Content deleted Content added
No edit summary Tags: Reverted Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
|||
(45 intermediate revisions by 26 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups in Asia and Europe}}
{{redirects here|Tatar}}
{{distinguish|
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
Line 17:
| region1 = Russia
* ({{tooltip|excl.|excluding}} [[Crimea]])
| pop1 = 5,
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=
| region2 = Ukraine
* ({{tooltip|incl.|including}} population in Crimea and [[Crimean Tatars]])
Line 25:
| region3 = Uzbekistan
| pop3 = ~239,965
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/5685404 |title=Крымские татары |website=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] |language=ru |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308012134/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/5685404 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />(Crimean Tatars)
| region4 = Kazakhstan
| pop4 = 208,987
| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2021 года|trans-title=The population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by individual ethnic groups at the beginning of 2021|url=https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT414397|access-date=20 June 2021|website=stat.gov.kz|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502165841/https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT414397|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region5 = Turkey
| pop5 = 500,000–6,900,000
| ref5 = <ref name="iccrimea.org">''[[Henryk Jankowski]]''. [http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/jankowski.html Crimean Tatars and Noghais in Turkey] // a slightly edited version of the paper with the same title that appeared in Türk Dilleri Arastirmalari [Studies on the Turkic Languages] 10 (2000): 113–131, distributed by Sanat Kitabevi, Ankara, Turkey. A Polish version of this paper was published in Rocznik Tatarów Polskich (Journal of Polish Tatars), vol. 6, 2000, 118–126.</ref><ref name="новая"/><ref name="В Турции"/>
| region6 = Afghanistan
| pop6 = 100,000
Line 91:
| region28 = Lithuania
| pop28 = 2,800–3,200
| ref28 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ru.espreso.tv/article/2017/10/22/yakubauskas|title=Адас Якубаускас: Я всегда говорю крымским татарам не выезжайте, оккупация не вечна|website=espreso.tv |access-date=January 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>
| region29 = Iran
| pop29 = 20,000–30,000
Line 100:
}}
[[File:Share of Tatars in regions of Russia, 2010 census.png|thumb|300px|Share of Tatars in regions of Russia, 2010 census]]
The '''Tatars'''
The largest group amongst the Tatars by far are the [[Volga Tatars]], native to the [[Volga-Ural region]] ([[Tatarstan]] and [[Bashkortostan]]) of European Russia, who for this reason are often also known as "Tatars" in Russian. They compose 53% of the population in Tatarstan. Their language is known as the [[Tatar language]]. {{As of|2010}}, there were an estimated 5.3 million ethnic Tatars in Russia.
Line 113:
[[File:Szigetvar 1566.jpg|thumb|Ottoman miniature of the [[Siege of Szigetvár|Szigetvár campaign]] showing Ottoman troops and [[Crimean Tatars]] as vanguard]]
''Tatar'' became a name for populations of the former [[Golden Horde]] in Europe, such as those of the former [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan]], [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean]], [[Astrakhan Khanate|Astrakhan]], [[Qasim Khanate|Qasim]], and [[Khanate of Sibir|Siberian]] Khanates. The form ''Tartar'' has its origins in either [[Latin]] or [[French language|French]], coming to Western European languages from [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and the [[Persian language]] ({{lang|fa-Latn|tātār}}, "mounted messenger"). From the beginning, the extra ''r'' was present in the Western forms and according to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] this was most likely due to an association with ''[[Tartarus]]''.
The Persian word is first recorded in the 13th century in reference to the hordes of [[Genghis Khan]] and is of unknown origin; according to the Oxford English Dictionary it is "said to be" ultimately from ''tata''. The [[Arabic]] word for Tatars is {{lang|ar|تتار}}. Tatars themselves wrote their name as {{lang|tt-Arab|تاتار}} or {{lang|tt-Arab|طاطار}}.
