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{{short description|City designed with consideration for social, economic, environmental impact}}
{{Redirect|Green city|the place in Missouri|Green City station|Green City, Missouri
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Tram in front of the Taschenbergpalais Hotel, Dresden - 1448.jpg|thumb|[[Sustainable transport]] and [[cyclability]] are components of improving the sustainability of a city.]]
{{Sustainable energy}}
A '''sustainable city''', '''eco-city''', or '''green city''' is a city designed with consideration for the [[Sustainability|social, economic, and environmental impact]] (commonly referred to as the [[triple bottom line]]),
The UN Environment Programme calls out that most cities today are struggling with [[environmental degradation]], traffic congestion, inadequate urban infrastructure, in addition to a lack of basic services, such as water supply, sanitation, and waste management. A sustainable city should promote economic growth and meet the basic needs of its inhabitants, while creating [[sustainable living]] conditions for all.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-23|title=Sustainable Cities|url=http://www.unenvironment.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/supporting-resource-efficiency/sustainable-cities|access-date=2020-09-22|website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme|language=en|archive-date=2021-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119155627/https://www.unenvironment.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/supporting-resource-efficiency/sustainable-cities|url-status=live}}</ref> Ideally, a sustainable city is one that creates an enduring way of life across the four domains of [[ecology]], [[economics]], [[politics]], and [[culture]]. The [[European Investment Bank]] is assisting cities in the development of long-term strategies in fields including renewable transportation, [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]], [[Green building|sustainable housing]], education, and [[health care]]. The European Investment Bank has spent more than €150 billion in bettering cities over the last eight years.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=Barcelona creates more green space as COVID-19 urban planning meets climate action|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/covid-19-urban-planning|access-date=2021-04-20|website=European Investment Bank|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420153641/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/covid-19-urban-planning|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Urban Development sector|url=https://www.eib.org/en/projects/sectors/urban-development/index.htm|access-date=2021-04-20|website=EIB.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417173720/https://www.eib.org/en/projects/sectors/urban-development/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
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*[[Green roof]]s alter the surface energy balance and can help mitigate the urban heat island effect. Incorporating [[Green roof|eco roofs]] or green roofs in your design will help with air quality, climate, and water runoff.
*[[Zero-emission transport]] [[File:Green_roof.jpg|thumb|Plants growing on building]]
*[[Zero-energy building]] to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions using renewable energy sources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Wei |last2=Skye |first2=Harrison M. |date=2021-05-01 |title=Residential Net-Zero energy Buildings: Review and Perspective |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |language=en |volume=142 |page=110859 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110859 |issn=1364-0321 |pmc=8370022 |pmid=34413697|bibcode=2021RSERv.14210859W }}</ref>
*[[Sustainable urban drainage systems]] or SUDS in addition to other systems to reduce and manage waste.
*[[Energy conservation|Energy conservation systems/devices]]
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* Policy and planning changes to meet the unmet demands for urban services (water, energy, transport).
