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| era = [[Edo period]]
| status =
| government_type = {{Nowrap|<!-- [[Monarchy|Monarchic]] -->[[Feudalism in Japan|Feudal]]<ref name="
| year_start = 1600<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.nakasendoway.com/the-story-of-the-battle-of-sekigahara/|title= The Story of the Battle of Sekigahara|accessdate= 2021-05-28|archive-date= 2021-05-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210516072023/https://www.nakasendoway.com/the-story-of-the-battle-of-sekigahara/|url-status= live}}</ref>
| year_end = 1868<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/japan/|title=meiji-restoration Tokugawa Period and Meiji Restoration |accessdate=2021-05-28}}</ref>
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| image_map = Map of Japan in Provinces in time of Iyeyasu.jpg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]]<br />(Shōgun's residence)<br />[[Heian-kyō]]<br />(Emperor's palace)
| largest_city = [[Osaka]] (1600–1613)<br />Heian-kyō (1613–1638)<br />Edo (1638–1868)
| national_motto =
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| year_leader1 = 1600–1611 <small>(first)</small>
| year_leader2 = 1867–1868 <small>(last)</small>
| title_leader = [[
| representative1 = [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]
| representative2 = [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]]
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}}
{{History of Japan |smart |image=NikkoYomeimon5005.jpg |caption=[[Nikkō Tōshō-gū]]}}
The '''Tokugawa shogunate''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|ɒ|k|uː|ˈ|g|ɑː|w|ə}} {{respell|TOK|oo|GAH|wə}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Tokugawa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128102825/https://www.lexico.com/definition/tokugawa |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |title=Tokugawa |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{
The Tokugawa [[shogun]]ate was established by [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] after victory at the [[Battle of Sekigahara]], ending the civil wars of the [[Sengoku period]] following the collapse of the [[Ashikaga shogunate]]. Ieyasu became the ''[[shōgun]],'' and the [[Tokugawa clan]] governed Japan from [[Edo Castle]] in the eastern city of [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]] ([[Tokyo]]) along with the ''[[daimyō]]'' lords of the ''[[samurai]]'' class.<ref>{{harvnb|Nussbaum
The Tokugawa shogunate declined during the ''[[Bakumatsu]]'' period from 1853 and was overthrown by supporters of the [[Imperial Court in Kyoto|Imperial Court]] in the [[Meiji Restoration]] in 1868. The [[Empire of Japan]] was established under the [[Government of Meiji Japan|Meiji government]], and Tokugawa loyalists continued to fight in the [[Boshin War]] until the defeat of the [[Republic of Ezo]] at the [[Battle of Hakodate]] in June 1869.
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==History==
{{see also|Sengoku period|Tokugawa Ieyasu|Bakumatsu}}{{Further|Edo period}}
Following the Sengoku period ("Warring States period"), the central government had been largely re-established by [[Oda Nobunaga]] during the [[Azuchi–Momoyama period]]. After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu.<ref name="nussbaum978" /> While many ''daimyos'' who fought against him were extinguished or had their holdings reduced, Ieyasu was committed to retaining the ''daimyos'' and the ''han'' (domains) as components under his new shogunate.<ref name="
In 1616, there was a failed attempt of the [[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1616)|invasion of Taiwan]] by a Shogunate subject named [[Murayama Tōan]].<ref name="Taiwan Government">[http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/history/tw04.html Taiwan Government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070801062712/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/history/tw04.html|date=2007-08-01}}</ref><ref name="gregorysmits">{{Cite web |last=Smits |first=Gregory |author-link=Gregory Smits |title=Recent Trends in Scholarship on the History of Ryukyu's Relations with China and Japan |url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/Smits_bonn06_Revised.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302074408/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/Smits_bonn06_Revised.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-02 |website=[[Penn State]]}}</ref>
