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Template:Syrian civil war infobox

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Syrian Civil War
Part of the Arab Spring, the Arab Winter, the spillover of the Iraqi Civil War, Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict[14][15][16] and Cold War II[17]

Current military situation: Red: Syrian Government, Yellow: Federation of North Syria (SDF), Grey: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, White: Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, Green: Syrian Opposition
(for a more detailed map, see Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War). Map above was last updated on 10 September 2016.
Date15 March 2011 (2011-03-15) – present
(13 years, 7 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Syria (with spillovers in neighboring countries)
Status Ongoing
Territorial
changes		 As of February 2016: the government held 40% of Syria[18] (66% of the population);[19] ISIL-held territory constituted 20–40% of Syria;[18][20] 20% controlled by rebel groups (including the al-Nusra front);[18] 15–20% held by the Kurds[21][18]
Main belligerents
Opposition
(SRCC)
  • FSA
  • Fatah Halab (since 2015)[a]
  • Islamic Front (2013–2015)

 Turkey[b]

Support:

Army of Conquest

Allied groups

Support:
(SDF)

Allied groups:

Support:

CJTF–OIR
(from 2014)

 United States
 United Kingdom
 France[10]
 Canada[11] (2014–2016)
 Germany[12]
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Turkey[13]
 Denmark
 Australia
 Saudi Arabia
 Jordan
 UAE
 Qatar
Commanders and leaders
KIA:
KIA:
KIA:
KIA:
KIA:

United States Army Sean MacFarland[54]
(Commander of CJTF-OIR)

Barack Obama
(President of the United States)
Strength

Syrian Armed Forces: 178,000[55]

General Security Directorate: 8,000[56]

National Defense Force: 80,000[57]

Hezbollah: 6,000–8,000[58]

Ba'ath Brigades: 7,000

Russia: 4,000 troops[59] and 1,000 contractors[60]

Iran: 3,000–5,000[58][61]

Other allied groups: 15,500+

FSA: 40,000–50,000[62]

Islamic Front: 40,000–70,000[63]

Fatah Halab:[a] ~25,000–32,000[64][65][66][67]

Other groups: 12,500[68]

al-Nusra: 13,000[69][70]

Allied groups: 8,500+		 31,500[71]–100,000[72]

YPG and YPJ: 57,000-60,000[73][74]

Syrian Arab Coalition: 4,000 (claimed)

Syriac Military Council: 2,000

Army of Revolutionaries: 3,000
Casualties and losses

Syrian Government:
59,006–94,006 soldiers killed[75][76]
41,564–55,564 militiamen killed[75][76]
6,000 soldiers and militiamen and 2,000 supporters captured[75]
Hezbollah:
1,321–1,400 killed[75][77]
Russia Russia:
20 soldiers killed[78] and 9–15 contractors[79][60][80] killed

Other non-Syrian fighters:
5,163 killed[75] ( 444)[81]

104,390–130,390 fighters killed[d] (Ahrar al-Sham: 7,805 killed)[75][76][82]
979 protesters killed[83]

Turkey Turkey:
8 soldiers killed (2016 ground incursion into Syria)[84]		 ISIL:
11,522+ killed (per SOHR)[85]
16,089+ killed (per SAA and YPG)[86][87][88][89]

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Rojava:
3,217 killed[90][91]

CJTF–OIR:
2 killed[92][93]

86,692[75]–99,227[94] (3,160 foreign; mostly Palestinian) civilian deaths documented by opposition
88 other foreign soldiers killed
(Lebanon 48, Iraq 16, Turkey 17, Jordan 7)

Total killed:
301,781–422,317 (September 2016 SOHR estimate)[75]
470,000 (February 2016 SCPR estimate)[95]

Over 7,600,000 internally displaced (July 2015 UNHCR estimate)

Over 4,800,000 refugees (August 2016 estimate NRC Handelsblad)[96]; over 4,000,000 (July 2015 UNHCR estimate)[97][98][99]

a Fatah Halab (English: Aleppo Conquest) also includes groups from the FSA.