With regard to methods of emissions counting cities can be challenging as production of goods and services within their territory can be related either to domestic consumption or exports. Conversely the citizens also consume imported goods and services. To avoid double counting in any emissions calculation it should be made clear where the emissions are to be counted: at the site of production or consumption. This may be complicated given long production chains in a globalized economy. Moreover, the embodied energy and consequences of large-scale raw material extraction required for renewable energy systems and electric vehicle batteries is likely to represent its own complications – local emissions at the site of utilization are likely to be very small but life-cycle emissions can still be significant.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130912 | title=Carbon-neutral cities: Critical review of theory and practice | year=2022 | last1=Huovila | first1=Aapo | last2=Siikavirta | first2=Hanne | last3=Antuña Rozado | first3=Carmen | last4=Rökman | first4=Jyri | last5=Tuominen | first5=Pekka | last6=Paiho | first6=Satu | last7=Hedman | first7=Åsa | last8=Ylén | first8=Peter | journal=Journal of Cleaner Production | volume=341 | page=130912 | s2cid=246818806 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2022JCPro.34130912H }}</ref>
== Architecture ==
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[[Urban farming]] is the process of growing and distributing food, as well as raising animals, in and around a city or in urban areas. According to the RUAF Foundation, urban farming is different from rural agriculture because it is integrated into the urban economic and ecological system: [[urban agriculture]] is embedded in and interacting with the urban ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ruaf.org/|title=The RUAF Foundation|website=The RUAF Foundation|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02|archive-date=2019-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904221755/https://www.ruaf.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Such linkages include the use of urban residents as the key workers, use of typical urban resources (such as utilizing organic waste as compost or urban wastewater for irrigation), direct links with urban consumers, direct impacts on [[urban ecology]] (positive and negative), being part of the urban food system, competing for land with other urban functions, being influenced by urban policies and plans. One motivation for urban agriculture in sustainable cities includes saving energy that would be used in food transportation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin-Moreau |first1=M. |last2=Ménascé |first2=D. |date=September 2019 |title=Urban Agriculture: Another Way to Feed Cities |journal=The Journal of Field Actions |volume=20 |pages=1–126 |issn=1867-8521 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/5536 |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=2021-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119102011/https://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/5536 |url-status=live }}</ref> Urban farming infrastructure can include common areas for community gardens or farms, as well as common areas for farmers markets in which the food items grown within the city can be sold to the residents of the urban system.
Tiny forests or miniature forests is a new concept where many trees are grown on a small patch of land. These forests are said to grow 10x faster and 30x denser with 100x biodiversity than larger forests. Additionally, they are 100% organic. The ratio of shrub layer, sub-tree layer, tree layer, and canopy layer of the miniature forest along with the percentage of each tree species are planned and fixed before planting so as to promote biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tiny Forest|website = [[YouTube]]| date=3 June 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=583&v=MDSlft037gk&feature=emb_logo|access-date=2020-09-23|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001211202/https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=583&v=MDSlft037gk&feature=emb_logo|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== New Urbanism ===
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LEED, or [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]], is an internationally recognized [[green building]] certification system. LEED recognizes whole building sustainable design by identifying key areas of excellence including: Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, Locations & Linkages, Awareness and Education, Innovation in Design, Regional Priority. In order for a building to become LEED certified sustainability needs to be prioritized in design, construction, and use. One example of sustainable design would be including a [[certified wood]] like bamboo. Bamboo is fast growing and has an incredible replacement rate after being harvested. By far the most credits are rewarded for optimizing energy performance. This promotes innovative thinking about alternative forms of energy and encourages increased efficiency.
A new district in Helsinki, Finland is being made almost entirely using timber.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wood City|website = [[YouTube]]| date=9 September 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4QYkEpw9pA|access-date=2020-09-23|archive-date=2020-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002033237/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4QYkEpw9pA|url-status=live}}</ref> This timber is a form of a [[Laminated veneer lumber|Laminated Veneer Lumbar]] (LVL) that has high standards of fire resistance. The idea is that wood construction has a much smaller {{CO2}} footprint than concrete and steel construction and thus, this project is going to take Finland's timber architecture to new heights of sustainability.
=== Sustainable Sites Initiative (SSI) ===
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Regenerative architecture is usually applied to remediate [[Brownfield land|brownfield]] sites. Still, it can encompass a broader mindset to help an [[ecosystem]], region, or site recover during the lifetime of a structure, during construction and operation.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=van Klooster |first=Sjors |date=2022-06-27 |title=A Regenerative Brownfield development: Architecture towards a Third Generation London |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:58f8c753-2c5d-4ae5-8b12-b6831f62a98b |journal=Delft University of Technology |pages=1–33 |via=OAIster}}</ref> Regenerative architecture tends to require buildings to self-sustain themselves, including generating their sources of power and water. However, it is essential to acknowledge that a structure should only consume what it can recover while also facilitating an area for regeneration.<ref name=":5" /> This design mindset differs from the term [[sustainability]] as it seeks to contribute the most to an environment instead of reducing the most harm (an efficiency paradigm). This calls for a more holistic engagement with a singular site rather than broad assumptions about a general ecology. Regenerative architecture also extends beyond ecological concerns and can encompass improving social value. Since brownfields typically reside near or within human settlements, regenerative design can enhance human well-being as a site for engagement while also considering ecological needs.<ref name=":5" /> It is a way of synchronizing stewardship towards recovery and resilience through design while also considering the social and economic dimensions of these problems.