A long period of peace occurred between the [[Siege of Osaka]] in 1615 and the [[Keian Uprising]] in 1651. This period saw the bakufu prioritise civil administration, while civil society witnessed a surge in trade and industrial activities. Trade under the reign of Ieyasu saw much new wealth created by mining and goods manufacturing, which resulted in a rural population flow to urban areas.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=Sir George Bailey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oul3FkdYxR0C |title=A History of Japan: 1615-1867 |date=1958 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-0527-1 |location=Stanford, California |pages=58, 156 |language=en}}</ref> By the [[Genroku period]] (1688–1704) Japan saw a period of material prosperity and the blossoming of the arts, such as the early development of ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' by [[Hishikawa Moronobu|Moronobu]]. The reign of [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]] (1716–1745) saw poor harvests and a fall in tax revenue in the early 1720s, as a result he pushed for the [[Kyoho Reforms|Kyoho reforms]] to repair the finances of the bakufu as he believed the military aristocracy was losing its power against the rich merchants and landowners.<ref name=":6" /> [[Edo society|Society in the Tokugawa period]], unlike in previous shogunates, was supposedly based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. The ''daimyō'' (lords) were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, ''daimyō,'' and samurai were more or less identical, since ''daimyō'' might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local rulers.{{Cn|date=March 2024}}▼
▲A long period of peace occurred between the [[Siege of Osaka]] in 1615 and the [[Keian Uprising]] in 1651. This period saw the bakufu prioritise civil administration, while civil society witnessed a surge in trade and industrial activities. Trade under the reign of Ieyasu saw much new wealth created by mining and goods manufacturing, which resulted in a rural population flow to urban areas.<ref name="
The largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts that did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners increasingly declined over time. A 2017 study found that peasant rebellions and desertion lowered tax rates and inhibited state growth in the Tokugawa shogunate.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Paik |first1=Christopher |last2=Steele |first2=Abbey |last3=Tanaka |first3=Seiki |year=2017 |title=Constraining the Samurai: Rebellion and Taxation in Early Modern Japan |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/137080/1/Binder3.pdf |url-status=live |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=5 |doi=10.1093/isq/sqx008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309202210/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/137080/1/Binder3.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-09 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref> By the mid-18th century, both the ''shogun'' and ''daimyos'' were hampered by financial difficulties, whereas more wealth flowed to the merchant class. Peasant uprisings and samurai discontent became increasingly prevalent. Some reforms were enacted to attend to these issues such as the [[Kansei Reforms|Kansei reform]] (1787–1793) by [[Matsudaira Sadanobu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deal |first=William E. |title=Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> He bolstered the bakufu's rice stockpiles and mandated ''daimyos'' to follow suit. He cut down urban spending, allocated reserves for potential famines, and urged city-dwelling peasants to return to rural areas.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hane |first=Mikiso |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780429494819/premodern-japan-mikiso-hane |title=Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey |date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-49481-9 |edition=2 |location=New York |doi=10.4324/9780429494819|s2cid=242322729 }}</ref>▼
[[Edo society|Society in the Tokugawa period]], unlike in previous shogunates, was supposedly based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. The ''daimyō'' (lords) were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, ''daimyō,'' and samurai were more or less identical, since ''daimyō'' might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local rulers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
By 1800, Japan included five cities with over 100,000 residents, and three among the world's twenty cities that had more than 300,000 inhabitants. Edo likely claimed the title of the world's most populous city, housing over one million people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jansen |first=Marius B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvMXBAAAQBAJ |title=The Making of Modern Japan |date=2002-10-15 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-00991-2 |pages=245–246 |language=en}}</ref>▼
▲The largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts that did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners increasingly declined over time. A 2017 study found that peasant rebellions and desertion lowered tax rates and inhibited state growth in the Tokugawa shogunate.<ref name="
▲By 1800, Japan included five cities with over 100,000 residents, and three among the world's twenty cities that had more than 300,000 inhabitants. Edo likely claimed the title of the world's most populous city, housing over one million people.<ref>{{
=== Christians under the Shogunate ===
Followers of [[
Though Christianity was allowed to grow until the 1610s, [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] soon began to see it as a growing threat to the stability of the shogunate. As ''Ōgosho'' ("Cloistered ''Shōgun''"),<ref>{{harvnb|Nussbaum
=== Late Tokugawa shogunate (1853–1867) ===
{{main|Bakumatsu}}
