Tatars: Difference between revisions

{{distinguish|Qatar|Tartar (disambiguation){{!}}Tartar}}

| pop1 = 5,319554,877601

| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=httphttps://wwwsingapore.gksmid.ru/free_docen/new_siterussia_and_singapore/perepis2010about_russia/crocpopulation_data/perepis_itogi1612.htm|title=ВПН-2010Population Data|website=wwwsingapore.gksmid.ru |access-date=JanuaryJune 71, 20222024}}</ref>

| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/5685404 |title=Крымские татары |website=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] |language=ru |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308012134/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/5685404 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />(Crimean Tatars)

| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2021 года|trans-title=The population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by individual ethnic groups at the beginning of 2021|url=https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT414397|access-date=20 June 2021|website=stat.gov.kz|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502165841/https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT414397|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| ref28 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ru.espreso.tv/article/2017/10/22/yakubauskas|title=Адас Якубаускас: Я всегда говорю крымским татарам не выезжайте, оккупация не вечна|website=espreso.tv |access-date=January 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>[{{Cite web |url=https://etcetera.media/kryimskie-tataryi-v-litve-600-let-istorii.html |title=Как крымские татары оказались в Литве 600 лет назад? |{{!}} Новости и аналитика : Украина и мир : EtCetera<!-- Заголовок добавлен ботом -->] |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812234338/https://etcetera.media/kryimskie-tataryi-v-litve-600-let-istorii.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://pop-stat.mashke.org/lithuania-ethnic2011.htm Национальный состав населения Литвы. Перепись 2011].</ref><br />({{tooltip|incl.|including}} all of [[Lipka Tatars|Lipka]], [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean]] and [[Volga Tatars|Volga]] origins)

The '''Tatars'''{{efn|name=:2|Often spelled '''Tartars''' in English to specify the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɑː|-}} and prevent misinterpretation as {{IPAc-en|t|eɪ|-}}.<br /> {{lang-langx|tt-Cyrl|татарлар|translit=tatarlar}}, {{lang|tt-Arab|تاتارلر}}; {{crh|tatarlar}}; {{lang-langx|otk|𐱃𐱃𐰺|Tatar}})}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɑː|t|ər|z}} {{respell|TAH|tərz}}),<ref name=collins>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tatar Tatar] in the Collins English Dictionary</ref> formerly also speltspelled '''Tartars''',{{efn|name=:2}} is an umbrella term for different [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" across Eastern Europe and Asia.<ref name="global.britannica.com">{{Cite web|url=http://global.britannica.com/topic/Tatar|title=Tatar – people|access-date=28 February 2016|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730095202/http://global.britannica.com/topic/Tatar}}</ref> Initially, the ethnonym ''Tatar'' possibly referred to the [[Tatar confederation]]. That confederation was eventually incorporated into the [[Mongol Empire]] when [[Genghis Khan]] unified the various steppe tribes.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Tatars|volume=28|pages=448–449|first=Peter|last=Kropotkin|author-link=Peter Kropotkin|first2=Charles|last2=Eliot|author2-link=Charles Eliot (diplomat)}}</ref> Historically, the term ''Tatars'' (or ''Tartars'') was [[Endonym and exonym|applied]] to anyone originating from the vast [[North Asia|Northern]] and [[Central Asia]]n landmass then known as [[Tartary]], a term which was also conflated with the Mongol Empire itself. More recently, however, the term has come to refer more narrowly to related ethnic groups who refer to themselves as ''Tatars'' or who speak languages that are commonly referred to as ''Tatar''.