Regenerative "refers to a process that repairs, recreates or revitalizes its own sources of energy or air, water or any other matter."
Examples include producing "more energy & treated water that the building consumes . . . the ability to provide habitat for lost wildlife and plant species, restore the natural hydrology by recharging the groundwater system, compost waste, and create opportunities for urban agriculture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fahmy |first1=Ahmed |last2=Abdou |first2=Amal |last3=Ghoneem |first3=Mahmoud |date=2019-09-01 |title=Regenerative Architecture as a Paradigm for Enhancing the Urban Environment |url=https://pserj.journals.ekb.eg/article_49554.html |journal=Port-Said Engineering Research Journal |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=11–19 |doi=10.21608/pserj.2019.49554 |issn=2536-9377}}</ref> Since these designs are capable of creating sustenance, they can be considered more economically viable, less dependable and more resilient. Converting unused industrial spaces into accessible green parks is a minor change in achieving regeneration, like the Phra Pok Klao Sky Park (a green park in the congested city of Bangkok),<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2020 |title=On the right track: How Bangkok turned an old unused train line into a park |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/bangkok-green-space-park-old-train-line-thailand-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918200725/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/bangkok-green-space-park-old-train-line-thailand-climate-change |archive-date=2020-09-18 |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> and
'''The Regenerative Paradigm'''
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The [[Anthropocene]] era <ref>{{Citation |last=Crutzen |first=Paul J. |title=Geology of Mankind |date=2016 |work=Paul J. Crutzen: A Pioneer on Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Change in the Anthropocene |series=SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice |volume=50 |pages=211–215 |editor-last=Crutzen |editor-first=Paul J. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27460-7_10 |access-date=2024-04-09 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-27460-7_10 |isbn=978-3-319-27460-7 |editor2-last=Brauch |editor2-first=Hans Günter}}</ref> encompasses the detrimental effects on pollution, biodiversity and climate that humans have created. In the building sector, structures have contributed to "40% of carbon emission, 14% of water consumption and 60% of waste production worldwide" in 2006.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petersdorff |first1=Carsten |last2=Boermans |first2=Thomas |last3=Harnisch |first3=Jochen |date=September 2006 |title=Mitigation of CO2 Emissions from the EU-15 Building Stock. Beyond the EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (9 pp) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1065/espr2005.12.289 |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research - International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=350–358 |doi=10.1065/espr2005.12.289 |pmid=17067030 |bibcode=2006ESPR...13..350P |issn=0944-1344}}</ref>
The term [[sustainability]], largely publicized in the 1987 [[Our Common Future|Bruntland Report]], was a vital yardstick for institutions and governments to acknowledge the impact humans have made and generated a stream of thought where ecosystems became considerations in national agendas. The design lexicon has expanded over time "from issues of ecology, habitat, energy or pollution to address waste, lifecycle, community, sustainability and climate change" with notions of "organic or natural design . . . replaced by green, environmental, sustainable or resilient building."
The Anthropocene era calls for action leading toward regeneration to reverse the impacts humans have caused instead of minimizing harm and maximizing efficiency. Since regenerative architecture seeks to restore an ecological site, it acknowledges that recovery and remediation are ongoing. Indigenous peoples and their methods of [[vernacular architecture]] have achieved similar perspectives in material sourcing as regenerative architecture, and the mindset of Regenerative Architecture includes bridging the human-nature paradox for the scope, complexity and diversity of needs for modern structures.