[[File:Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg|thumb|[[Samurai]] of the [[Shimazu clan]]]]
The late Tokugawa shogunate ({{
An alliance of ''daimyos'' and the emperor, succeeded in overthrowing the shogunate, which came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa shogun'','' [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], leading to the "restoration" ([[:ja:王政復古 (日本)|王政復古]], ''Ōsei fukko'') of imperial rule. Some loyal retainers of the shogun continued to fight during the [[Boshin War|Boshin war]] that followed but were eventually defeated in the notable [[Battle of Toba–Fushimi]].<ref name="LS">{{Cite book |last=Ravina
==Government==
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===Shogunate and domains===<!-- The article O-Ie Sōdō links to this section. If you change the title of this section, kindly consider also changing the link (the on-screen text is ''bakuhan'') in O-Ie Sōdō. -->
The ''bakuhan'' system (''bakuhan taisei'' {{lang|ja|幕藩体制}}) was the [[Feudalism|feudal]] political system in the Edo period of Japan.<ref name="
The ''bakuhan'' system split feudal power between the shogunate in Edo and the ''daimyōs'' with domains throughout Japan.<ref name="
The ''shōgun'' also administered the most powerful ''han'', the hereditary fief of the House of Tokugawa, which also included many gold and silver mines.<ref name="
The number of ''han'' (roughly 270) fluctuated throughout the Edo period.<ref name="
==== Policies to control the daimyos ====
The main policies of the shogunate on the ''daimyos'' included:
* The principle was that each ''daimyo'' (including those who were previously independent of the Tokugawa family) submitted to the shogunate, and each ''han'' required the shogunate's recognition and was subject to its land redistributions.<ref name="
* The ''[[sankin-kōtai]]'' (参勤交代 "alternate attendance") system, required ''daimyos'' to travel to and reside in Edo every other year, and for their families to remain in Edo during their absence.
* The ''ikkoku ichijyō rei'' (一国一城令), allowed each daimyo's ''han'' to retain only one fortification, at the ''daimyo's'' residence.<ref name="
* The [[Buke shohatto|Laws for the Military Houses]] (武家諸法度, ''buke shohatto''), the first of which is 1615 forbade the building of new fortifications or repairing existing ones without ''bakufu'' approval, admitting fugitives of the shogunate, and arranging marriages of the daimyos' families without official permission.<ref name="
Although the shogun issued certain laws, such as the ''buke shohatto'' on the ''daimyōs'' and the rest of the samurai class, each ''han'' administered its autonomous system of laws and [[taxation]].<ref name="
[[File:Edo P2.jpg|thumb|[[Edo Castle]], 17th century]]
The shogunate had the power to discard, annex, and transform domains, although they were rarely and carefully exercised after the early years of the shogunate, to prevent ''daimyōs'' from banding together.<ref name="
In return for the centralization, peace among the daimyos was maintained; unlike in the [[Sengoku period]], daimyos no longer worried about conflicts with one another.<ref name="
==== Classification of daimyos ====
The Tokugawa clan further ensured loyalty by maintaining a dogmatic insistence on loyalty to the ''shōgun''. Daimyos were classified into three main categories:<ref name="
* ''[[Shinpan]]'' ("relatives" 親藩) were six clans established by sons of Ieyasu, as well as certain sons of the 8th and 9th shoguns, who were made daimyos.<ref name="
* ''[[Fudai daimyō|Fudai]]'' ("hereditary" 譜代) were mostly vassals of Ieyasu and the Tokugawa clan before the [[Battle of Sekigahara]].<ref name="
* ''[[Tozama daimyō|Tozama]]'' ("outsiders" 外様) were around 100 daimyos, most of whom became vassals of the Tokugawa clan after the Battle of Sekigahara. Some fought against Tokugawa forces, although some were neutral or even fought on the side of the Tokugawa clan, as allies rather than vassals.<ref name="
The ''tozama daimyos'' who fought against the Tokugawa clan in the Battle of Sekigahara had their estate reduced substantially.<ref name="
===Relations with the Emperor===
[[File:Tokugawa Ieyasu - Directories of Famous Generals of Japan.jpg|thumb|An ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' by [[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi|Yoshitoshi]] depicting the scene when Ieyasu had an audience with [[Emperor Go-Yōzei]]]]
Regardless of the political title of the Emperor, the ''shōguns'' of the Tokugawa family controlled Japan.<ref>{{harvnb|Jansen
Towards the end of the shogunate, however, after centuries of the Emperor having very little say in state affairs and being secluded in his [[Kyoto Imperial Palace|Kyoto palace]], and in the wake of the reigning ''shōgun'', [[Tokugawa Iemochi]], marrying the sister of [[Emperor Kōmei]] (r. 1846–1867), in 1862, the Imperial Court in Kyoto began to enjoy increased political influence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keene
===Shogun and foreign trade===
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After 1635 and the introduction of [[Sakoku|seclusion laws]] (''sakoku''), inbound ships were only allowed from [[Qing dynasty|China]], [[Joseon|Korea]], and the [[Netherlands]].