Ochir (2016) states that [[Siberian Tatars]] and the Tatars living in the territories between Asia and Europe are of Turkic origin, acquired the appellation Tatar later, and do not possess ancestral connection to the Mongolic [[Tatar confederation|Nine Tatars]], whose ethnogenesis involved Mongolic people as well as Mongolized Turks who had been ruling over them during the 6–8th centuries.<ref name="Ochir">{{cite book |author=Очир А. |url= http://kigiran.com/sites/default/files/ochir_mongolskie_etnonimy.pdf|script-title=ru:Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов |date=2016 |publisher=КИГИ РАН |isbn=978-5-903833-93-1 |location=Элиста }} quote (p. 160-161): "Ныне татарами называют этнические группы, имеющие монгольское и тюркское происхождение. Из них так называемые «девять татар» приняли участие в этнокультурном развитии монголов. Татары эти, как племя, сформировались, видимо, в период существования на территории Монголии Тюркского каганата (VI–VIII вв.); помимо монгольского компонента, в процессе этногенеза приняли участие и тюркские, о чем свидетельствует этнический состав татар. В этот период монголами управляли тюрки, которые со временем омонголились. [...] Что же касается сибирских татар и татар, проживающих на территории между Азией и Европой, то они являются выходцами из тюрок. Название татар они получили позднее и не имеют родовой связи с монгольскими («девятью татарами». — А.О.) татарами." </ref> However, genetic testing (Y-DNA) of Tom Tatars shows that at least some groups of Siberian Tatars have Mongolic origin.<ref name="medgen-journal.ru">https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2212/0?locale=en_US The structure of the gene pool of Tomsk Tatars according to Y-chromosome markers</ref> Pow (2019) proposes that Turkic-speaking peoples of [[Cumania]], as a sign of political allegiance, adopted the endonym ''Tatar'' of their Mongol conquerors, before ultimately subsuming the latter culturally and linguistically.<ref name="Pow-2019">{{ cite journal

**** [[Astrakhan Tatars]]

In the [[7th century|VII century]] AD, the [[Volga Bulgaria|Volga Bulgars]] settled on the territory of the Volga-Kama region, where [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugrians]] lived compactly at that time. Bulgars inhabited part of the modern territory of Tatarstan, [[Udmurtia]], [[Ulyanovsk Oblast|Ulyanovsk region]], [[Samara Oblast|Samara region]] and [[Chuvashia]]. After the invasion of [[Batu Khan]] in 1223–1236, the [[Golden Horde]] annexed Volga Bulgaria. Most of the population of the [[Bulgars]] survived and crossed to the right bank of the Volga, displacing the [[Mari people|mountain Mari]] (''cheremis'') from the inhabited territories to the meadow side.  Sources of Russian chronicles{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} report: "Tatares took the whole [[Bulgars|Bulgarian]] land captive and killed part of it" this shows us that the conquered Bulgarian people could not call themselves Tatars in any way, in honor of the military leaders and in fact those who destroyed their state and people. After a while, Tatars from all the outskirts of the [[Golden Horde]] began to arrive in the [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan Khanate]], and consisted mainly of Kipchak peoples: [[Nogais]] and [[Crimean Tatars]].<blockquote>[[Kazan]] was built by the Perekop fugitives from [[Taurida]] during the reign of [[Vasily II of Moscow|Vasily Vasilyevich]] in [[Moscowia|Moscow]]. [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasily Ivanovich]] forced her to take tsars from him for herself. And then, when she was indignant, he embarrassed her with the hardships of a dangerous war, but he did not conquer her. But in 7061 ([[1552]]), his son [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV]] took the city of Kazan after a six-month siege together with the [[Cheremis]]. However, in the form of a reward for the offense, he subdued neighboring [[Volga Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], which he could not stand for frequent rebellions.

— ''[[Johann Gottlieb Georgi]]''. Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state : their everyday rituals, customs, clothes, dwellings, exercises, amusements, faiths and other memorabilia. Part 2 : About the peoples of the Tatar tribe and other undecided origin of the Northern Siberian. ''—'' 1799. page 8 <ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Also in Kazan there is a famous "[[Kaban Lakes|Kaban Lake]]" similar to the name of the "[[Kuban (river)|Kuban River]]", which translates from [[Nogai language|Nogai]] as "overflowing".