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Regenerative Architecture can implement various standards like Life Cycle Assessments and Building Environmental Assessments (like LEED); however, regeneration is an ongoing activity, so it becomes contingent on ecological results. Regenerative architecture can use existing standards and principles to situate regeneration in a contemporary sustainability context, but it should extend beyond these frameworks to quantify various ecological impacts during the life-time of a building.
Sustainability manifests in various forms of standardization and testing, creating frameworks such as [[Life-cycle assessment|Lifecycle Analysis]] (LCA) to assess the entire life-end-cycle of materials, to industry-specific systems like Building Environmental Assessments (BEAs) that consider broader areas of building and living performance to simplify integration within industry.<ref>{{Cite journal |
=== Eco-cities ===
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=== Car free city ===
The concept of [[Carfree city|car free cities]] or a city with large [[pedestrian area]]s is often part of the design of a sustainable city. A large part of the [[carbon footprint]] of a city is generated by cars so the car free concept is often considered an integral part of the design of a sustainable city. Large parts of London city are to be made car-free to allow people to walk and cycle safely following the COVID-19 lockdown. Similarly, 47 miles of bike lanes are planned to be opened in Bogotá, Colombia in addition to the existing 75-mile network of streets that was recently made to be traffic-free all week.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Taylor|first=Matthew|date=2020-05-15|title=Large areas of London to be made car-free as lockdown eased|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/may/15/large-areas-of-london-to-be-made-car-free-as-lockdown-eased|access-date=2020-09-23|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806185826/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/may/15/large-areas-of-london-to-be-made-car-free-as-lockdown-eased|url-status=live}}</ref> [[New urbanism]] frees residents of [[Masdar City|Masdar City, UAE]] from automobiles and makes possible walkable and sustainable communities by integrating daily facilities such as plazas and sidewalks into the neighborhoods. Public transit systems like the Group Rapid Transit and the [[Abu Dhabi Metro|Metro]] provide direct access to wide areas of Masdar, as well as Abu Dhabi’s [[Central business district|CBD]], and other parts of the city.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The COVID-19 pandemic gave birth to proposals for radical change in the organisation of the city, such as the Manifesto for the Reorganisation of the city after COVID19, published in Barcelona by architecture and urban theorist Massimo Paolini and signed by 160 academics and 300 architects, being the elimination of the car one of the key elements.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Paolini|first=Massimo|date=2020-04-20|title=Manifesto for the Reorganisation of the City after COVID19|language=en-GB|url=https://www.degrowth.info/en/2020/05/manifesto-for-the-reorganisation-of-the-city-after-covid-19/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623202509/https://www.degrowth.info/en/2020/05/manifesto-for-the-reorganisation-of-the-city-after-covid-19/|archive-date=2021-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Argemí|first=Anna|date=2020-05-08|title=Por una Barcelona menos mercantilizada y más humana|language=es|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/05/06/alterconsumismo/1588769208_267470.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905011210/https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/05/06/alterconsumismo/1588769208_267470.html|archive-date=2021-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Maiztegui|first=Belén|date=2020-06-18|title=Manifiesto por la reorganización de la ciudad tras el COVID-19|language=es|url=https://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/941897/manifiesto-por-la-reorganizacion-de-la-ciudad-tras-el-covid-19?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816105501/https://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/941897/manifiesto-por-la-reorganizacion-de-la-ciudad-tras-el-covid-19?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all|archive-date=2021-08-16}}</ref>
=== Emphasis on proximity ===
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Women represent 80% of people who've been displaced by the climate crisis.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2018-03-08|title=Climate change 'impacts women more than men'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43294221|access-date=2021-12-08}}</ref> Women are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because of the roles they are socially assigned by gender. For instance, women are primarily responsible for food provision in the household.<ref name=":2" /> Unprecedented patterns in the frequency and magnitude of floods and droughts – due to climate change – directly impact the caregiving responsibilities of many women, causing them to disproportionately suffer from the consequences of these natural disasters.