b Turkey is part of the CJTF–OIR against ISIL, but opposes Rojava and is in a border conflict with it. Turkey has also clashed with the Syrian government and Russia.[100][101]

c The United States fights alongside the Opposition solely against ISIL, not against the Syrian government or Rojava.
Some of the rebels that have been armed by the United States have given vehicles and ammunition to the al-Nusra Front.[102]

d Number includes Kurdish and ISIL fighters, whose deaths are also listed in their separate columns.[103][75][76]


References

  1. ^ Kalin, Stephen (27 September 2015). "Iraq says Russia, Iran, Syria cooperating on security issues in Baghdad". Reuters. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  2. ^ "U.S. weapons reaching Syrian rebels". Washington Post. 11 September 2013.
  3. ^ "Hollande confirms French delivery of arms to Syrian rebels". 21 August 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  4. ^ a b c Wladimir van Wilgenburg (12 June 2015). "The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria". Terrorism Monitor. Vol. XIII, no. 12. Jamestown Foundation. p. 3.
  5. ^ a b c Gareth Porter (28 May 2015). "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest'". Al-Ahram Weekly.
  6. ^ Demir, Arzu (28 January 2015). "Preparations for international brigade in Rojava". Firat News Agency. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  7. ^ [1]
  8. ^ Wood, L. Todd (8 February 2016). "Russia supporting Kurdish groups in Syria to Turkey's detriment". Washington Times.
  9. ^ "Activists and a rebel commander say Kurdish fighters have launched an attack in northern Syria under the cover of Russian airstrikes to try and capture a military air base held by insurgents". US News & World Report. 10 February 2016.
  10. ^ "France Says Its Airstrikes Hit an ISIS Camp in Syria". The New York Times. 28 September 2015.
  11. ^ Barton, Rosemary (26 November 2015). "Justin Trudeau to pull fighter jets, keep other military planes in ISIS fight". CBC News. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  12. ^ See German intervention against ISIL
  13. ^ "Operation Inherent Resolve".
  14. ^ Gerges, Fawaz (15 December 2013). "Saudi Arabia and Iran must end their proxy war in Syria". The Guardian.
  15. ^ Rogin, Josh (4 November 2015). "Iran and Saudi Arabia Clash Inside Syria Talks". Bloomberg View. ...Iran and Saudi Arabia to discuss anything civilly, much less come to an agreement on Syria, where both sides have proxy forces in the fight.
  16. ^ Loewenstein, Jennifer. "Heading Toward a Collision: Syria, Saudi Arabia and Regional Proxy Wars". CounterPunch. Saudi Arabian and Iranian-backed factions are contributing to the proxy war in Syria...
  17. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=1
  18. ^ a b c d "Syrian War Could Turn on the Battle for Aleppo". Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  19. ^ Marc Champion (14 September 2015). "To Imagine Syria at Peace, Think of Bosnia". BloombergView.com.
  20. ^ Syrian regime forces 'enter IS-held Palmyra'
  21. ^ Kurds should have a say on Syria’s future at Geneva talks – UN envoy
  22. ^ "Syria: Bashar al-Assad's brother Maher 'loses leg". Telegraph. August 2012.
  23. ^ "Leading Syrian regime figures killed in Damascus bomb attack". Guardian. July 2012.
  24. ^ "Syria defence minister killed in Damascus bomb". Telegraph. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  25. ^ "No sign of Assad after bomb kills kin, rebels close in". Reuters. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  26. ^ "Syria attack: Security chief Ikhtiar dies from wounds". BBC. 20 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  27. ^ "Syrian military spy chief killed in battle". al-Jazeera. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  28. ^ New York Times "Syria Remains Silent on Intelligence Official's Death". 24 April 2015. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  29. ^ "Assad cousin killed in Syria's Latakia". al-Jazeera. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  30. ^ "Syrian protesters keep up pressure". al-Jazeera. 4 April 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  31. ^ "Iranian commander Brigadier General Hossein Hamedani killed by Isis while advising Syrian regime". The Independent. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  32. ^ "Iranian General Is Killed in Syria". Wall Street Journal. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  33. ^ "Iran buries Guards commander Killed in Syria". BBC. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  34. ^ "Commander of Hezbollah Freed by Israel Is Killed in Syria". BBC. 20 December 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  35. ^ "Obituary: Hezbollah military commander Mustafa Badreddine". BBC. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  36. ^ "Syria rebel leader Col. Riad al-Asaad wounded in attack, opposition says". CBS News. 25 March 2013.