▲Followers of [[Christianity]] first began appearing in Japan during the 16th century. [[Oda Nobunaga]] embraced Christianity and the Western technology that was imported with it, such as the musket. He also saw it as a tool he could use to suppress Buddhist forces.<ref>Chie Nakane and Shinzaburou Oishi (1990). ''Tokugawa Japan – The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan''. University of Tokyo Press. pp.12.</ref>
▲Though Christianity was allowed to grow until the 1610s, [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] soon began to see it as a growing threat to the stability of the shogunate. As ''Ōgosho'' ("Cloistered ''Shōgun''"),<ref>Nussbaum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA738&dq= "''Ogosho''"] at p. 738.</ref> he influenced the implementation of laws that banned the practice of Christianity. His successors followed suit, compounding upon Ieyasu's laws. The ban of Christianity is often linked with the creation of the Seclusion laws, or [[Sakoku]], in the 1630s.<ref>Chie Nakane and Shinzaburou Oishi (1990). ''Tokugawa Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan''. University of Tokyo Press. pp.24–28.</ref>
=== Government income ===
The primary source of the shogunate's income was the tax (around 40%) levied on harvests in the Tokugawa clan's personal domains (tenryō).<ref name="
== Shogunate institution ==
During the earliest years of the Tokugawa shogunate institution, when Tokugawa Hidetada coronated as the second shogun and Ieyasu retired, they formed a dual governments, where Hidetada controlled the official court with the government central located in Edo city, Ieyasu, who now became the ''Ōgosho'' (retired shogun), also control his own informal shadow government which called "Sunpu government" with its center at [[Sunpu Castle]]. The membership of the Sunpu government's cabinet was consisted of trusted vassals of Ieyasu which was not included in Hidetada's cabinet. including [[William Adams (samurai)]] and [[Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn]], which Ieyasu entrusted with foreign affairs and diplomacy.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Fujino Tamotsu (藤野保 ) |title=徳川政権と幕閣 |trans-title=Tokugawa Government and the Shogunate |date=1995 |publisher=新人物往来社 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYINAQAAMAAJ |access-date=15 July 2024 |language=Ja}} References:
* Kitajima Masamoto (ed.), "Everything about Tokugawa Ieyasu" (Shinjinbutsu Oraisha, 1983)
* Shinjinbutsu Oraisha, "Tokugawa Ieyasu Reader" (Shinjinbutsu Oraisha, 1992)
* Niki Kenichi, "Tokugawa Ieyasu" (Chikuma Shobo, 1998)
* Honda Takanari, "The Definitive Edition of Tokugawa Ieyasu" (Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 2010)
* [[Tetsuo Owada|Owada Tetsuo]], "Detailed Illustrated Ieyasu Chronicle" (Shinjinbutsu Oraisha, 2010)</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=徳川家臣団まとめ。家康が構築した組織構造や家臣の顔ぶれ、その変遷など |trans-title=Summary of the Tokugawa vassals. The organizational structure that Ieyasu established, the lineup of his vassals, and their changes. |url=https://sengoku-his.com/278 |website=戦国ヒストリーのサイトロゴ |publisher=sengoku-his.com |access-date=15 July 2024 |language=Ja |date=2023}}</ref>
The earliest structure of
▲The earliest structure of Tokugawa Shogunate organization has ''Buke Shitsuyaku'' as the highest rank. the earliest members of this office were [[Ii Naomasa]], [[Sakakibara Yasumasa]], and [[Honda Tadakatsu]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Antoine Rous marquis de La Mazelière |title=Le Japon: Le Japon des Tokugawa |date=1907 |publisher=Plon-Nourrit et cie |page=160 |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0EceAAAAMAAJ&q= |access-date=25 May 2024 |language=Fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=James Murdoch |title=A History of Japan, Volume 2 |date=1996 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=0415150760 |page=712 |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=fjSQOixtgngC&pg=PA712&dq= |access-date=25 May 2024 |language=En}}</ref>
The personal vassals of the Tokugawa shoguns were classified into two groups:
* the [[Hatamoto|bannermen]] (''hatamoto'' 旗本) had the privilege to directly approach the shogun;<ref name="
