St. Gallen: Difference between revisions

|imagepath_coa = CoaCHE stgallenSt. Gallen COA.svg

|mayor = [[Maria Pappa]]

'''St.&nbsp; Gallen''' {{efn|[[German language|German]], sometimes spelled in full as '''Sankt Gallen''', {{IPA-|de-CH|saŋkt ˈɡalən|pron|De-StGallen.ogg}}; {{lang-fr|Saint-Gall}}; {{lang-it|San Gallo}}; {{lang-rm|Son Gagl}}.}} is a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[List of cities in Switzerland|city]] and the capital of the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Canton of St. Gallen|St.&nbsp;Gallen]]. It evolved from the [[hermit]]age of [[Saint Gall]], founded in the 7th century.<ref name=HDSC>{{HDS|1321|Sankt Gallen (Gemeinde)|author=Stefan Sonderegger, Marcel Mayer|date=2012-01-16}}</ref> Today, it is a large [[urban agglomeration]] (with around 167,000 inhabitants in 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/kataloge-datenbanken/daten.assetdetail.9847210.html |title=Lebensqualität in den Städten und Agglomerationen (Agglo 2012): Demographischer Kontext |website=bfs.admin.ch |date=24 September 2019 |access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> and represents the center of [[eastern Switzerland]]. Its economy consists mainly of the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]]. The city is home to the [[University of St. Gallen]], one of the best business schools in Europe.<ref>As of 3 December 2018. {{cite web |url=https://www.businessbecause.com/news/best-business-schools-for/5743/best-european-business-schools-2018-financial-times |title=Best European Business Schools In 2018, According To The Financial Times |year=2018 |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015175410/https://www.businessbecause.com/news/best-business-schools-for/5743/best-european-business-schools-2018-financial-times |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The main tourist attraction is the [[Abbey of Saint Gall]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. The Abbey's renowned library contains books from the 9th century. The official language of St.&nbsp;Gallen is (the Swiss variety of Standard) [[Swiss Standard German|German]], but the main spoken language is the local variant of the [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] [[Swiss German]] dialect. The city has good transport links to the rest of the country and to neighbouring Germany and Austria. It also functions as the gate to the [[Appenzellerland]].

{{MoresourcesMore citations needed|section|date=May 2023}}

On 26 April 937 a fire consumed much of the abbey, spreading to the adjoining settlement. However, the library was spared.<ref name=Zeittafel/> Muslim slave-raiders attacked the abbey in 939.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mohammad Ballan |title=FRAXINETUM: AN ISLAMIC FRONTIER STATE IN TENTH-CENTURY PROVENCE |journal=Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies|volume=41 |pages=20, 27 |url=https://history.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/Ballan_Fraxinetum.pdf |access-date=17 October 2023 |quote= their primary economic concern: the capture of Europeans for the slave markets of the Islamic world […] Shortly after their establishment at Fraxinetum, the Andalusīs […] By 939 the Andalusīs had crossed the Alps (all the chroniclers praise their mountaineering abilities) and raided what is today northern Italy as well as southern Switzerland, where they attacked the renowned monastery of St. Gall}}</ref> About 954 a protective wall was raised around the abbey. By 975, Abbot Notker finished the wall, and the adjoining settlement began growing into the town of St. Gall.<ref name=Zeittafel/><ref name=EB/><ref name=HDSPA/>

The city of St.&nbsp;Gallen proper progressively freedseparated itself from the rule of the abbot. Abbot [[Wilhelm von Montfort]] in 1291 granted special privileges to the citizens.<ref name=HDSC/> By about 1353 the [[guild]]s, headed by the cloth-weavers guild, had gained control of the civic government.<ref name=EB/> In 1415 the city bought its liberty from the [[King of the Romans|German king]] [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]].<ref name=EB/>

However, in 1451 the abbey became an ally of [[ZurichZürich]], [[Lucerne]], [[Schwyz]], and [[Glarus]] who were all members of the Confederation.

[[Ulrich Varnbüler]] was an early [[List of mayors of St. Gallen|mayor of St.&nbsp;Gallen]] and perhaps one of the most colorful. Hans, the father of Ulrich, was prominent in city affairs in St.&nbsp;Gallen in the early 15th century. Ulrich entered public affairs in the early 1460s and attained the various offices and honours that are available to a talented and ambitious man. He demonstrated fine qualities as field commander of the St.&nbsp;Gallen troops in the [[Burgundian Wars]].