  37. ^ a b "Leading Syrian rebel groups form new Islamic Front". BBC. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  38. ^ "Russian raids kill prominent Syrian rebel commander". aljazeera.com.
  39. ^ Nic Robertson; Paul Cruickshank (5 March 2015). "Source: Syrian warplanes kill leaders of al-Nusra". CNN. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ "Senior Nusra Front commander killed in Syria air strike". Al-Jazeera. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  41. ^ "Nusra Front spokesman killed by air strike in Syria". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  42. ^ "Syria's Qaeda spokesman, 20 jihadists dead in strikes: monitor". www.yahoo.com. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  43. ^ "Air strike kills top commander of former Nusra group in Syria". Reuters. 9 September 2016.
  44. ^ "Suicide bombing kills head of Syrian rebel group". The Daily Star.
  45. ^ "Al Qaeda's chief representative in Syria killed in suicide attack". Long War Journal.
  46. ^ "Isis leader incapacitated with suspected spinal injuries after air strike". Guardian. 1 May 2015.
  47. ^ "U.S. Condemns Terrorist Attacks in Iraq and Pledges to Help Combat al Qaeda". United States Department of State. 10 August 2013.
  48. ^ "ISIS confirms death of senior leader in Syria". Long War Journal. February 2014. Retrieved 2015. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  49. ^ Alessandria Masi (11 November 2014). "If ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Killed, Who Is Caliph Of The Islamic State Group?". International Business Times. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  50. ^ "A Top ISIS Leader Is Killed in an Airstrike, the Pentagon Says". New York Times. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  51. ^ "U.S. confirms death of ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani". CNN. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  52. ^ "ISIS spokesman killed in Aleppo". CNN. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  53. ^ "Why Abu Layla will be missed". CNN.
  54. ^ MacFarland leads the coalition against ISIS accessdate=2015-10-30
  55. ^ "Syria military strength". Global Fire Power. 17 October 2015.
  56. ^ "Syria's diminished security forces". AFP. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  57. ^ ISIS’ Iraq offensive could trigger Hezbollah to fill gap left in Syria The Daily Star, 16 June 2014
  58. ^ a b "Iran 'Foreign Legion' Leads Battle in Syria's North". The Wall Street Journal. 17 February 2016.
  59. ^ "Russia's Syria force has reportedly grown to 4,000 people". Business Insider. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  60. ^ a b Thomas Grove (18 December 2015). "Up to Nine Russian Contractors Die in Syria, Experts Say". WSJ.
  61. ^ Syria civil war: State-of-the-art technology gives President Assad’s army the edge
  62. ^ Cockburn, Patrick (11 December 2013). "West suspends aid for Islamist rebels in Syria, underlining their disillusionment with those forces opposed to President Bashar al-Assad". The Independent.
  63. ^ "Front to Back". Foreign Policy.
  64. ^ "Syria crisis: Guide to armed and political opposition". BBC. 13 December 2013.
  65. ^ "Factbox: Syria's rebel groups". Reuters. 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  66. ^ "Al Qaida rebels leave mass grave behind as they desert base in Syria". McClatchy. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  67. ^ "Syrian rebel group offers 2000 jihadists to fight Houthis in Yemen". ZAMAN ALWSL.
