858 - 3,108,600
*1859 - 4,561,920
*1860 - 1,671,120
*1861 - 1,382,040
*1862 - 954,360
*1863 - 839,320
*1864 - 4,518,360
*1865 - 5,619,240
*1866 - 4,989,600
*1867 - 2,166,120
*1868 - 3,330,360
*1869 - 736,560
*1870 - 1,467,471
*1871 - 4,910,010
*1872 - 8,897,781
*1873 - 6,589,598
*1874 - 5,503,747
*1875 - 4,353,983
*1876 - 1,057,387
*1877 - 2,980,703
*1878 - 3,127,131
*1879 - 3,611,407
*1880 - 4,842,786
*1881 - 5,255,332
*1882 - 1,611,786
*1883 - 7,281,450
*1884 - 3,923,993
*1885 - 3,336,527
*1886 - 2,086,819
*1887 - 4,034,133
*1888 - 4,526,856
*1889 - 7,039,628
*1890 - 8,794,042
*1891 - 5,665,348
*1892 - 4,591,622
*1893 - 7,040,386
*1894 - 5,953,152
*1895 - 8,880,651
*1896 - 9,264,551
*1897 - 6,270,364
*1898 - 9,768,703
*1899 - 10,965,382
*1900 - 10,937,590
*1901 - 3,426,294
{{div col end}}
'''Edward VII'''
*1902 - 7,905,604
*1903 - 2,061,823
*1904 - 2,040,161
*1905 - 488,390
*1906 - 10,791,025
*1907 - 14,083,418
*1908 - 3,806,969
*1909 - 5,664,982
*1910 - 26,547,236
'''George V'''
{{div col |colwidth=15em }}
*1911 - 20,065,908; 6,000 (Proof)
*1912 - 15,594,009
*1913 - 9,011,509
*1914 - 23,415,843
*1915 - 39,279,024
*1916 - 35,862,015
*1917 - 22,202,608
*1918 - 34,915,934
*1919 - 10,823,824
*1920 - 22,865,142
*1921 - 22,648,763
*1922 - 27,215,738
*1923 - 14,575,243
*1924 - 9,250,095
*1925 - 5,418,764
*1926 - 22,516,453
*1927 - 9,262,244
*1928 - 18,136,778
*1929 - 19,343,006
*1930 - 3,137,092
*1931 - 6,993,926
*1932 - 12,168,101
*1933 - 11,511,624
*1934 - 6,138,463
*1935 - 9,183,462
*1936 - 11,910,613
{{div col end}}
'''George VI'''
{{Column
|1 =
English Crest
*1937 - 8,359,524; 26,000 (Proof)
*1938 - 4,833,436
*1939 - 11,052,677
*1940 - 11,099,126
*1941 - 11,391,883
*1942 - 17,453,643
*1943 - 11,404,213
*1944 - 11,586,751
*1945 - 15,143,404
*1946 - 18,663,797
*1947 - 12,120,611
*1948 - 45,576,923
*1949 - 19,328,405
*1950 - 19,261,385; 17,500 (Proof)
*1951 - 9,956,930; 20,000 (Proof)
|2 =
Scottish Crest
*1937 - 6,775,877; 26,000 (Proof)
*1938 - 4,797,852
*1939 - 10,263,892
*1940 - 9,913,089
*1941 - 8,086,830
*1942 - 13,676,759
*1943 - 9,824,214
*1944 - 10,990,167
*1945 - 15,106,270
*1946 - 16,381,501
*1947 - 12,283,223
*1948 - 45,351,937
*1949 - 21,243,074
*1950 - 14,299,614; 18,000 (Proof)
*1951 - 10,961,174; 20,000 (Proof)
}}
'''Elizabeth II'''
{{
|1 =
English Shield
*1953 - 41,943,800; 40,000 (Proof)
*1954 - 30,
*1955 - 45,259,
*1956 - 44,
*1957 - 42,774,
*1958 - 14,392,
*1959 - 19,442,
*1960 - 27,027,
*1961 - 39,816,
*1962 - 36,704,
*1963 -
*1964 -
*1965 -
*1966 - 15,002,000
*1970 - 750,
|
Scottish Shield
*1953 - 20,663,
*1954 - 26,771,
*1955 - 27,950,
*1956 - 42,853,
*1957 - 17,959,
*1958 - 40,822,
*1959 - 1,012,
*1960 - 14,
*1961 - 2,762,
*1962 - 18,967,
*1963 - 32,300,000
*1964 - 5,
*1965 -
*1966 - 15,
*1970 - 750,
}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|group=nb}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
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{{British coinage}}
{{Shilling}}
{{Portal bar|Money|Numismatics|United Kingdom}}
[[Category:Coins of Great Britain]]
[[Category:History of British coinage]]
[[Category:Pre-decimalisation coins of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Shillings]]
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