The formation of the Kazan Tatars occurred only in the Golden Horde in the XIV14th - first half of the XV15th century. from the Central Asian Turkic-Tatar tribes that arrived with the Mongols and appeared in the Lower Volga region in the XI11th century. Kipchaks (Polovtsians). There were only minor groups of Kipchak tribes on the Bulgarian and Cheremis land, and there were very few of them on the territory of the future Kazan Khanate. But during the events of 1438–1445, associated with the formation of the Kazan Khanate, together with Khan Uluk-Muhammad, about 40 thousand Tatars arrived here at once. Subsequently, Tatars from [[Astrakhan]], [[Azov]], [[Crimea]], [[Akhtubinsk]] and other places moved to the [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan Khanate]]. The Arab historian Al-Omari (Shihabuddin al-Umari) wrote that, having joined the Golden Horde, the Cumans moved to the position of subjects. The Tatar-Mongols who settled on the territory of the Polovtsian steppe gradually mixed with the Polovtsians. Al-Omari concludes that after several generations, the Tatars began to look like Polovtsy: "as if from the same (with them) kind," because they began to live on their lands.

* The Western Tatars have their capital in the town of Qasím ([[Kasimov]], {{lang-rulangx |ru| Касимов}}) in [[Ryazan Oblast]], with a Tatar population of 1100.{{Citation needed|date= October 2008}}

The Astrakhan Tatars (around 80,000) are a group of Tatars, descendants of the [[Astrakhan Khanate]]'s population, who live mostly in [[Astrakhan Oblast]]. In the [[Russian Census (2010)|Russian census of 2010]] most Astrakhan Tatars declared themselves simply as "Tatars" and few declared themselves as "Astrakhan Tatars". Many Volga Tatars live in Astrakhan Oblast, and differences between the two groups have been disappearing.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

====Lipka Tatars====

The Tatars played a relatively prominent role for such a small community in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth military as well as in Polish and Lithuanian political and intellectual life.{{Citation needed|date= April 2007}} In modern-day Poland, their presence is also widely known, due in part to their noticeable role in the historical novels of [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] (1846–1916), which are universally recognized in Poland. A number of Polish intellectual figures have also been Tatars, e.g. the prominent historian [[Jerzy Łojek]].

Crimean Tatars are aan relativelyindigenous recentpeople ethnic layer inof [[Crimea]]. TheyTheir displacedformation the Greek-speaking Byzantines and the remnants of the Gothic populations that settled there in the 3rd century AD. Crimean Tatars formed as a distinct identityoccurred during the 13th–17th centuries. They incorporated many invading Turkic people, includingprimarily thefrom [[Cumans]] that settledappeared in Crimea in the 10th century, andwith otherstrong contributions from all the peoples who ever inhabited Crimea before (Greeks, Scythians, and Goths).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ana-yurt.com/qrt/istoriya-etnogeneza-krymskih-tatar|title=История этногенеза крымских татар {{!}} Ана юрт|website=ana-yurt.com|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