Ochir (2016) states that [[Siberian Tatars]] and the Tatars living in the territories between Asia and Europe are of Turkic origin, acquired the appellation Tatar later, and do not possess ancestral connection to the Mongolic [[Tatar confederation|Nine Tatars]], whose ethnogenesis involved Mongolic people as well as Mongolized Turks who had been ruling over them during the 6–8th centuries.<ref name="Ochir">{{cite book |author=Очир А. |url= http://kigiran.com/sites/default/files/ochir_mongolskie_etnonimy.pdf|script-title=ru:Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов |date=2016 |publisher=КИГИ РАН |isbn=978-5-903833-93-1 |location=Элиста }} quote (p. 160-161): "Ныне татарами называют этнические группы, имеющие монгольское и тюркское происхождение. Из них так называемые «девять татар» приняли участие в этнокультурном развитии монголов. Татары эти, как племя, сформировались, видимо, в период существования на территории Монголии Тюркского каганата (VI–VIII вв.); помимо монгольского компонента, в процессе этногенеза приняли участие и тюркские, о чем свидетельствует этнический состав татар. В этот период монголами управляли тюрки, которые со временем омонголились. [...] Что же касается сибирских татар и татар, проживающих на территории между Азией и Европой, то они являются выходцами из тюрок. Название татар они получили позднее и не имеют родовой связи с монгольскими («девятью татарами». — А.О.) татарами."
| last = Pow | first = Stephen | year=2019
| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336135124
Line 137:
** Kipchak–Bulgar branch or "[[Tatar language|Tatar]]" in the narrow sense
*** [[Volga Tatars]]
**** [[Astrakhan Tatars]]
*** [[Lipka Tatars]]
** Kipchak–Cuman branch
*** [[Crimean Tatars]]
**** [[Tatars of Romania|Dobrujan Tatars]]▼
*** [[Karachays]] and [[Balkars]]: ''Mountain Tatars''
*** [[Kumyks]]: ''Daghestan Tatars''
** Kipchak–Nogai branch:
*** [[Nogais]]: ''Nogai Tatars''
*** [[Siberian Tatars]]
* [[Siberian Turkic|Siberian]] branch:
** [[Altai people|Altaians]]: ''Altai Tatars'', including the [[Tubalar]] or ''Chernevo Tatars''
** [[Chulyms]] or ''Chulym Tatars''
** [[Khakas]]: ''[[Yenisei River|Yenisei]] Tatars'' (also ''Abakan Tatars'' or ''Achin Tatars''), still use the ''Tatar'' designation
Line 160 ⟶ 158:
==Languages==
{{further|Kipchak languages|Tatar language|Crimean Tatar language}}
[[File:Map-Kypchak Language World.png|thumb|Contemporary distribution of [[Kipchak languages]]:
Eleventh-century [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Kara-khanid]] scholar [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] noted that the historical Tatars were bilingual, speaking other Turkic languages besides their own.<ref>Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by [[Robert Dankoff]] in collaboration with James Kelly. In ''Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature''. Part I. (1982). pp. 82–83</ref>
Line 172 ⟶ 168:
The [[Siberian Tatar language]] is independent of Volga–Ural Tatar. The dialects are quite remote from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventing [[Mutual intelligibility|mutual comprehension]]. The claim that Siberian Tatar is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan and denounced by Siberian Tatars.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
▲</ref> is the indigenous language of the [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar people]]. Because of its common name, Crimean ''Tatar'' is sometimes mistakenly seen in Russia as a dialect of [[Tatar language|Kazan Tatar]]. Although these languages are related (as both are Turkic), the Kypchak languages closest to Crimean Tatar are (as mentioned above) [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] and [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]], not Kazan Tatar. Still, there exists an opinion ([[Edkhyam Tenishev|E. R. Tenishev]]), according to which the Kazan Tatar language is included in the same Kipchak-Cuman group as Crimean Tatar.<ref>Сравнительно-историческая грамматика тюркских языков. Региональные реконструкции/Отв. ред. Э.Р. Тенишев. – М. Наука. 2002. – 767 с. стр. 732, 736–737</ref>
==Contemporary groups and nations==
The largest Tatar populations are the [[Volga Tatars]], native to the [[Idel-Ural]] (Volga-Ural) region of European Russia, and the [[Crimean Tatars]] of [[Crimea]]. Smaller groups of [[Lipka Tatars]] and [[Astrakhan Tatars]] also live in [[Europe]] and the [[Siberian Tatars]] in Asia.