* the [[Gokenin|housemen]] (''gokenin'' 御家人) did not have the privilege of the shogun's audience.<ref name="
By the early 18th century, out of around 22,000 personal vassals, most would have received stipends rather than domains.<ref name="
===Rōjū and wakadoshiyori===
The ''[[rōjū]]'' ({{lang|ja|老中}}) were normally the most senior members of the shogunate.<ref name="
[[File:SakuradaGate2.jpg|thumb|Sakuradamon Gate of [[Edo Castle]] where [[Ii Naosuke]] was assassinated in 1860]]
In principle, the requirements for appointment to the office of rōjū were to be a ''[[fudai daimyō]]'' and to have a fief assessed at {{val|50,000}} ''[[koku]]'' or more.<ref name="
Irregularly, the ''shōguns'' appointed a ''rōjū'' to the position of ''[[tairō]]'' (great elder).<ref name="
Three to five men titled the ''[[wakadoshiyori]]'' (若年寄) were next in status below the rōjū.<ref name="
Some ''shōguns'' appointed a ''soba yōnin''. This person acted as a liaison between the ''shōgun'' and the ''rōjū''. The ''soba yōnin'' increased in importance during the time of the fifth ''shōgun'' [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]], when a wakadoshiyori, [[Inaba Masayasu]], assassinated [[Hotta Masatoshi]], the ''tairō''. Fearing for his personal safety, Tsunayoshi moved the ''rōjū'' to a more distant part of the castle. Some of the most famous ''soba yōnin'' were [[Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu]] and [[Tanuma Okitsugu]].
===Ōmetsuke and metsuke===
The ''ōmetsuke'' and ''[[metsuke]]'' were officials who reported to the ''rōjū'' and ''wakadoshiyori''.<ref name="
As time progressed, the function of the ''ōmetsuke'' evolved into one of passing orders from the shogunate to the ''daimyōs'', and of administering to ceremonies within Edo Castle. They also took on additional responsibilities such as supervising religious affairs and controlling firearms. The ''metsuke'', reporting to the ''wakadoshiyori'', oversaw the affairs of the vassals of the ''shōgun''.<ref name="
===San-bugyō===
The ''san-[[bugyō]]'' (三奉行 "three administrators") were the ''jisha'', ''kanjō'', and ''[[machi-bugyō]]'', which respectively oversaw [[Buddhist temples in Japan|temples]] and [[Shinto shrine|shrines]], accounting, and the cities. The ''[[jisha-bugyō]]'' had the highest status of the three. They oversaw the administration of Buddhist temples (''ji'') and Shinto shrines (''sha''), many of which held fiefs. Also, they heard lawsuits from several land holdings outside the eight [[Kantō region|Kantō]] provinces. The appointments normally went to ''daimyōs''; [[Ōoka Tadasuke]] was an exception, though he later became a ''daimyō''.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
The ''[[kanjō-bugyō]]'' were next in status. The four holders of this office reported to the ''rōjū''. They were responsible for the finances of the shogunate.<ref>
The ''machi-bugyō'' were the chief city administrators of Edo and other cities. Their roles included mayor, chief of the police (and, later, also of the fire department), and judge in criminal and civil matters not involving samurai. Two (briefly, three) men, normally hatamoto, held the office, and alternated by month.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Perez|first=Louis G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVWuDwAAQBAJ&q=machi-bugy%C5%8D+alternated&pg=PA23|title=Tokyo: Geography, History, and Culture|date=2019-09-19|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-6495-7|pages=23|language=en|access-date=2020-11-19|archive-date=2023-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016114037/https://books.google.com/books?id=uVWuDwAAQBAJ&q=machi-bugy%C5%8D+alternated&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref>
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The ''san-bugyō'' together sat on a council called the ''[[hyōjōsho]]'' (評定所). In this capacity, they were responsible for administering the ''tenryō'' (the shogun's estates), supervising the ''gundai'' ([[:ja:郡代|郡代]]), the ''[[daikan]]'' ([[:ja:代官|代官]]) and the ''kura bugyō'' ([[:ja:蔵奉行|蔵奉行]]), as well as hearing cases involving samurai. The ''gundai'' managed Tokugawa domains with incomes greater than 10,000 koku while the ''daikan'' managed areas with incomes between 5,000 and 10,000 koku.
