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|Trichocereus torataensis|F.Ritter
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|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO_77125731-1">{{Cite POWO|title=''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' (Britton & Rose) Albesiano & R.Kiesling|id=77125731-1|access-date=2023-09-25|mode=cs1}}</ref>
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'''''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi''''' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]] including '''''Trichocereus pachanoi''''' and '''''Echinopsis pachanoi''''') is a fast-growing columnar [[cactus]] found in the [[Andes]] at {{convert|2000|–|3000|m|abbr=on}} in altitude.<ref name="Rätsch">{{cite book |last=Rätsch |first=Christian |author-link=Christian Rätsch |title=Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen |publisher=AT-Verlag |location=Aarau |year=2002 |page=15 |isbn=978-3-85502-570-1 }}</ref>{{sfn|Anderson|2001|p=276}} It is one of a number of kinds of cacti known as San Pedro cactus. It is native to [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]] and [[Colombia]],<ref name="POWO_77125731-1
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec5hNgYWHtkC&q=mistletoe+alkaloids+dmt+-dwarf&pg=RA2-PA342 }}</ref>
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[[Image:Hordenin - Hordenine.svg|thumb|right|250px|[[Hordenine]], an alkaloid found in ''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'']]
[[Image:Echinopsis-pachanoi-peru.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'', San Pedro Cactus, the tall cactus in the mid-foreground, in its natural habitat in Peru. Several fruits with shrivelled flowers can be seen.]]
''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' is known by many names throughout [[South America]] such as ''achuma,'' ''huachuma,'' ''wachuma,'' ''aguacolla,'' ''hahuacollay,'' ''lapituq'', ''tsuná'', ''San Pedro'' or ''giganton''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Richard Evans Schultes|url=http://archive.org/details/PlantasDeLosDioses|title=Plantas de los dioses. Origenes del uso de los alucinogenos|last2=Albert Hofmann|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-20|title=San Pedro: Basic Info|url=https://www.iceers.org/san-pedro-basic-info/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-01|website=[[ICEERS]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318032014/https://www.iceers.org/san-pedro-basic-info/ |archive-date=2020-03-18 }}</ref> It has a long history of being used in Andean [[traditional medicine]]. Archaeological studies have found evidence of use going back two thousand years, to [[Moche (culture)|Moche]] culture,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bussmann RW, Sharon D |title=Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture |journal=J Ethnobiol Ethnomed |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=47 |year=2006 |pmid=17090303 |pmc=1637095 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-2-47 |doi-access=free }}
</ref> [[Nazca culture]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Socha |first1=Dagmara M. |last2=Sykutera |first2=Marzena |last3=Orefici |first3=Giuseppe |date=2022-12-01 |title=Use of psychoactive and stimulant plants on the south coast of Peru from the Early Intermediate to Late Intermediate Period |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |language=en |volume=148 |pages=105688 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2022.105688 |bibcode=2022JArSc.148j5688S |s2cid=252954052 |issn=0305-4403|doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[Chavín culture]]. Although [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] church authorities{{Who|date=December 2012}} after the Spanish conquest attempted to suppress its use,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Larco |first1=Laura |title=Más allá de los encantos – Documentos sobre extirpación de idolatrías, Trujillo |chapter=Archivo Arquidiocesano de Trujillo Sección Idolatrías. (Años 1768-1771) |series=Travaux de l'IFEA |date=2008 |publisher=IFEA Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos |location=Lima |pages=67–87 |isbn=9782821844537 |url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/4938 |access-date=April 9, 2020}}</ref> this failed, as shown by the Christian element in the common name "San Pedro cactus" – [[Saint Peter]] cactus. The name is attributed{{By whom|date=December 2012}} to the belief that just as St Peter holds the keys to heaven, the effects of the cactus allow users "to reach heaven while still on earth."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Edward F. |year=2001 |title=The Cactus Family |location=Pentland, Oregon |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-498-5 }} pp. 45–49.</ref> In 2022, the Peruvian Ministry of Culture declared the traditional use of San Pedro cactus in northern Peru as [[cultural heritage]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=Declaran Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación a los conocimientos, saberes y usos del cactus San Pedro |url=https://elperuano.pe/noticia/197142-declaran-patrimonio-cultural-de-la-nacion-a-los-conocimientos-saberes-y-usos-del-cactus-san-pedro |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=elperuano.pe |language=es}}</ref>
==Alkaloids==
[[Image:San Pedro Stars.jpg|thumb|right|Sliced to be brewed]]
''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' contains a number of [[alkaloids]] (especially [[cactus alkaloids]]), including the well-studied chemical [[mescaline]] (from 0.053% up to 4.7% of dry cactus weight),<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.uvm.edu/~dbarring/241/241_PUBS/ogunbodede2010.pdf|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=131|issue=2|date=15 September 2010|pages=356–362|title=New mescaline concentrations from 14 taxa/cultivars of Echinopsis spp. (Cactaceae) ("San Pedro") and their relevance to shamanic practice|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.021 |pmid=20637277 |access-date=19 March 2022|last1=Ogunbodede |first1=O. |last2=McCombs |first2=D. |last3=Trout |first3=K. |last4=Daley |first4=P. |last5=Terry |first5=M. }}</ref> and also [[3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine]], [[3-Methoxytyramine
Mescaline is a [[psychedelic drug]] and [[entheogen]], which is also found in some species of the genus ''[[Echinopsis]]'' (e.g. ''[[Echinopsis lageniformis]]'', ''[[Echinopsis scopulicola]]'' and ''[[Echinopsis
