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{{Short description|Latin biography written about Muḥammad}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Tultusceptru.jpg|thumb|upright=1.333|The entire text as it appears on [[folio]] 185v of the Codex of Roda{{sfn|Furtado|2020|p=65}}]]
'''''Tultusceptru de libro domni Metobii''''' is a short [[Latin
==Textual history==
The Codex of Roda was copied in the late 10th or early 11th century in the [[Kingdom of Pamplona]].{{sfn|Furtado|2020|pp=46–47}} In the codex, the ''Tultusceptru'' comes immediately before the ''[[Chronica Prophetica]]''. It belongs to a series of texts, including the ''Chronica'', that Rodrigo Furtado groups together as the "Prophetic collection". Its purpose is thus to defend the prophecy in the ''Chronica'' that the Muslims would be expelled from Iberia.{{sfn|Furtado|2020|p=55}} The meaning of its
Certain errors in the text suggest that the scribe who copied the ''Tultusceptru'' in the Codex of Roda had difficulty reading the text in front of him.{{sfn|Christys|2002|p=63}} The text was probably originally written in Iberia, most likely in [[al-Andalus]] before being brought north to [[Kingdom of Asturias|Asturias]].{{sfn|Christys|2002|p=63}}{{sfn|Díaz y Díaz|1970|p=162}} The author was evidently familiar with Islamic practice.{{sfn|Díaz y Díaz|1970|p=162}}
==Synopsis and analysis==
According to the ''Tultusceptru'', a Christian bishop named Osius was told by an angel to "go and speak to my satraps who dwell in Erribon," that is, [[Yathrib]] (Medina).{{sfn|Hoyland|1997|pp=515–516}} "But he was weak and was about to be summoned by the Lord."{{sfn|Wolf|
The words the evil angel told Ozim to say are a somewhat garbled Latin rendering of the [[Arabic]] ''[[takbīr]]'' and ''[[shahāda]]'', which both
In its basic outline, the ''Tultusceptru'' is a version of the eastern story of [[Bahira]], the monk who discovered Muḥammad in various accounts, both Christian and Islamic. The name Bahira has been replaced by Osius, which is probably an allusion to the heretical Bishop [[Hosius of Corduba]].{{sfn|Christys|2002|p=63}} In the ''Tultusceptru'', the bishop is orthodox, the angel that appears to him authentic and the intended message the true gospel. In the words of Kenneth Wolf, "the ''Tultusceptru'' is the tragic story of a pure revelation lost forever" that "stops well short of blaming Muḥammad for leading" the people of Medina to Hell.{{sfn|Wolf|
==Influence==
The ''Tultusceptru'' narrative re-appears in two 11th-century sources, [[Aimeric of Angoulême]] and [[Siguinus]].{{sfn|González Muñoz|2011}}{{sfn|Yolles|Weiss|2018|p=xxvi}} They record how a bishop named Osius sent a certain Ocin to bring a people the gospel only have him corrupted by a demon and renamed Muḥammad.{{sfn|González Muñoz|2011}}
==Notes==
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{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |first=Ann |last=Christys |title=Christians in al-Andalus (711–1000) |publisher=Routledge |year=2002}}
*{{cite journal |first=Manuel C. |last=
*{{cite book |last=Furtado |first=Rodrigo |chapter=Emulating Neighbours in Medieval Iberia around 1000: A Codex from La Rioja (Madrid, RAH, cód. 78) |editor1=Kim Bergqvist |editor2=Kurt Villads Jensen |editor3=Anthony John Lappin |title=Conflict and Collaboration in Medieval Iberia |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2020 |pages=43–72}}
*{{cite book |first=Fernando |last=González Muñoz |chapter=Aimericus of Angoulême |title=Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History |volume=3 (1050–1200) |editor1=David Thomas |editor2=Alex Mallett |editor3=Juan Pedro Monferrer Sala |editor4=Johannes Pahlitzsch |editor5=Mark Swanson |editor6=Herman Teule |editor7=John Tolan |year=2011 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |pages=204–207}}
*{{cite book |authorlink=Robert G. Hoyland |first=Robert G. |last=Hoyland |title=[[Seeing Islam As Others Saw It|Seeing Islam As Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam]] |publisher=Darwin Press |year=1997}}
*{{cite book |last=Tieszen |first=Charles |title=The Christian Encounter with Muhammad: How Theologians have Interpreted the Prophet |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2021}}
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*{{cite book |last=Wolf |first=Kenneth Baxter |chapter=Falsifying the Prophet: Muhammad at the Hands of His Earliest Christian Biographers in the West |pages=105–120 |title=Character Assassination throughout the Ages |editor1=Martijn Icks |editor2=Eric Shiraev |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |ref={{harvid|Wolf|2014b}} |doi=10.1057/9781137344168_6}}
*{{cite journal |first=Luís |last=Vázquez de Parga |title=Algunas notas sobre el Pseudo Metodio y España |journal=Habis |volume=2 |year=1971 |pages=143–164 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=653882}}
*{{cite book |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last1=Yolles |editor-first2=Jessica |editor-last2=Weiss |title=Medieval Latin Lives of Muhammad |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2018}}
{{refend}}
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