The shogun directly held lands in various parts of Japan. These were known as ''shihaisho'' (支配所); since the Meiji period, the term ''tenryō'' ([[:ja:天領|天領]], literally "Emperor's land") has become synonymous, because the shogun's lands were returned to the emperor.<ref>{{harvnb|Nussbaum
===Gaikoku bugyō===
The ''[[gaikoku bugyō]]'' were administrators appointed between 1858 and 1868. They were charged with overseeing trade and diplomatic relations with foreign countries, and were based in the [[treaty ports]] of Nagasaki and Kanagawa (Yokohama).{{
==List of Tokugawa ''shōguns''==
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|align="center"|15||align="center"|[[File:Tokugawa Yoshinobu by oil painting.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]]<br /><small>(1837–1913)</small>||align="center"|1866||align="center"|1867
|}
{{Small|Source:<ref>{{
===Family Tree===
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Over the course of the Edo period, influential relatives of the shogun included:
* [[Tokugawa Mitsukuni]] of the [[Mito Domain]]<ref
* [[Tokugawa Nariaki]] of the [[Mito Domain]]<ref
* [[Tokugawa Mochiharu]] of the [[Gosankyō|Hitotsubashi]] branch
* [[Tokugawa Munetake]] of the [[Gosankyō|Tayasu]] branch.<ref>{{harvnb|Nussbaum
* [[Matsudaira Katamori]] of the [[Aizu]] branch.<ref>{{harvnb|Nussbaum
* [[Matsudaira Sadanobu]], born into the [[Gosankyō|Tayasu]] branch, adopted into the [[Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan|Hisamatsu-Matsudaira]] of [[Shirakawa han|Shirakawa]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nussbaum
* [[Tokugawa Mochiharu]] of the [[Gosankyō|Hitotsubashi]] branch.
==
=== Footnotes ===
{{Notelist}}
=== References ===▼
{{reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
▲==References==
*
* {{Cite book |last=Bolitho |first=Harold |author-link=Harold Bolitho |title=Treasures among men: the fudai daimyo in Tokugawa Japan |date=1974 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-01655-0 |location=New Haven}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haga |first=Tōru |title=Pax Tokugawana: the cultural flowering of Japan, 1603-1853 |date=2021 |publisher=Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture |isbn=978-4-86658-148-4 |edition=First English |series=Japan library |location=Tokyo |translator-last=Carpenter |translator-first=Juliet Winters |translator-link=Juliet Winters Carpenter}}
* {{Cite book |last=Totman |first=Conrad D. |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W8-BNB-795/ |title=The collapse of the Tokugawa bakufu, 1862-1868 |date=1980 |publisher=Honolulu : University Press of Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-0614-9 |edition=Nachdr. |location=Honolulu}}
* {{Cite book |last=Totman |first=Conrad D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_JEAAAAIAAJ |title=Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600-1843 |date=1967 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-68800-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Waswo |first=Ann |url=https://archive.org/details/modernjapaneseso0000wasw |title=Modern Japanese society, 1868-1994 |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-289228-7}}
* {{Cite book |title=Meiji Japan Through Contemporary Sources: 1844-1882. Volume Two |date=1970 |publisher=Centre for East Asian cultural studies, The Toyo Bunko |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-BOI-242 |title=Tokugawa Japan: the social and economic antecedents of modern Japan |date=1990 |publisher=University of Tokyo Press |isbn=978-4-13-027024-3 |editor-last=Totman |editor-first=Conrad D. |location=Tokyo, Japan |pages=24–28 |editor-last2=Nakane |editor-first2=Chie |editor-last3=Ōishi |editor-first3=Shinzaburō}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jansen |first=Marius B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvMXBAAAQBAJ |title=The Making of Modern Japan |date=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-00991-2 |language=en}}</ref>
{{country study|country=Japan|abbr=jp}}
==External links==
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html Japan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080504211250/http://hkuhist2.hku.hk/nakasendo/tokupols.htm Tokugawa Political System ]
* [http://www.sengokudaimyo.com/ SengokuDaimyo.com]
* [https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped03perr Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan], by M.C. Perry, at [[
{{Shogunates of Japan}}
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