Line 183 ⟶ 177:
[[File:Ареал расселения татар в России. По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года.png|thumb|The areas of settlement of Tatars in Russia according to the National Population Census 2010]]
[[File:Татар националь костюмы.jpg|thumb|Volga Tatars in traditional clothing]]
In the
''— The journey to Muscovy of Baron Augustine Mayerberg and Horace Wilhelm Calvucci, ambassadors of the August Roman Emperor Leopold to the Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich in 1661, described by Baron Mayerberg himself''</blockquote><blockquote>Kazan Tatars are descendants of the Tatars of the Kazan Kingdom of the Kipchak Horde. ''— "Alphabetical list of peoples living in the Russian Empire in 1895"[https://www.prlib.ru/item/396941]''</blockquote><blockquote>Kazan Tatars got their name from the main city of Kazan''—''and it is so called from the Tatar word Kazan, the cauldron, which was omitted by the servant of the founder of this city, Khan Altyn Bek, not on purpose, when he scooped water for his master to wash, in the river now called Kazanka. In other respects, according to their own legends, they were not of a special tribe, but descended from the fighters who remained here [in Kazan] on the settlement of different generations and from foreigners attracted to Kazan, but especially [[Nogais|Nogai Tatars]], who all through their union into a single society formed a special people.
Line 189 ⟶ 184:
— ''Carl Wilhelm Müller''. "Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state,.." Part Two. About the peoples of the Tatar tribe. S-P, 1776, Translated from German.<ref name=":0" />
— ''[[Johann Gottlieb Georgi]]''. Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state : their everyday rituals, customs, clothes, dwellings, exercises, amusements, faiths and other memorabilia. Part 2 : About the peoples of the Tatar tribe and other undecided origin of the Northern Siberian. ''—'' 1799. page 8
The main now central Bauman Street that leads to the Kremlin is one of the oldest streets in Kazan. In the era of the Kazan Khanate, it was called the Nogai district. Nogai daruga is a conditional territory, the possessions of which are controlled by the Nogai Horde, they were run by foremen beki:
Line 211 ⟶ 206:
'''Forming'''
The formation of the Kazan Tatars occurred only in the Golden Horde in the
Finally in the end of the 19th century; although the name [[Nogais|Nogailars]] persisted in some places; the majority identified themselves simply as ''the Muslims''{{citation needed|date= May 2020}}) and the language of the Kipchaks; on the other hand, the invaders eventually converted to [[Sunni Islam]] ({{circa}} 14th century). As the Golden Horde disintegrated in the 15th century, the area became the territory of the Kazan khanate, which [[Russo-Kazan wars|Russia ultimately conquered]] in the 16th century.
Line 217 ⟶ 212:
Some Volga Tatars speak different dialects of the [[Tatar language]]. Accordingly, they form distinct groups such as the [[Mişär]] group and the Qasim group:
* [[Mişär-Tatars]] (or Mishars) are a group of Tatars speaking a Mishar dialect of the Tatar language. They live in the [[Chelyabinsk Oblast|Chelyabinsk]], [[Tambov Oblast|Tambov]], [[Penza Oblast|Penza]], [[Ryazan Oblast|Ryazan]] and [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Nizhegorodskaya]] oblasts of Russia and in [[Bashkortostan]] and [[Mordovia]]. They live on the right bank of the [[Volga River]], in Tatarstan.
* The Western Tatars have their capital in the town of Qasím ([[Kasimov]], {{
A minority of Christianized Volga Tatars are known as [[Kryashens|Keräşens]].