The inequitable distribution of the burden of climate change by gender is unjust and
Notable women spearheading the sustainable city movement include mayors [[Anne Hidalgo]], [[Ada Colau|Ada Colau Ballano]], [[Claudia López Hernández|Claudia Lopez]], [[Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr]], [[Muriel Bowser]], [[Patricia de Lille]], Helen Fernandez, and [[Clover Moore]]. Other female leaders include [[Christiana Figueres|Christina Figueres]], [[Patricia Espinosa]], [[Laurence Tubiana]], and [[Hakima El Haite]].
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The inequitable breakdown of exposure to environmental risks by race and income reinforces the understanding that the climate crisis is a social issue, and that [[environmental justice]] depends upon racial justice. There is no one right way to address these issues. Proposed solutions include eliminating single-family zoning, pricing a minimum proportions of housing units for LMI households, and requiring community engagement in future urban planning projects.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-04|title=The Quest for Justice: Revitalizing Cities|url=https://now.tufts.edu/articles/quest-justice-revitalizing-cities|access-date=2021-12-10|website=Tufts Now|language=en}}</ref> To select the best combination of solutions to create sustainable cities tailored to their environments, each city must be designed for all community members, by all community members.
Leaders in the environmental justice movement include [[Robert D. Bullard|Robert Bullard]], [[Benjamin Chavis]], [[Peggy Shepard]], Kandi Moseett-White, Mustafa Santiago Ali, Jamie Margolin, [[Elizabeth Yeampierre]], LeeAnne Walters, and Dana Johnson.
==Examples==
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===China===
{{See also|Eco-Cities in China}}
The Chinese government has launched three sustainable city programs to promote pilot projects and foster innovation.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last1=de Jong |first1=Martin |last2=Yu |first2=Chang |last3=Joss |first3=Simon |last4=Wennersten |first4=Ronald |last5=Yu |first5=Li |last6=Zhang |first6=Xiaoling |last7=Ma |first7=Xin |date=2016-10-15 |title=Eco city development in China: addressing the policy implementation challenge |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652616301524 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |series=Special Volume: Transitions to Sustainable Consumption and Production in Cities |language=en |volume=134 |pages=31–41 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.083 |bibcode=2016JCPro.134...31D |issn=0959-6526}}</ref> Beginning in the early 2000s, China acknowledged the importance of sustainable development in addressing the challenges brought about by rapid urbanization and industrialization.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Zhongjie |date=2018-11-01 |title=Ecological urbanism in East Asia: A comparative assessment of two eco-cities in Japan and China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204618306467 |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |language=en |volume=179 |pages=90–102 |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.07.008 |bibcode=2018LUrbP.179...90L |s2cid=91369184 |issn=0169-2046}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Sandalow |first=David |url=https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/pictures/Guide%20to%20Chinese%20Climate%20Policy%207-27-18.pdf |title=Guide to Chinese Climate Policy |date=July 2018 |publisher=Columbia Center on Global Energy Policy |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-7261-8430-4 |location=New York |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227115928/https://energypolicy.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/pictures/Guide%20to%20Chinese%20Climate%20Policy%207-27-18.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, hundreds of eco-city projects have been initiated throughout the country,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Miao |date=2023 |title=Developer-led new eco-cities in China - identification, assessment and solution of environmental issues in planning |url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-325789 |url-status=live |journal= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530033008/https://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1750958&dswid=4830 |archive-date=2023-05-30}}</ref> making China home to the world's largest eco-city program.<ref name=":33"/>
* [[Tianjin]]: [[Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city]] is a large and one of the
* [[Dongtan, Shanghai|Dongtan]] Eco-city, [[Shanghai]]: The project, located in the east of [[Chongming Island]] developed by Arup and Parthers, was scheduled to accommodate 50,000 residents by 2010, but its developer has currently put construction on hold. An additional project was made in 2007 in this area: an Eco-Village based on the concept made by an Italian professor from the School of Architecture of Tianjin University.
