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| image_coat = Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg
| national_anthem = {{lang|uk|Державний Гімн України}}<br />{{transliteration|uk|Derzhavnyi Himn Ukrainy}}<br />"[[National anthem of Ukraine|State Anthem of Ukraine]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National anthem of Ukraine, instrumental.oga]]}}
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ukraine (orthographic projection) with Disputed Land.
|Show globe|[[File:Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg|frameless]] | map_caption = Territory
| image_map2 =
| alt_map2 = <!--alt text for second map-->
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}}
'''Ukraine'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|juː|ˈ|k|r|eɪ|n}} {{respell|yoo|KRAYN}}; {{
During the [[Middle Ages]], Ukraine was the site of [[early Slavs|early Slavic]] expansion and the area later became a key centre of [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] culture under the state of [[Kievan Rus']], which emerged in the 9th century. The state eventually disintegrated into rival regional powers and was
Ukraine gained independence in 1991 as the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union dissolved]], and declared itself [[Neutral country|neutral]].<ref name="gska2.rada.gov.ua">{{cite web |url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine |access-date=24 December 2007 |website=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}</ref> A new [[Constitution of Ukraine|constitution]] was adopted in 1996. A series of mass demonstrations, known as the [[Euromaidan]], led to the establishment of a new government in 2014 after [[Revolution of Dignity|a revolution]]. Russia then unilaterally [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] Ukraine's [[Crimea|Crimean Peninsula]], and [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|pro-Russian unrest]] culminated in [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|a war in the Donbas]] between Russian-backed separatists and government forces in eastern Ukraine. Russia launched [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|a full-scale invasion]] of Ukraine in 2022. Since the outbreak of [[Russo-Ukrainian War|war with Russia]], Ukraine has continued to seek closer [[Ukraine–United States relations|ties with the United States]], [[Ukraine–European Union relations|European Union]], and [[Ukraine–NATO relations|NATO]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last1=Beliakova |first1=Polina |last2=Tecott Metz |first2=Rachel |date=2023-03-17 |title=The Surprising Success of U.S. Military Aid to Ukraine |language=en-US |work=Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/war-security-assistance-lessons |access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Dorfman |first=Zach |date=April 28, 2022 |title=In closer ties to Ukraine, U.S. officials long saw promise and peril |url=https://news.yahoo.com/in-closer-ties-to-ukraine-us-officials-long-saw-promise-and-peril-090006105.html |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="European Commission Trade Ukraine"/>
Ukraine is a [[unitary state]] and its [[Government of Ukraine|system of government]] is a [[semi-presidential republic]]. A [[developing country]], it is the [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita|poorest country in Europe]] by nominal GDP per capita<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 April 2019|title=What is wrong with the Ukrainian economy?|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/what-is-wrong-with-the-ukrainian-economy/|access-date=23 August 2020|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Corruption in Ukraine|corruption]] remains a significant issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/01/briefing/russia-ukraine-war-corruption-yovanovitch-odessa.html|title=Corruption in Ukraine|last=Dlugy|first=Yana|work=[[New York Times]]|date=1 July 2022|access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref> However, due to [[Geography of Ukraine|its extensive fertile land]], pre-war Ukraine was [[Economy of Ukraine|one of the largest grain exporters in the world]].<ref name="grain1">{{cite press release |url=http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister |title=Ukraine becomes world's third biggest grain exporter in 2011 – minister |publisher=Black Sea Grain |date=20 January 2012 |access-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235707/http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister |archive-date=31 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="grain2">{{cite web |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm |title=World Trade Report 2013 |publisher=World Trade Organization |date=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> Ukraine is considered a [[middle power]] in global affairs, and the Ukrainian Armed Force is the [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|fifth largest armed force in the world in terms of both active personnel as well as total number of personnel]] with the [[List of countries by military expenditures|eighth largest defence budget]] in the world. The [[Ukrainian Armed Forces]] also operates one of the largest and most diverse drone
