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Updated climate chart for 1991-2020 normals |
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{{climate chart
| Toronto
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|source = Environment Canada<ref name= "Toronto (City)">{{cite web
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnName_1991&txtStationName_1991=toronto&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=207000000&dispBack=1
| title = Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020
| date= 27 March 2024
| accessdate = 6 May 2024}}</ref>
}}
The city of Toronto has a hot summer [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfa''),<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal |last1=Peel |first1=M. C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B. L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T. A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |issn=1027-5606 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |archive-date=February 3, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> though was on the threshold of a warm summer humid continental climate (''Dfb'') until the 20th century due to the [[urban heat island]] but still found in the [[Greater Toronto Area|metropolitan region]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification – 1971–2000 normals |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/1976-2000.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215192309/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/1976-2000.pdf |archive-date=December 15, 2017 |access-date=June 10, 2019 |website=koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at |language=en}}</ref> with warm, humid summers and cold winters. According to the classification applied by [[Natural Resources Canada]], the city of Toronto is in plant hardiness zone 7a. Some suburbs and nearby towns have lower zone ratings.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service |title=Canada's Plant Hardiness Site |url=http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=22&lang=en&prov=Ontario&val=T |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141609/http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=22&lang=en&prov=Ontario&val=T |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=June 7, 2016 |website=Planthardiness.gc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Government of Canada, [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada]] |title=Plant Hardiness Zones of Canada |url=http://www.agr.gc.ca/atlas/agpv?webmap-en=78529700717d4cab81c13e9f9404ef10&webmap-fr=c1b454842d3748b0bb0807d7817d34c2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727145343/http://www.agr.gc.ca/atlas/agpv?webmap-en=78529700717d4cab81c13e9f9404ef10&webmap-fr=c1b454842d3748b0bb0807d7817d34c2 |archive-date=July 27, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2017 |website=agr.gc.ca}}</ref>
The city experiences four distinct seasons, with considerable variance in length.<ref name="climatedriverv1">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=What are we studying and why? |url=http://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/environment_and_energy/key_priorities/files/pdf/tfwcds-chapter1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820183936/http://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/environment_and_energy/key_priorities/files/pdf/tfwcds-chapter1.pdf |archive-date=August 20, 2015 |access-date=September 20, 2015 |work=Toronto's Future Weather and Climate Driver Study |publisher=City of Toronto}}</ref> As a result of the rapid passage of weather systems (such as high- and low-pressure systems), the weather is variable from day to day in all seasons.<ref name="climatedriverv1" /> Owing to urbanization and its proximity to water, Toronto has a fairly low [[Diurnal temperature variation|diurnal temperature range]]. The denser urbanscape makes for warmer nights year-round; the average nighttime temperature is about {{convert|3.0|C-change|
Winters are cold, with frequent snow.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |title=Weather Expectations |url=http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=0d14c76aa6b12310VgnVCM1000003dd60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=a48832d0b6d1e310VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909015931/http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=0d14c76aa6b12310VgnVCM1000003dd60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=a48832d0b6d1e310VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD |archive-date=September 9, 2015 |access-date=September 20, 2015 |publisher=City of Toronto}}</ref> During the winter months, temperatures are usually below {{convert|0|C|F|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="climate" /> Toronto winters sometimes feature cold snaps when maximum temperatures remain below {{convert|-10|C|F|0|abbr=on}}, often made to feel colder by [[wind chill]]. Occasionally, they can drop below {{convert|-25|C|F|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="climate" /> Snowstorms, sometimes mixed with ice and rain, can disrupt work and travel schedules while accumulating snow can fall anytime from November until mid-April. However, mild stretches also occur in most winters, melting accumulated snow. The summer months are characterized by very warm temperatures.<ref name="climate" /> Daytime temperatures are usually above {{convert|20|C|F|0|abbr=on}}, and often rise above {{convert|30|C|F|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="climate" /> However, they can occasionally surpass {{convert|35|C|F|0|abbr=on}} accompanied by high humidity. Spring and autumn are transitional seasons with generally mild or cool temperatures with alternating dry and wet periods.<ref name="climatedriverv3" /> Daytime temperatures average around {{convert|10|to|12|C|F|0|abbr=on}} during these seasons.<ref name="climate" />
[[File:NorthYorkIceStorm2.JPG|thumb|Winters in Toronto are typically cold with frequent snowfall.]]
Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, but summer is usually the wettest season, the bulk falling during thunderstorms. The average yearly precipitation is
Climate change has affected Toronto, and as a consequence, the Toronto City Council declared a climate emergency, setting a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2040 through the [[TransformTO]] climate action plan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief |first=David Rider City Hall Bureau |date=September 26, 2019 |title=City of Toronto aiming to be carbon neutral by 2050 or earlier |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/city-hall/city-of-toronto-aiming-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2050-or-earlier/article_9faeac39-90c6-59bf-a7b7-d7780b4db815.html |access-date=January 3, 2024 |website=Toronto Star |language=en |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103182047/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/city-hall/city-of-toronto-aiming-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2050-or-earlier/article_9faeac39-90c6-59bf-a7b7-d7780b4db815.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
The highest temperature ever recorded in Toronto was {{convert|40.6|C|0}} on July 8, 9, and 10, 1936,<ref name= "July 1936">{{cite web
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C1969-05-31&dlyRange=1840-03-01%7C2017-04-27&mlyRange=1840-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=5051&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=specDate&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2024&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=5&txtStationName=toronto&timeframe=2&Year=1936
| title = Daily Data Report for July 1936
| work = Canadian Climate Data
| date= 27 March 2024
| accessdate = 6 May 2024}}</ref> during the [[1936 North American heat wave]]. The coldest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-32.8|C|0}} on January 10, 1859.<ref name= "Toronto (City)" />
{{Toronto weatherbox}}
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