Line 233 ⟶ 228:
====Astrakhan Tatars====
{{main|Astrakhan Tatars}}
The Astrakhan Tatars (around 80,000) are a group of Tatars, descendants of the [[Astrakhan Khanate]]'s population, who live mostly in [[Astrakhan Oblast]]. In the [[Russian Census (2010)|Russian census of 2010]] most Astrakhan Tatars declared themselves simply as "Tatars" and few declared themselves as "Astrakhan Tatars". Many Volga Tatars live in Astrakhan Oblast, and differences between the two groups have been disappearing.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
===Lipka Tatars===▼
{{main|Lipka Tatars}}▼
[[File:Lemke Skirmish with Polish Tatars.png|thumb| Swedish King [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]] in a skirmish with Tatars near [[Warsaw]] during the [[Second Northern War]] of 1655–1660]]▼
The Lipka Tatars are a group of [[Turkic languages|Turkic-speaking]] Tatars who originally settled in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] at the beginning of the 14th century. The first settlers tried to preserve their [[shamanistic]] religion and sought asylum amongst the non-Christian Lithuanians.<ref name="galve.lt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.galve.lt/lt/numeriai/2007062225/Trakai%20ir%20pasaulio%20paveldas/koranas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029035259/http://www.galve.lt/lt/numeriai/2007062225/Trakai%20ir%20pasaulio%20paveldas/koranas|title=Lietuvos totoriai ir jų šventoji knyga – Koranas|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Towards the end of the 14th century Grand Duke [[Vytautas the Great]] of Lithuania (ruled 1392–1430) invited another wave of Tatars—Muslims, this time—into the Grand Duchy. These Tatars first settled in [[Lithuania proper]] around [[Vilnius]], [[Trakai]], [[Hrodna]] and [[Kaunas]]<ref name="galve.lt"/> and spread to other parts of the Grand Duchy that later became part of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in 1569. These areas comprise parts of present-day [[Lithuania]], [[Belarus]] and [[Poland]]. From the very beginning of their settlement in Lithuania they were known as the Lipka Tatars.▼
From the 13th to 17th centuries various groups of Tatars settled and/or found refuge within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Grand Dukes of Lithuania especially promoted the migrations because of the Tatars' reputation as skilled warriors. The Tatar settlers were all granted ''[[szlachta]]'' (nobility) status, a tradition that survived until the end of the Commonwealth in the late 18th century. Such migrants included the [[Lipka Tatars]] (13th–14th centuries) as well as Crimean and [[Nogai people|Nogay]] Tatars (15th–16th centuries), all of which were notable in Polish military history, as well as [[Volga Tatars]] (16th–17th centuries). They all mostly settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.▼
[[File:Tatar attack warsawa 1656.jpg|thumb| At the [[Battle of Warsaw (1656)|Battle of Warsaw]] in 1656 Tatars fought with the Poles against the Swedes.]]▼
Various estimates of the Tatars in the Commonwealth in the 17th century place their numbers at about 15,000 persons and 60 villages with mosques. Numerous royal privileges, as well as internal autonomy granted by the monarchs, allowed the Tatars to preserve their religion, traditions, and culture over the centuries. The Tatars were allowed to [[Interethnic marriage|intermarry]] with Christians,a practice uncommon in Europe at the time. The [[Constitution of May 3, 1791|May Constitution]] of 1791 gave the Tatars representation in the Polish [[Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Sejm]] (parliament).▼
Although by the 18th century the Tatars had adopted the local language, the Islamic religion and many Tatar traditions (e.g. the sacrifice of bulls in their mosques during the main religious festivals) survived. This led to the formation of a distinctive [[Muslim culture]], in which the elements of Muslim orthodoxy mixed with religious tolerance formed a relatively liberal society. For instance, the women in Lipka Tatar society traditionally had the same rights and status as men, and could attend non-segregated schools.▼
[[File:Tartares lituaniens (par Richard Knötel).jpg|thumb|[[Lithuanian Tartars of the Imperial Guard]] at the charge, by [[Richard Knötel]]]]▼