In 1441, an embassy from the representatives of several strongest clans of Crimea, including the Golden Horde clans Shırın and [[Barın]] and the Cumanic clan—Kıpçak, went to the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] to invite Hacı Giray to rule in Crimea. He became the founder of the [[Giray dynasty]], which ruled until the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by Russia in 1783.<ref name="Gayvoronsky"/> [[Hacı I Giray]] was a [[Jochid]] descendant of [[Genghis Khan]] and of his grandson [[Batu Khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]]. During the reign of [[Meñli I Giray]], Hacı's son, the army of the [[Great Horde]] that still existed then invaded Crimea from the north, Crimean Khan won the general battle, overtaking the army of the Horde Khan in Takht-Lia, where he was killed, the Horde ceased to exist, and the Crimean Khan became the [[Khagan|Great Khan]] and the successor of this state.<ref name="Gayvoronsky"/><ref>Vosgrin, 1992. {{ISBN|5-244-00641-X}}.</ref> Since then, the Crimean Khanate was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century.<ref>Halil İnalcik, 1942 {{Page needed|date= June 2011}}</ref> The Khanate officially operated as a vassal state of the [[Ottoman Empire]], with great autonomy after 1580,<ref>[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]: [https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808 Вер­хов­ная власть при­над­ле­жа­ла ха­ну – пред­ста­ви­те­лю ди­на­стии Ги­ре­ев, ко­то­рый яв­лял­ся вас­са­лом тур. сул­та­на (офи­ци­аль­но за­кре­п­ле­но в 1580-х гг., ко­гда имя сул­та­на ста­ло про­из­но­сить­ся пе­ред име­нем ха­на во вре­мя пят­нич­ной мо­лит­вы, что в му­сульм. ми­ре слу­жи­ло при­зна­ком вас­са­ли­те­та)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506231421/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808 |date=6 May 2020 }}</ref> because of being a Muslim state, the Crimean Khanate just could not be separate from the Ottoman caliphate, and therefore the Crimean khans had to recognize the Ottoman caliph as the supreme ruler, in fact, the viceroy of God on earth. At the same time, the Nogai hordes, not having their own khan, were vassals of the Crimean one, the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>[http://inslav.ru/images/stories/pdf/2008_Kochegarov.pdf Kochegarov] (2008), p. 230</ref><ref>J. Tyszkiewicz. Tatarzy na Litwie i w Polsce. Studia z dziejow XIII-XVIII w. Warszawa, 1989. p. 167</ref> paid annual tribute to the khan (until [[Treaty of Constantinople (1700)|1700]]<ref>Davies (2007), p. 187; Torke (1997), p. 110</ref> and [[Treaty of Karlowitz|1699]], respectively). In 1711, when [[Peter I of Russia]] went on a campaign with all his troops (80,000) to gain access to the Black Sea, he was surrounded by the army of the Crimean Khan [[Devlet II Giray]], finding himself in a hopeless situation. And only the betrayal of the Ottoman vizier [[Baltacı Mehmet Pasha]] allowed Peter to get out of the encirclement of the Crimean Tatars.<ref>Ahmad III, H. Bowen, ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J. Shacht (E.J.Brill, 1986), 269.</ref> When Devlet II Giray protested against the vizier's decision,{{efn|He was claiming: "Such a strong and merciless enemy as Moscow, falling on its feet, fell into our hands. This is such a convenient case when, if we wish so, we can capture Russia from one side to the other, since I know for sure that the whole the strength of the Russian army is this army. Our task now is to pat the Russian army so that it cannot move anywhere from this place, and we will get to Moscow and bring the matter to the point that the Russian Tsar would be appointed by our [[padishah]]."<ref name="Halim Gray 1882" />}} his response was: "You might know your Tatar affairs. The affairs of the [[Sublime Porte]] are entrusted to me. You do not have the right to interfere in them."<ref name="Halim Gray 1882">[http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/24.phtml?id=12944 Halim Giray], 1822 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> [[Treaty of the Pruth]] was signed, and 10 years later, Russia declared itself an empire. In 1736, the Crimean Khan [[Qaplan I Giray]] was summoned by the Turkish Sultan [[Ahmed III]] to [[Persia]]. Understanding that Russia could take advantage of the lack of troops in Crimea, Qaplan Giray wrote to the Sultan to think twice, but the Sultan was persistent. As it was expected by Qaplan Giray, in [[Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)|1736 the Russian army invaded]] Crimea, led by [[Burkhard Christoph von Münnich|Münnich]], devastated the peninsula, killed civilians and destroyed all major cities, occupied the capital, [[Bakhchisaray]], and burnt the [[Bakhchisaray Palace|Khan's palace]] with all the archives and documents, and then left Crimea because of the epidemic that had begun in it. One year later the same was done by another Russian general—[[Peter Lacy]].<ref name="Gayvoronsky">Gayvoronsky, 2007</ref><ref>Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II. ABC-CLIO. p. 732</ref> Since then, the Crimean Khanate had not been able to recover, and its slow decline began. The [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|Russo-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774]] resulted in the defeat of the Ottomans by the Russians, and according to the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] (1774) signed after the war, Crimea became independent and the Ottomans renounced their political right to protect the Crimean Khanate. After a period of political unrest in Crimea, [[Imperial Russia]] violated the treaty and [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire|annexed the Crimean Khanate]] in 1783.

Nizhny-Novgorod-Mosque-inscription-C0274.jpg|Tatar sign on a [[madrasah]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod]], written in both [[ArabicFarsi]] and Cyrillic Tatar scripts