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[[Mikhail Gorbachev]] pursued a policy of limited liberalization of public life, known as ''[[perestroika]],'' and attempted to reform a [[Era of Stagnation|stagnating economy]]. The latter failed, but the democratization of the Soviet Union fuelled nationalist and separatist tendencies among the ethnic minorities, including Ukrainians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geller |first=Mikhail |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24243579 |title=Седьмой секретарь: Блеск и нищета Михаила Горбачева|date=1991 |isbn=1-870128-72-9 |edition=1st Russian |location=London |oclc=24243579|page=352=356}}</ref> As part of the so-called [[parade of sovereignties]], on 16 July 1990, the newly elected [[Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine |access-date=12 September 2007 |date=16 July 1990 |website=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}</ref> After a [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|failed coup]] by some Communist leaders in Moscow at deposing Gorbachov, outright independence was [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|proclaimed]] on 24 August 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203430/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine |access-date=12 September 2007 |date=24 August 1991 |website=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}</ref> It was approved by 92% of the Ukrainian electorate in a [[1991 Ukrainian independence referendum|referendum]] on 1 December.<ref name="Nohlen_Stöver">Nohlen & Stöver, p1985</ref> Ukraine's new [[President of Ukraine|President]], Leonid Kravchuk, went on to sign the [[Belavezha Accords]] and made Ukraine a founding member of the much looser [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS),<ref>{{cite news |title=Soviet Leaders Recall 'Inevitable' Breakup Of Soviet Union |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1073305.html |work=[[RadioFreeEurope]] |date=8 December 2006 |access-date=12 September 2007}}</ref> though Ukraine never became a full member of the latter as it did not ratify the agreement founding CIS.<ref name=":2">{{cite news| url = https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/ukrayina-dosi-v-snd-chy-ni/30969197.html| title = "Україні не потрібно виходити із СНД – вона ніколи не була і не є зараз членом цієї структури"| newspaper = Радіо Свобода| date = 26 November 2020| last1 = Лащенко| first1 = Олександр}}</ref> These documents sealed the fate of the Soviet Union, which formally voted itself out of existence on 26 December.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solodkov |first=Artem |date=27 December 2021 |title=Период распада: последний декабрь Союза. 26 декабря 1991 года |url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/27/12/2021/585bea709a794761ac0b5c55 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=РБК |language=ru}}</ref>
Ukraine was initially viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other regions of the Soviet Union,<ref>Shen, p. 41</ref> though it was one of the poorer Soviet republics by the time of the dissolution.<ref name="Notstronk">{{Cite web |last1=Sutela |first1=Pekka |title=The Underachiever: Ukraine's Economy Since 1991 |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/09/underachiever-ukraine-s-economy-since-1991-pub-47451 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref> However, during its transition to the market economy, the country experienced deeper economic slowdown than almost all of the other [[former Soviet Republics]]. During the recession, between 1991 and 1999, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP<ref name=IMF>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2 |title=Ukrainian GDP (PPP) |access-date=10 March 2008 |website=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2007 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm |archive-date=12 July 2000 |title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown? |access-date=16 December 2007 |date=June 1998 |website=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> and suffered from [[hyperinflation]] that peaked at 10,000% in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Figliuoli |first1=Lorenzo |last2=Lissovolik |first2=Bogdan |date=31 August 2002 |title=The IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021017151905/http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm |archive-date=17 October 2002 |access-date=16 December 2007 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> The situation only stabilized well after the new currency, the [[hryvnia]], fell sharply in late 1998 partially as a fallout from the [[Russian debt default]] earlier that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Дефолт 1998 года: 10 лет спустя |url=https://ukraine.segodnya.ua/ukraine/defolt-1998-hoda-10-let-cpuctja-122939.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=ukraine.segodnya.ua |date=11 July 2022 |language=ru}}</ref> The legacy of the economic policies of the nineties was the mass privatization of state property that created a class of extremely powerful and rich individuals known as the [[Ukrainian oligarch|oligarchs]].<ref name="Notstronk"/> The country then fell into a series of sharp recessions as a result of the [[
[[File:Euromaidan Kyiv 1-12-13 by Gnatoush 009.jpg|thumb|[[Euromaidan]] protest in Kyiv, December 2013]]
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Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such as the [[Volhynian-Podolian Upland|Volyn-Podillia Upland]] (in the west) and the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of the Dnieper). To the east there are the south-western spurs of the [[Central Russian Upland]] over which runs the border with Russia. Near the [[Sea of Azov]] are the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The [[snow melt]] from the mountains feeds the rivers and their [[waterfalls of Ukraine|waterfalls]].