About 5,500 Tatars lived within the inter-war boundaries of [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] (1920–1939), and a Tatar cavalry unit had fought for the country's independence. The Tatars had preserved their cultural identity and sustained a number of Tatar organisations, including Tatar archives and a museum in Vilnius.▼
The Tatars suffered serious losses during [[World War II]] and furthermore, after the [[Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945|border change in 1945]], a large part of them found themselves in the [[Soviet Union]]. It is estimated that about 3,000 Tatars live in present-day Poland, of which about 500 declared Tatar (rather than Polish) nationality in the 2002 census.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} There are two Tatar villages ([[Bohoniki]] and [[Kruszyniany]]) in the north-east of present-day Poland, as well as urban Tatar communities in [[Warsaw]], [[Gdańsk]], [[Białystok]], and [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]]. Tatars in Poland sometimes have a Muslim surname with a Polish ending: ''Ryzwanowicz''; other surnames adopted by more assimilated Tatars are ''Tatara'' or ''Tataranowicz'' or ''Taterczyński'', which literally mean "son of a Tatar".▼
The Tatars played a relatively prominent role for such a small community in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth military as well as in Polish and Lithuanian political and intellectual life.{{Citation needed|date= April 2007}} In modern-day Poland, their presence is also widely known, due in part to their noticeable role in the historical novels of [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] (1846–1916), which are universally recognized in Poland. A number of Polish intellectual figures have also been Tatars, e.g. the prominent historian [[Jerzy Łojek]].▼
A small community of Polish-speaking Tatars settled in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], in the early 20th century. They established a mosque that remained in use {{as of | 2017 | lc = on}}.<ref>▼
[https://www.rferl.org/a/lipka-tatar-community-brooklyn-poland-baltic/28513760.html Amid Tatar Renaissance In Europe, An American Mosque Turns To Its Roots] – "A Lipka Tatar—a Muslim ethnic group native to the Baltic region—Jakub Szynkiewicz was selected to be Poland's first mufti in 1925, around the time that his community's U.S. diaspora was moving into the very mosque in Brooklyn where his portrait still hangs."</ref>▼
===Crimean Tatars===
Line 241 ⟶ 260:
[[File:Мавзолей_Джанике-ханым.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Canike in Crimea, [[Chufut-Kale|Qırq Yer]]]]
Crimean Tatars are
At the beginning of the 13th century, Crimea, where the majority of the population was already composed of a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]]—Cumans, became a part of the [[Golden Horde]]. The Crimean Tatars mostly adopted Islam in the 14th century and thereafter Crimea became one of the centers of Islamic civilization in Eastern Europe. In the same century, trends towards separatism appeared in the Crimean Ulus of the Golden Horde. De facto independence of Crimea from the Golden Horde may be counted since the beginning of princess (khanum) Canike's, the daughter of the powerful Khan of the Golden Horde [[Tokhtamysh]] and the wife of the founder of the [[Nogai Horde]] [[Edigey]], reign in the peninsula. During her reign she strongly supported [[Hacı I Giray|Hacı Giray]] in the struggle for the Crimean throne until her death in 1437. Following the death of Сanike, the situation of Hacı Giray in Crimea weakened and he was forced to leave Crimea for Lithuania.<ref>Gertsen, Mogarychev [http://handvorec.ru/doc/PUBLIC/krepost%20drag.PDF Крепость драгоценностей. Кырк-Ор. Чуфут-кале.], 1993, pp. 58–64. {{ISBN|5-7780-0216-5}}.</ref>
[[File:Carlo Bossoli Khanpalast von Bachcisaraj 1857.jpg|thumb|[[Khan's Palace]] in Bağçasaray]]
In 1441, an embassy from the representatives of several strongest clans of Crimea, including the Golden Horde clans Shırın and [[Barın]] and the Cumanic clan—Kıpçak, went to the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] to invite Hacı Giray to rule in Crimea. He became the founder of the [[Giray dynasty]], which ruled until the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by Russia in 1783.<ref name="Gayvoronsky"/> [[Hacı I Giray]] was a [[Jochid]] descendant of [[Genghis Khan]] and of his grandson [[Batu Khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]]. During the reign of [[Meñli I Giray]], Hacı's son, the army of the [[Great Horde]] that still existed then invaded Crimea from the north, Crimean Khan won the general battle, overtaking the army of the Horde Khan in Takht-Lia, where he was killed, the Horde ceased to exist, and the Crimean Khan became the [[Khagan|Great Khan]] and the successor of this state.