* [[Huangbaiyu]], [[Benxi]], [[Liaoning]] is a small village of 42 homes that has come under great criticism: most of the homes are unoccupied by villagers.
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* [[Rizhao]], [[Shandong]] mandates solar water heaters for households, and has been designated the Environmental Model City by China's [[State Environmental Protection Administration|SEPA]].
* [[Chengdu Tianfu District Great City]] is a planned city located just outside [[Chengdu]] that is planned to be sustainable and has the goal of being a self-sustaining city that discourages the use of cars.
* [[Dalian]], [[Liaoning]]: The 100 MW Dalian Flow Battery Energy Storage Peak-shaving Power Station,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=Alexandre |last2=Chondrogiannis |first2=Stamatios |title=Smart grid energy storage controller for frequency regulation and peak shaving, using a vanadium redox flow battery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0142061516000375 |journal=International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems |access-date=2 May 2023 |pages=26–36 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.01.025 |date=1 September 2016|volume=80 |bibcode=2016IJEPE..80...26L }}</ref> with the largest power and capacity in the world so far, was connected to the grid in Dalian, China, on September 29, and it was put into operation in mid-October.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Tao |title=World's Largest Flow Battery Energy Storage Station Connected to Grid |url=http://english.dicp.cas.cn/news/headline/202210/t20221010_321218.html |website=Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics. Chinese Academy of Sciences |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref>
=== Denmark ===
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==See also==
▲{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[2000-watt society]]
* [[BedZED]]
* [[Blue roof]]
* [[Carfree city]]
* [[Circles of Sustainability]]
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* [[Ecological engineering]]
* [[Environmental economics]]
* [[Freeway removal]]▼
* [[Floating ecopolis]]
▲* [[Freeway removal]]
* [[Global Ecovillage Network]]
* [[Green infrastructure]]
* [[Green retrofit]]
* [[Green urbanism]]
* [[Greening]]
* [[Land recycling]]
* {{Annotated link|List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration}}
* {{Annotated link|Most livable cities}}
* [[Pedestrian village]]
* [[Roof garden]]
* [[Street reclamation]]
* [[Sustainable design]]
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* [[Sustainable urbanism]]
* [[Transition town]]
* [[Tree Cities of the World]]
* [[Urban design]]
* [[Urban forest inequity]]
* [[Urban forestry]]
* [[Urban green space]]
* [[Urban park]]
* [[Urban prairie]]
* [[Urban reforestation]]
* [[Urban vitality]]
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*Federico Caprotti (2014) ''[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anti.12087 Eco-urbanism and the Eco-city, or, Denying the Right to the City?]'', [[Antipode (journal)|Antipode]], Volume 46, Issue 1, pp. 1285-1303
*Simon Joss (2015) ''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868740104 Eco-cities and Sustainable Urbanism]'', [[International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences]] (Second Edition). {{ISBN|978-0-08097-086-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Breuste |first1=Jürgen |title=Urban Ecosystems: Function, Management and Development |date=2021 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-63279-6 |pages=263–312 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-63279-6_7 |language=en |chapter=What Does the Eco-City of Tomorrow Look like and What Are the Paths Leading to It?}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Sustainable urban planning}}
{{Portal|Ecology|Environment|Renewable energy|Trees|Water}}
*[http://www.shannonmay.com/Publications.html Eco Cities in China] Publications by Anthropologist Shannon May on the transformation of Huangbaiyu, China into an Eco Village
*[http://www.habitat.org.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=378:ecocity2009&catid=75:ekokenr&Itemid=89 Ecocity Summit 2009 ISTANBUL – TURKIYE]
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