Significant natural resources in Ukraine include [[lithium]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tabuchi |first=Hiroko |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |date=2 March 2022 |title=Before Invasion, Ukraine's Lithium Wealth Was Drawing Global Attention |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/climate/ukraine-lithium.html |access-date=3 March 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> natural gas,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mining – UkraineInvest |date=8 May 2020 |url=https://ukraineinvest.gov.ua/industries/mining/ |access-date=3 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[kaolin]],<ref name=":0"/> timber<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nature |first=Preferred by |title=Ukraine Timber Risk Profile |url=https://preferredbynature.org/sourcinghub/timber/ukraine-timber-risk-profile |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=NEPCon – Preferred by Nature |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126092543/https://preferredbynature.org/sourcinghub/timber/ukraine-timber-risk-profile |url-status=dead }}</ref> and an abundance of [[arable land]].<ref>{{Cite book |date=2020 |title=Overview of soil conditions of arable land in Ukraine – Study case for steppe and forest-steppe zones. |url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca7761en/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |doi=10.4060/ca7761en |isbn=978-92-5-132215-4 |s2cid=242588829 |language=en }}</ref> Ukraine has many environmental issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Ukraine invasion: rapid overview of environmental issues |url=https://ceobs.org/ukraine-invasion-rapid-overview-of-environmental-issues/ |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=CEOBS |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 2016 |title=Ukraine Country Environmental Analysis |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24971 |journal=[[World Bank]] |language=en-US |last1=Bank |first1=World|doi=10.1596/24971 |hdl=10986/24971 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Some regions lack adequate supplies of potable water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.unicef.org/ukraine/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303120132/https://www.unicef.org/ukraine/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |url-status=dead }}</ref> Air and water pollution affects the country, as well as deforestation, and radiation contamination in the northeast from the 1986 accident at the [[Chernobyl]] Nuclear Power Plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://naturvernforbundet.no/international/environmental-issues-in-ukraine/category948.html |title=Environmental issues in Ukraine |publisher=Naturvernforbundet |date=16 July 2017 |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306201646/https://naturvernforbundet.no/international/environmental-issues-in-ukraine/category948.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The environmental damage caused by the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] has been described as an [[ecocide]], the [[Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam|destruction]] of [[Kakhovka Dam]], severe pollution and millions of tonnes of contaminated debris is estimated to cost over [[USD]] 50 billion to repair.<ref name="pax">[https://paxforpeace.nl/news/overview/ten-step-plan-to-address-environmental-impact-of-war-in-ukraine "Ten-Step plan to address environmental impact of war in Ukraine"] PAX for Peace. 24 February 2023. Accessed 30 April 2023.</ref><ref name="enviroyale">[https://e360.yale.edu/digest/russia-ukraine-war-environmental-cost-one-year "One Year In, Russia's War on Ukraine Has Inflicted $51 Billion in Environmental Damage"] e360.yale.edu. 22 February 2023. Accessed 30 April 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2022 |title=Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war causes 'ecocide' |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/ukraine-green-ecocide-russia-war-b2038825.html |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2023 |title=The Environmental Cost of the War in Ukraine |url=https://www.irreview.org/articles/the-environmental-cost-of-the-war-in-ukraine |access-date=7 June 2023 |website=International Relations Review |language=en-US
=== Climate ===
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Many roads and bridges were destroyed, and international maritime travel was blocked by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref name="auto4"/> Before that it was mainly through the [[Port of Odesa]], from where ferries sailed regularly to [[Istanbul]], [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] and [[Haifa]]. The largest ferry company operating these routes was [[UkrFerry|Ukrferry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrferry.com/ |title=Судоходная компания Укрферри. Морские паромные перевозки на Черном Море между Украиной, Грузией, Турцией и Болгарией |publisher=Ukrferry.com |access-date=30 December 2010}}</ref> There are over {{convert|1600|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=1|round=}} of [[Navigability|navigable]] waterways on 7 rivers, mostly on the [[Danube]], [[Dnieper]] and [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat]]. All Ukraine's rivers freeze over in winter, limiting navigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14338802.html|title=Киевскую дамбу может разрушить только метеорит или война — Эксперт|website=www.segodnya.ua|access-date=15 June 2022|archive-date=19 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219112757/http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14338802.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Rail transport in Ukraine|Ukraine's rail network]] connects all major urban areas, port facilities and [[Manufacturing|industrial centres]]