<ref name="Gayvoronsky"/><ref>Vosgrin, 1992. {{ISBN|5-244-00641-X}}.</ref> Since then, the Crimean Khanate was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century.<ref>Halil İnalcik, 1942 {{Page needed|date= June 2011}}</ref> The Khanate officially operated as a vassal state of the [[Ottoman Empire]], with great autonomy after 1580,<ref>[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]: [https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808 Верховная власть принадлежала хану – представителю династии Гиреев, который являлся вассалом тур. султана (официально закреплено в 1580-х гг., когда имя султана стало произноситься перед именем хана во время пятничной молитвы, что в мусульм. мире служило признаком вассалитета)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506231421/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808 |date=6 May 2020 }}</ref> because of being a Muslim state, the Crimean Khanate just could not be separate from the Ottoman caliphate, and therefore the Crimean khans had to recognize the Ottoman caliph as the supreme ruler, in fact, the viceroy of God on earth. At the same time, the Nogai hordes, not having their own khan, were vassals of the Crimean one, the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>[http://inslav.ru/images/stories/pdf/2008_Kochegarov.pdf Kochegarov] (2008), p. 230</ref><ref>J. Tyszkiewicz. Tatarzy na Litwie i w Polsce. Studia z dziejow XIII-XVIII w. Warszawa, 1989. p. 167</ref> paid annual tribute to the khan (until [[Treaty of Constantinople (1700)|1700]]<ref>Davies (2007), p. 187; Torke (1997), p. 110</ref> and [[Treaty of Karlowitz|1699]], respectively). In 1711, when [[Peter I of Russia]] went on a campaign with all his troops (80,000) to gain access to the Black Sea, he was surrounded by the army of the Crimean Khan [[Devlet II Giray]], finding himself in a hopeless situation. And only the betrayal of the Ottoman vizier [[Baltacı Mehmet Pasha]] allowed Peter to get out of the encirclement of the Crimean Tatars.<ref>Ahmad III, H. Bowen, ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J. Shacht (E.J.Brill, 1986), 269.</ref> When Devlet II Giray protested against the vizier's decision,
[[File:Tragedy of Qarasuvbazar.jpg|thumb|Abandoned houses in [[Qarasuvbazar]]]]
Line 266 ⟶ 285:
Dobrujan Tatars have been present in Romania since the 13th century.<ref>Klaus Roth, Asker Kartarı, (2017), ''Cultures of Crisis in Southeast Europe: Part 2: Crises Related to Natural Disasters, to Spaces and Places, and to Identities (19) (Ethnologia Balkanica)'', p. 223</ref> The Tatars first reached the mouths of the [[Danube]] in the mid-13th century at the height of the power of the [[Golden Horde]]. In the 14th and 15th centuries the [[Ottoman Empire]] colonized [[Dobruja]] with [[Nogais]] from [[Budjak]]. Between 1593 and 1595 Tatars from Nogai and Budjak were also settled to Dobruja. Toward the end of the 16th century, about 30,000 Nogai Tatars from the Budjak were brought to [[Dobruja]].<ref name="Stan147">Robert Stănciugel and Liliana Monica Bălaşa, ''Dobrogea în Secolele VII–XIX. Evoluţie istorică'', Bucharest, 2005, p.147</ref> After the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774|Russian annexation of Crimea]] in 1783 [[Crimean Tatars]] began emigrating to the Ottoman coastal provinces of Dobruja (today divided between Romania and Bulgaria). Once in Dobruja most settled in the areas surrounding [[Medgidia|Mecidiye]], [[Babadag]], [[Constanţa|Köstence]], [[Tulcea|Tulça]], [[Silistra|Silistre]], [[Beștepe, Tulcea|Beştepe]], or [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] and went on to create villages named in honor of their abandoned homeland such as Şirin, Yayla, Akmecit, Yalta, Kefe or Beybucak. Tatars together with Albanians served as [[Bashi-bazouk|gendarmes]], who were held in high esteem by the Ottomans and received special tax privileges. The Ottomans additionally accorded a certain degree of autonomy for the Tatars who were allowed governance by their own [[kaymakam]], Khan Mirza. The [[Giray dynasty]] (1427–1878) multiplied in Dobruja and maintained their respected position. A Dobrujan Tatar, Kara Hussein, was responsible for the destruction of the [[Janissary corps]] on orders from Sultan Mahmut II.