Initially, he protested to the abbot and the representatives of the four sponsoring Confederate cantons (ZurichZürich, Lucerne, Schwyz, and Glarus) against the construction of the new abbey in Rorschach. Then on 28 July 1489 he had armed troops from St.&nbsp;Gallen and Appenzell destroy the buildings already under construction, an attack known as the [[Rorschacher Klosterbruch]].<ref name=EB/>

In 1798 Napoleon invaded the [[OldFrench Swissinvasion of Switzerland|French invaded ConfederationSwitzerland]], destroying the [[Early Modern Switzerland|Ancien Régime]]. Under the [[Helvetic Republic]] both the abbey and the city lost their power and were combined with Appenzell into the [[Canton of Säntis]]. The Helvetic Republic was widely unpopular in Switzerland and was overthrown in 1803. Following the [[Act of Mediation]] the city of St.&nbsp;Gallen became the capital of the Protestant Canton of St.&nbsp;Gallen.

[[File:CH-NB Photoglob- St. Gallen, Altstadt - Eduard Spelterini -Wehrli EAD-WEHR-32028-A.tiftiff|thumb|A view of St.&nbsp;Gallen ca. 1900 by [[Spelterini]] ]]

Between 1981 and 2010 St.&nbsp;Gallen had an average of 141 days of rain or snow per year and on average received {{convert|1248|mm|in|abbr=on}} of [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]]. The wettest month was July during which time St.&nbsp;Gallen received an average of {{convert|172|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 13.8 days. The month with the most days of precipitation were June and July May. The driest month of the year was February with an average of {{convert|57|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation over 9.1 days.<ref name="ClimatSTG">{{cite web|url=http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/STG/climsheet_STG_np8110_e.pdf|title=Climate normals St.&nbsp;Gallen (Reference period 1981−2010)|publisher=Swiss Federal Office of Metreology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss|location=Zurich- Airport, Switzerland|date=2 July 2014|access-date=5 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410223242/http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/STG/climsheet_STG_np8110_e.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

St.&nbsp;Gallen is known for its business school, now named the [[University of St. Gallen]] (HSG). It was ranked as the top business school in [[Europe]] by [[Wirtschaftswoche]], a weekly [[Germany|German]] business news magazine and is highly ranked by several other sources.<ref>[http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/wwwContentEng/Ranking?opendocument University of St Gallen, International MBA rankings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226122359/http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/wwwContentEng/Ranking?opendocument |date=26 December 2008 }} accessed 29 April 2009</ref> Recently, HSG has been building a reputation for Executive Education, with its International MBA recognised as one of Europe's leading programmes,<ref>{{cite news|first=Christoph|last=Mohr|title=Wo steht der deutsche MBA-Markt?|url=http://www.wiwo.de/handelsblatt/wo-steht-der-deutsche-mba-markt-272337/|work=Wirtschafts Woche|date=9 April 2008|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724050133/http://www.wiwo.de/handelsblatt/wo-steht-der-deutsche-mba-markt-272337/|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=live}} {{in lang|de}} mentions that there are only 7 "true" German MBAs with international appeal, of which HSG is one</ref> and runs a PhD programme.<ref>[http://www.unisg.ch/hsgweb.nsf/wwwPubInhalteEng/Doctoral+studies?opendocument University of St Gallen, Doctoral programs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313023345/http://www.unisg.ch/hsgweb.nsf/wwwPubInhalteEng/Doctoral+studies?opendocument |date=13 March 2009 }} accessed 29 April 2009</ref> HSG is a focused university that offers degrees in business and management, economics, political science and international relations as well as business law.<ref>[http://www.studies.unisg.ch/org/lehre/soe.nsf/wwwPubInhalteEng/The+University+of+St.Gallen+at+a+glance?opendocument University of St Gallen portal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429205101/http://www.studies.unisg.ch/org/lehre/soe.nsf/wwwPubInhalteEng/The+University+of+St.Gallen+at+a+glance?opendocument |date=29 April 2009 }} accessed 29 April 2009</ref> The Master in Management course was Ranked number 1 in 2014 by The Financial Times ahead of HEC Paris.<ref>[http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/masters-in-management-2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417164900/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/masters-in-management-2014 |date=17 April 2015 }} Financial Times Masters in Management Rankings 2014</ref> It is comparatively small, with about 6,500 students enrolled at present, has both [[EQUIS]] and [[AACSB]] accreditations, and is a member of [[CEMS - The Global Alliance in Management Education|CEMS]] (Community of European Management Schools).<ref>[http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/wwwContentEng/Programme?opendocument University of St Gallen-MBA Programme] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618134102/http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/wwwContentEng/Programme?opendocument |date=18 June 2009 }} accessed 29 April 2009</ref> The university maintains student and faculty exchange programs around the world. The University of St.&nbsp;Gallen is also famous for its high density of clubs. Particularly well known is the International Students’ Committee, which has organised the [[St. Gallen Symposium]] for over forty years. The St.&nbsp;Gallen Symposium is the leading student-run economic conference of its kind worldwide and aims to foster the dialogue between generations.

