Surakarta Sunanate: Difference between revisions

'''Surakarta Sunanate''' ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Kasunanan Surakarta''; [[Javanese language|Javanese]]: ''Kasunanan/Karaton Surakarta Hadiningrat'') is a [[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[monarchy]] centered in the city of [[Surakarta]], in the province of [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]]. The Surakarta [[Kraton (Indonesia)|Kraton]] were established in 1745 by [[Pakubuwono II]]. Surakarta Sunanate and [[Yogyakarta Sultanate]] are together the successors of [[Mataram Sultanate]]. While Yogyakarta rulers are called [[sultan]]s, the rulers of Surakarta are called as [[Susuhunan|sunan]]s.

After [[Sultan Agung]], the power and prestige of the [[Sultanate of Mataram]] was declining due to a power struggle and conflict of succession within the royal family. The VOC ([[Dutch East India Company]]) exploited the power struggle to increase its control on Java, and manage to gain concessions of Mataram's former colony in [[Priangan]] and [[Semarang]]. The Mataram seat in [[Plered]] near [[Kotagede]] were collapsed after the [[Trunojoyo]] revolt in 1677. Sunan Amral ([[Amangkurat II]]) relocaterelocated the palace to [[Kartasura]]. During the reign of Sunan [[Pakubuwono II]], in 1742 Raden Mas Garendi ([[Sunan Kuning]]) led the Chinese mercenaries and launched a revolt against the crown and also VOC. Raden Mas Garendi was the son of Prince Teposono and also the grandson of Amangkurat II. The rebel managemanaged to tooktake control of the Kartasura capital and has ousted Pakubuwono II thatwho fled and seeksought refuge in [[Ponorogo]]. With the help of Adipati [[Cakraningrat IV]] the ruler of western [[Madura]], Pakubuwono II succeeded to regainregained the capital and crackcracked down on the rebellion. However the palace of Kartasura werewas destroyed and considered inauspicious since the bloodbath already took place there. Pakubuwono II decided to build a new palace and capital city in Sala (Solo) village. The event of the transfer of the capital to Sala village commemorateis commemorated in chandrasengkala ([[chronogram]]) ''"Kombuling Pudya Kepyarsihing Nata"'' corresponds to Wednesday 12 Sura 1670 Javanese year (17 February 1745). The date considered asis considered the day that the Surakarta Sunanate was established.

Pakubuwono II faced numerous rebellions, among other from [[Raden Mas Said]], and later from his own younger brother, Prince [[Mangkubumi]] thatwho joined Mas Said's rebellion in 1746. Pakubuwono II died infrom illness in 1749, but before he died, he entrusted the royal affairs of Surakarta to his trusted protector, [[Baron von Hohendorff]], a VOC officer. On behalf of the successor of Pakubuwono II successor, [[Pakubuwono III]], the VOC manage to brokeredbroker a peace negotiation with Prince Mangkubumi. The peace deal was reached with Mataram Sultanate wasbeing split in two based on the [[Treaty of Giyanti]] of February 13, 1755: Yogyakarta Sultanate under the rule of Prince Mangkubumi whomwho was later stylized as [[Hamengkubuwono I]] and Surakarta SunananeSunanate under Pakubuwono III.

The Giyanti Treaty mentionednamed [[Pangeran Mangkubumi]] as [[Sultan of Yogyakarta]]. During the era of Dutch rule, there were recognized two main principalities of ''Vorstenlanden Mataram'', the Surakarta Sunanate and The Yogyakarta Sultanate. Then a few years later Surakarta was divided further with the establishment of the [[Mangkunegaran]] Princedom after the [[Treaty of Salatiga]] (17 March 1757). The [[Mangkunegaran]] Princedom was led by notorious rebel [[Raden Mas Said]] thatwho was stylized as Mangkunegara I. The territory of Surakarta Sunanate were reduced much further after the [[Java War]] (1825–1830) led by Prince [[Diponegoro]]. Susuhunan [[Pakubuwono VI]] werewas alleged to have secretly supported Diponegoro's rebellion, and for theas punishment after the Java War the Sunanate werewas obliged to surrender much of theirits lands to the Dutch.

Throughout the [[Dutch East Indies]] era, the Sunanate of Surakarta enjoyed autonomous status under the ''Vorstenlanden Mataram'' arrangements, together.Together with Sultanate of Yogyakarta., the Sunanate of Surakarta werewas considered as a vassal statesstate of the [[Dutch Empire]] under royal patronage of Netherlands crown. The peak of the Surakarta Sunanate's prestige and power were during the reign of [[Pakubuwono X]] (1893–1939) when the Sunan renovated and enlarged the Surakarta palace and construct many infrastructure projects and buildings in Surakarta city. The kingdom faced an era of strife and uncertainty during [[World War II]] and the [[Japanese occupation of Indonesia]].

After the declaration of independence of the Republic of IndonesianIndonesia inon 17 August 1945, followed by [[Indonesian National Revolution]], the Surakarta Sunanate with Mangkunegaran Princedom sendsent thea letter of confidence to [[Sukarno]] to demonstrate their support for the Indonesian Republic. As the reward the Republic awarded the status of ''Daerah Istimewa'' (Special Region, similar to today Yogyakarta Sultanate) within the Republic of Indonesia. However because the political agitation and opposition from Indonesian communists that led to an anti-monarchy movement and rebellion in early 1946, later inon 16 June 1946 the Indonesian Republic aborted the special region status; both Surakarta's and Mangkunegara's status were reduced asto merely a residence, and were later merged into [[Central Java]] province.

In contrast, the Yogyakarta Sultanate successfully maintained their special status up until today. HighlyIt is highly possible this is because of historical Yogyakarta's historical support and their political deal with the founding fathers of the Indonesian Republic during the war of independence and Indonesian national revolution. Today the Surakarta Sunanate holds no actual political power and authority onin governing their realms. Its power wereare limited into royal prestigesprestige and its special position as the patron, preserver and the protector of [[Javanese culture]]. Nevertheless the royal prestiges were still remains that led many regional leaders and political figures in Indonesia to soughtseek affiliations with the Sunanate.