▲===Lipka Tatars===
▲{{main|Lipka Tatars}}
▲[[File:Lemke Skirmish with Polish Tatars.png|thumb| Swedish King [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]] in a skirmish with Tatars near [[Warsaw]] during the [[Second Northern War]] of 1655–1660]]
▲The Lipka Tatars are a group of [[Turkic languages|Turkic-speaking]] Tatars who originally settled in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] at the beginning of the 14th century. The first settlers tried to preserve their [[shamanistic]] religion and sought asylum amongst the non-Christian Lithuanians.<ref name="galve.lt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.galve.lt/lt/numeriai/2007062225/Trakai%20ir%20pasaulio%20paveldas/koranas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029035259/http://www.galve.lt/lt/numeriai/2007062225/Trakai%20ir%20pasaulio%20paveldas/koranas|title=Lietuvos totoriai ir jų šventoji knyga – Koranas|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Towards the end of the 14th century Grand Duke [[Vytautas the Great]] of Lithuania (ruled 1392–1430) invited another wave of Tatars—Muslims, this time—into the Grand Duchy. These Tatars first settled in [[Lithuania proper]] around [[Vilnius]], [[Trakai]], [[Hrodna]] and [[Kaunas]]<ref name="galve.lt"/> and spread to other parts of the Grand Duchy that later became part of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in 1569. These areas comprise parts of present-day [[Lithuania]], [[Belarus]] and [[Poland]]. From the very beginning of their settlement in Lithuania they were known as the Lipka Tatars.
▲From the 13th to 17th centuries various groups of Tatars settled and/or found refuge within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Grand Dukes of Lithuania especially promoted the migrations because of the Tatars' reputation as skilled warriors. The Tatar settlers were all granted ''[[szlachta]]'' (nobility) status, a tradition that survived until the end of the Commonwealth in the late 18th century. Such migrants included the [[Lipka Tatars]] (13th–14th centuries) as well as Crimean and [[Nogai people|Nogay]] Tatars (15th–16th centuries), all of which were notable in Polish military history, as well as [[Volga Tatars]] (16th–17th centuries). They all mostly settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
▲[[File:Tatar attack warsawa 1656.jpg|thumb| At the [[Battle of Warsaw (1656)|Battle of Warsaw]] in 1656 Tatars fought with the Poles against the Swedes.]]
▲Various estimates of the Tatars in the Commonwealth in the 17th century place their numbers at about 15,000 persons and 60 villages with mosques. Numerous royal privileges, as well as internal autonomy granted by the monarchs, allowed the Tatars to preserve their religion, traditions, and culture over the centuries. The Tatars were allowed to [[Interethnic marriage|intermarry]] with Christians,a practice uncommon in Europe at the time. The [[Constitution of May 3, 1791|May Constitution]] of 1791 gave the Tatars representation in the Polish [[Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Sejm]] (parliament).