  68. ^ Who are these 70,000 Syrian fighters David Cameron is relying on? Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  69. ^ "Syria crisis: Spooked by rebel gains, Jordan doubles down on Islamic State". 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  70. ^ "Syria Direct: News Update 3-25-15". 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  71. ^ "Islamic State fighter estimate triples - CIA". BBC. 12 September 2014.
  72. ^ "War with Isis: Islamic militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader". The Independent. 18 November 2014.
  73. ^ "Will the Islamic State last through 2015?". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  74. ^ "Kurdish Women Turning Kobani into a Living 'Hell' for Islamic State".
  75. ^ a b c d e f g h i "About 430 thousands were killed since the beginning of the Syrian revolution". 13 September 2016.
  76. ^ a b c d "More than 110 dead, thousands of regime forces during the 41 months". Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  77. ^ "Hizbullah's military commander is killed". The Economist. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  78. ^ "Глава Кабардино-Балкарии подтвердил гибель двадцатого российского военного в Сирии". Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  79. ^ "Three Russians killed in Syria: pro-government source". Yahoo News. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  80. ^ "Fontanka Investigates Russian Mercenaries Dying For Putin In Syria And Ukraine". 29 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  81. ^ Iranian combat fatalities in Syria since January 2012: IRGC (437); Regular Military: (7). September, 2016: 5.
  82. ^ "Senior Ahrar al-Sham leader on group losses in Syria's war". 10 September 2016.
  83. ^ "Syria: Opposition, almost 11,500 civilians killed". Ansamed.ansa.it. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  84. ^ Soldier wounded in ISIL attack on Turkish tank in Syria dies
  85. ^ "IS executes over 3,000 in Syria in year-long ´caliphate´". AFP. 28 June 2015.
    9 weeks of the “truce and cease of fight operations” kills almost 5,600 people in most of the Syrian provinces
    "81 executions during the 23rd month "the Islamic State's Caliphate" in Syria rise the number of executions carried out by the "Islamic State" to 4225". SOHR. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
    Thousands flee ISIS offensive in northern Syria
    The third US citizen fighter is killed in Manbij area and casualty number rises to about 1800 civilians and fighters
    "About 8500 persons including 3200 civilians killed by Russian warplanes in 11 months of bombing in Syria". SOHR. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  86. ^ YPG releases balance-sheet of 2014: Nearly 5,000 ISIS members killed
  87. ^ Balance of the War Against Hostile Groups in Rojava, Northern Syria: Year 2015
  88. ^ "Syrian Army Kills Nearly 5,000 IS Militants in Three Months: Source". sputniknews.com. 25 December 2014.
  89. ^ The army takes full control of Palmyra city, hundreds of ISIS terrorists killed
  90. ^ Jonathan Steele. "The Syrian Kurds Are Winning!". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  91. ^ 217 killed (January-March, June-July 2016),[2][3][4][5][6] total of 217 reported killed
  92. ^ "Marine is first US death in operations against Islamic State". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  93. ^ Jordan pilot murder: Islamic State deploys asymmetry of fear
  94. ^ "Violations Documenting Center". Violations Documenting Center. 23 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  95. ^ Report on Syria conflict finds 11.5% of population killed or injured
  96. ^ NRC Handelsblad, 15 August 2016.
  97. ^ "More than four million Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries, UN says". Telegraph.co.uk. 9 July 2015.
  98. ^ Tom Miles (9 July 2015). "Syria's neighbors now host four million of its refugees, U.N. says". Reuters.
  99. ^ "UNHCR: Syrian Refugees Cross Four Million Mark - Al Jazeera America". aljazeera.com.
  100. ^ Reuters Editorial (13 February 2016). "Turkish forces shell Syrian air base captured by Kurds". Reuters UK. Retrieved 14 February 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  101. ^ Turkey shells Kurdish positions in Syria for 2nd day
  102. ^ "US-trained rebels give equipment to al-Qaeda affiliate". BBC.
  103. ^ "More than 215,000 killed in Syria since 2011". 3news.co.nz.
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