* In the nearby concert hall, [[Tonhalle St. Gallen]], with its grand [[artArt nouveauNouveau]] style, all sorts of concerts (classic, symphony, jazz etc.) are given.

* The well known [http://www.openairsg.ch/ St. Gallen Open Air Festival] takes place in the nearby [[Sitter (river)|Sitter Valley]] the first weekend in July.

* ''Drei Weieren'' (three artificial water basins from the zenith of the textile industry with artArt nouveauNouveau-[[Public bathing|bath house]]s; reachable by the [[Mühleggbahn]] (train) from 1893). The Drei Weieren is a water park by day and a gathering place for young people by night. This results in many complaints by people who live in the vicinity about noise, drug abuse and vandalism. Locals jokingly call the three basins "Lakes with the most [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] in the country". The young people who spend their time there claim that the Drei Weieren is a place where they can spend their time in a consumer-free environment.

* ''Protestant church Linsebühl'', an impressive new [[renaissanceRenaissance]] building dating from 1897

* Stadtlounge (City Lounge) – a pedestrian area in the city center designed to represent a lounge room, but in the street.<ref>[http://www.raiffeisen.ch/raiffeisen/internet/home.nsf/webpagesbytitleD/77608517916387a4c1256bf8002f28b4?opendocument&Bank=] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617183401/http://www.raiffeisen.ch/raiffeisen/internet/home.nsf/webpagesbytitleD/77608517916387a4c1256bf8002f28b4?opendocument&Bank= |date=17 June 2006 }} German only, pictures are universal though. The Stadtlounge was designed by [[Pipilotti Rist]]</ref>

[[File:AFG ARENA St. Gallen - Erstes Spiel CH - LIE 03.jpg|thumb|[[kybunparkKybunpark]], home stadium of [[FC St. Gallen]]]]

The large urban area ZurichZürich is 80&nbsp;km south-west of St.&nbsp;Gallen, a 60-minute drive or train ride ([[ICN (SBB-CFF-FFS)|ICN]] train).

The [[A1 (Switzerland)|A1]] motorway links St.&nbsp;Gallen with [[St. Margrethen]], [[ZurichZürich]], [[Bern]] and [[Geneva]]. In 1987 the city motorway was opened, which conveys the traffic through two tunnels (Rosenberg and Stefanshorn) almost directly below the city center.

[[St. Gallen railway station]] is part of the national [[Swiss Federal Railways]] network and has [[InterCity]] connections to ZurichZürich and the [[Zurich Airport]] every half-hour. St.&nbsp;Gallen is the hub for many private [[railways]] such as the [[Südostbahn]] (SOB), connecting St.&nbsp;Gallen with [[Lucerne]], the [[Appenzeller Bahnen]], which operates the [[Appenzell–St. Gallen–Trogen railway]], connecting to [[Appenzell]] and [[Trogen, Switzerland|Trogen]], and also serves as a [[tram]] in downtown.