▲Although by the 18th century the Tatars had adopted the local language, the Islamic religion and many Tatar traditions (e.g. the sacrifice of bulls in their mosques during the main religious festivals) survived. This led to the formation of a distinctive [[Muslim culture]], in which the elements of Muslim orthodoxy mixed with religious tolerance formed a relatively liberal society. For instance, the women in Lipka Tatar society traditionally had the same rights and status as men, and could attend non-segregated schools.
▲[[File:Tartares lituaniens (par Richard Knötel).jpg|thumb|[[Lithuanian Tartars of the Imperial Guard]] at the charge, by [[Richard Knötel]]]]
▲About 5,500 Tatars lived within the inter-war boundaries of [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] (1920–1939), and a Tatar cavalry unit had fought for the country's independence. The Tatars had preserved their cultural identity and sustained a number of Tatar organisations, including Tatar archives and a museum in Vilnius.
▲The Tatars suffered serious losses during [[World War II]] and furthermore, after the [[Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945|border change in 1945]], a large part of them found themselves in the [[Soviet Union]]. It is estimated that about 3,000 Tatars live in present-day Poland, of which about 500 declared Tatar (rather than Polish) nationality in the 2002 census.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} There are two Tatar villages ([[Bohoniki]] and [[Kruszyniany]]) in the north-east of present-day Poland, as well as urban Tatar communities in [[Warsaw]], [[Gdańsk]], [[Białystok]], and [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]]. Tatars in Poland sometimes have a Muslim surname with a Polish ending: ''Ryzwanowicz''; other surnames adopted by more assimilated Tatars are ''Tatara'' or ''Tataranowicz'' or ''Taterczyński'', which literally mean "son of a Tatar".
▲The Tatars played a relatively prominent role for such a small community in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth military as well as in Polish and Lithuanian political and intellectual life.{{Citation needed|date= April 2007}} In modern-day Poland, their presence is also widely known, due in part to their noticeable role in the historical novels of [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] (1846–1916), which are universally recognized in Poland. A number of Polish intellectual figures have also been Tatars.
▲A small community of Polish-speaking Tatars settled in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], in the early 20th century. They established a mosque that remained in use {{as of | 2017 | lc = on}}.<ref>
▲[https://www.rferl.org/a/lipka-tatar-community-brooklyn-poland-baltic/28513760.html Amid Tatar Renaissance In Europe, An American Mosque Turns To Its Roots] – "A Lipka Tatar—a Muslim ethnic group native to the Baltic region—Jakub Szynkiewicz was selected to be Poland's first mufti in 1925, around the time that his community's U.S. diaspora was moving into the very mosque in Brooklyn where his portrait still hangs."</ref>
===Siberian Tatars===
Line 305 ⟶ 300:
|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020227012304/http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm |date= 27 February 2002 }}</ref>
==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+Tatars in Russia (1926–2021)
Line 344 ⟶ 338:
==Gallery==
;Flags
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Flags">
Line 398 ⟶ 392:
Borongi bolgarlar Gaziz cover.jpg|Cover page of Tatar [[Yana imla]] book, printed with Separated Tatar language in Arabic script in 1924
Хальфин Азбука татарского языка 1778.pdf|A Tatar alphabet book printed in 1778. Arabic script is used, Cyrillic text is in Russian. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_1778.pdf Хальфин, Сагит. Азбука татарского языка. — М., 1778. — 52 с.]
Nizhny-Novgorod-Mosque-inscription-C0274.jpg|Tatar sign on a [[madrasah]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod]], written in both [[
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[List of Tatars]]
* [[Cossacks]]
* [[Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe]]
* [[Tatarophobia]]
Line 409 ⟶ 403:
* [[Uhlan]]
* [[Serving Tatars]]
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==
* {{cite book |title=İdil-Ural (Tatar ve Başkurt) sihirli masalları üzerine karşılaştırmalı motif çalışması: Aktarma – motif tespiti (motif - İndex of Folk-Literature'a göre) – motif dizini |first=Erkan |last=Karagöz |volume=1 |location=Ankara |publisher=Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı |date=2021 |pages=143-586 (Tatar tales) |isbn=978-975-17-4742-6 |lang=TR}}
|