Anecdotal evidence suggests that the highest concentration of active substances is found in the layer of green [[photosynthetic]] tissue just beneath the skin.<ref name="erowid"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Jiaman |last2=Yang |first2=Shuo |last3=Ji |first3=Jiaojiao |last4=Xiang |first4=Ping |last5=Wu |first5=Lina |last6=Chen |first6=Hang |date=2023 |title=Natural or artificial: An example of topographic spatial distribution analysis of mescaline in cactus plants by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=14 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2023.1066595 |pmid=36844095 |pmc=9950628 |issn=1664-462X |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mescaline in Trichocereus |url=https://www.themescalinegarden.com/mescaline-in-trichocereus |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The Mescaline Garden |language=en-AU}}</ref> Mescaline is not evenly distributed within single specimens of San Pedro cactus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Der Sypt |first=Frederick |date=2022-04-03 |title=Validation and exploratory application of a simple, rapid and economical procedure (MESQ) for the quantification of mescaline in fresh cactus tissue and aqueous cactus extracts |url=https://zenodo.org/records/6409376 |journal=PhytoChem & BioSub Journal |doi=10.5281/zenodo.6409376}}</ref>
==Cultivation==
[[Image:Echinopsis-pachanoi-small.jpg|thumb|250px|A small newly planted ''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' (San Pedro Cactus) cutting]]
''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' in [[USDA]] [[hardiness zone]]s 8b to 10.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Cactaceae/Trichocereus_pachanoi.html |title=San Pedro Cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi) |website=Desert-tropicals.com |access-date=2008-02-23 |archive-date=2011-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021062602/http://desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Cactaceae/Trichocereus_pachanoi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The range of minimum temperatures in which it is known to grow is between -9.4 °C and 10 °C.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://worldofsucculents.com/echinopsis-pachanoi-san-pedro-cactus/ |title = Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro Cactus)|website=Worldofsucculents.com|date = 9 June 2018}}</ref> Because it grows naturally in the [[Andes]] at high altitude and with high rainfall, it can withstand temperatures far below that of many other cacti. It requires fertile, free-draining soil. A good soil mix includes an inorganic lightweight substrate such as [[pumice]] or [[perlite]]. Plants grow up to 30
In winter, plants will [[etiolate]], or become thin, due to lower levels of light. This may be problematic if the etiolated zone is not sufficiently strong to support future growth as the cactus may break in strong winds.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
===Propagation from cuttings===
Like many other plants, ''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' can be propagated from cuttings. The result is a [[Cloning#Horticultural|genetic clone]] of the parent plant.<ref name="sacred">{{cite web |url=http://www.sacredcactus.com/Cactus_TIPs_ebay.pdf |title=What if the cut end doesn't dry properly and starts to mold |website=Sacredcactus.com |access-date=2012-02-07 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172510/http://www.sacredcactus.com/Cactus_TIPs_ebay.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is therefore a popular method of propagating highly prized cultivars, sometimes by [[grafting]] small cuttings onto fast-growing cultivars like the Predominant Cultivar (PC). Some names of cultivars that are highly prized by cactus collectors are Ogunbodede, Vilcabamba A, and Yowie.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-12-27 |title=Trichocereus 'Yowie' (Echinopsis) |url=https://trichocereus.net/trichocereus-yowie-echinopsis/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Trichocereus.net |language=en-US}}</ref>
A cactus column can be also laid on its side on the ground (like a log), and eventually roots will sprout from it and grow into the ground. After time, sprouts will form and cactus columns will grow upward out of it along its length.<ref name="sacred" /> ===From seed===
Like a lot of its relatives, ''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' is easily grown from seed, often by means of a so-called "Takeaway Tek".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.arkhamsbotanical.com/cultivation/grow-cacti-seed-enhanced-takeaway-tek/ | title=Grow Cacti from Seed - Enhanced Takeaway Tek | website=Arkhamsbotanical.com | access-date=2018-09-21 | archive-date=2019-03-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329013308/https://www.arkhamsbotanical.com/cultivation/grow-cacti-seed-enhanced-takeaway-tek/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.dissidentreality.com/tutorials/how-to-grow-trichocereus-cacti-from-seed/| title=How to Grow Trichocereus Cacti from Seed| website=Dissidentreality.com| date=2018-07-15| access-date=2018-09-21| archive-date=2019-08-08| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808161928/https://www.dissidentreality.com/tutorials/how-to-grow-trichocereus-cacti-from-seed/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://herbalistics.com.au/takeaway-tek-how-to-germinate-cacti-seeds/ |title = Takeaway Tek (How to germinate cacti seeds)|website=Herbalistics.com|date = 2015-07-07}}</ref> This term refers to the practice of the sowing of ''Trichocereus'' (and sometimes other types of cactus) seed into plastic containers, such as those many food takeaways are delivered in. This creates a semi-controlled humidity environment chamber for six months to a year, in which the seed may germinate and then grow relatively unbothered by environmental contamination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coke bottle tek: A terrarium technique |url=https://www.entheogenesis.org/ega-resources/blog-post-title-four-tp2fg |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Entheogenesis Australis |language=en-AU}}</ref> To accelerate the growth of [[Seedling|seedlings]], they can be grafted on [[Pereskiopsis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herbalistics |date=2015-07-08 |title=Grafting cacti to Pereskiopsis spathulata |url=https://herbalistics.com.au/grafting-cacti-to-pereskiopsis-spathulata/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Herbalistics |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pereskiopsis – Trout's Notes |url=https://sacredcacti.com/blog/pereskiopsis/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=sacredcacti.com}}</ref>
==Legality==
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==See also==
* [[Ayahuasca]]
* [[Chavín de Huántar]]
* [[Cimora]]
* [[El Paraíso, Peru]]
* [[Guitarrero Cave]]
* [[List of psychoactive plants]]
* [[Psychedelic microdosing]]
* [[Stela of the cactus bearer]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
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