[[File:Adrian Zingg.jpg|140px|thumb|portraitPortrait of Adrian Zingg, 1796]]

* [[Joachim Vadian]] (1484–1551), a Swiss humanist, scholar, mayor and reformer in St. Gallen

* [[Johannes Zollikofer]] (1633–1692), a Swiss reformed vicar

* [[Georg Gsell]] (1673–1740), a Baroque painter, art consultant and art dealer

* Rev. [[John Joachim Zubly]] (1724–1781), a Swiss-born American pastor, planter and statesman during the American Revolution

* [[Adrian Zingg]] (1734–1816), painter, draftsman, etcher, and engraver

* Prof [[Christopher Girtanner]] FRSE (1760–1800), a short-lived but influential Swiss author, physician and chemist

* [[Johann Baptist Isenring]] (1796–1860), a landscape painter, printer and [[Daguerrotypist]]

* [[Gall Morel]] (1803–1872), a poet, scholar, aesthete and educationist

* [[Arnold Otto Aepli]] (1816–1897), a jurist and statesman, President of the Swiss Council of States 1868–1869

* [[Johann Jakob Weilenmann]] (1819–1896), a mountaineer and Alpine writer, made many first ascents in the Alps

* [[Karl Hoffmann (Swiss politician)|Karl Hoffmann]] (1820–1895), a politician, President of the Swiss Council of States, 1877–1878 and 1889–1890

* [[Ernst Götzinger]] (1837–1896), a Germanist and historian

* [[Alphonse Bory]] (1838–1891), a politician, President of the Swiss Council of States 1886–1887

* [[Johannes Dierauer]] (1842–1920), an historian and librarian of the Stadtbibliothek Vadiana

* [[Samuel Oettli]] (1846–1911), a Protestant theologian, specialized in Old Testament studies

* [[Adolf Schlatter]] (1852–1938), a Protestant theologian and professor of the New Testament

* [[Arthur Hoffmann (politician)|Arthur Hoffmann]] (1857–1927), a politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council 1911–1917

* [[Robert Emden]] (1862–1940), an astrophysicist and meteorologist

* [[Julius Billeter]] (1869–1957), a genealogist and [[Mormon missionary]]

* [[Ernst Rüdin]] (1874–1952), a German psychiatrist, geneticist, eugenicist and Nazi

* [[Martha Cunz]] (1876–1961), an artist and printmaker, mastered the modernist woodcut

* [[Joseph Joos]] (1878–1965), a German intellectual, politician and MP in Weimar, lived in St. Gallen 1960-19651960–1965

* [[Franz Riklin]] (1878–1938), a psychiatrist, worked with [[Carl Gustav Jung]]

* [[Otto Schlaginhaufen]] (1879–1973), an anthropologistaanthropologist, ethnologist and eugenicist

* [[Heinrich Greinacher]] (1880–1974), a physicist, developed the [[magnetron]] and the [[Greinacher multiplier]]

* [[Fritz Platten]] (1883–1942), a Swiss Communist, the main organizer of Lenin's return trip to Russia from exile in Switzerlandpolitician

* [[Regina Ullmann]] (1884–1961), a poet and storyteller

* [[Paul Scherrer]] (1890–1969), a physicist, proponent of Switzerland developing its own nuclear weapons

* [[Paul Grüninger]] (1891–1972), police captain, now recognized as one of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]] as he saved about 3,600 Jewish refugees by backdating their visas, for which he was sacked

* [[Charles Stoffel]] (1893–1970), a sportsman, competed in the [[1924 Winter Olympics|1924]]bobsledder and [[1928 Winter Olympics]] and the [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]] and [[1928 Summer Olympics]]equestrian

* [[Walter Mittelholzer]] (1894–1937), an aviation pioneer, pilot, photographer and travel writer

* [[Ottó Misángyi]] (1895–1977), a Hungarian athletics coach, sports official and university professor

* [[PeterFred MaagIklé]] (1919–20011924–2011), asociologist conductorand defense expert

* [[MaxRuth MeierDreifuss]] (born 19361940), a boxerpolitician, competedmember inof the men'sSwiss welterweightFederal atCouncil the1993–2002 [[1960 Summer Olympics]]

* [[HansDaniel Eugen FrischknechtThürer]] (born 19391945), a composerjurist and organistlaw professor

* [[JosefRené FlammerTinner]] (born 19481953), anrecording ophthalmologist.engineer and producer

* [[ChristopheSimone BoeschDrexel]] (born 19511957), asinger [[primatologist]] who studiesand chimpanzeessongwriter

* [[SusanMaria BoosPappa]] (born 19631971) a journalist, writes on nuclear and energy policypolitician

* [[DavidNevin Philip HeftiGalmarini]] (born 19751986), a composersnowboarder, andOlympic conductorwinner

* [[TranquilloMarwin BarnettaHitz]] (born 19851987), a professional footballer, nearly 500 team caps and 75 for the nationalfootball teamplayer

==Notes and references==