[[Ukraine International Airlines]], is the [[flag carrier]] and the largest [[airline]], with its head office in [[Kyiv]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UIA Contacts |url=https://www.flyuia.com/ua/en/contacts |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=FlyUIA |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209163723/http://www.flyuia.com/eng/company/ukraine-international-airlines/Contacts.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and its main hub at Kyiv's [[Boryspil International Airport]]. It operated domestic and international passenger flights and cargo services to Europe, the Middle East, the United States,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Ukraine International Airlines launches direct Kyiv–New York flights |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-international-airlines-launches-direct-kyiv-new-york-city-flights-350928.html |access-date=24 April 2015 |website=KyivPost|date=6 June 2014 }}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liu |first=Jim |date=29 November 2017 |title=Ukraine International plans Toronto launch in June 2018 |work=Routesonline |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/275955/ukraine-international-plans-toronto-launch-in-june-2018/ |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref> and Asia.
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According to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], ethnic [[Ukrainians]] made up roughly 78% of the population, while [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]] were the largest minority, at some 17.3% of the population. Small minority populations included: [[Belarusians]] (0.6%), [[Moldovans]] (0.5%), [[Crimean Tatars]] (0.5%), [[Bulgarians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Romanians]] (0.3%), [[Polish people|Poles]] (0.3%), [[Jews]] (0.3%), [[Armenians]] (0.2%), [[Greeks]] (0.2%) and [[Tatars]] (0.2%).<ref name="Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census">{{cite web |url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year |website=ukrcensus.gov.ua |publisher=Ukrainian Office of Statistics |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archive-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> It was also estimated that there were about 10–40,000 [[Koreans]] in Ukraine, who lived mostly in the south of the country, belonging to the historical [[Koryo-saram]] group,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukrainer.net/koreans-of-ukraine-who-are-they/|title=Koreans of Ukraine. Who are they?|work=Ukrainer|date=30 October 2019|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://birdinflight.com/inspiration/experience/20170718-ethnic-koreans-jung-sung-tae.html|title=Phantom Syndrome: Ethnic Koreans in Ukraine|website=Bird In Flight|author=Alina Sandulyak|date=18 July 2017|access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> as well as about 47,600 [[Romani people|Roma]] (though the [[Council of Europe]] estimates a higher number of about 260,000).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ukraine - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/ukraine/ |website=Minority Rights Group |date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
Outside the former Soviet Union, the largest source of incoming immigrants in Ukraine's post-independence period was from four Asian countries, namely China, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.<ref name="mp">{{cite web|title=Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy|date=January 2006|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caught-between-east-and-west-ukraine-struggles-its-migration-policy}}</ref> In the late 2010s 1.4 million Ukrainians were [[internally displaced]] due to the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/national-monitoring-system-report-situation-internally-displaced-persons-march-2020|title=National Monitoring System Report on the Situation of Internally Displaced Persons – March 2020 – Ukraine|website=ReliefWeb|date=21 January 2021 }}</ref> and in early 2022, over 4.1 million
|work=[[Associated Press]]|location=Medyka |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Andrew |date=3 April 2024 |title=Zelensky Lowers Ukraine's Draft Age, Risking Political Backlash |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/03/world/europe/zelensky-ukraine-military-draft-age.html |website=New York Times}}</ref> The Ukrainian government estimates that the population in the regions controlled by Ukraine was 25 to 27 million in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pancevski |first1=Bojan |title=One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/one-million-are-now-dead-or-injured-in-the-russia-ukraine-war-b09d04e5 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=17 September 2024}}</ref>
=== Language ===
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The Ukrainian [[diaspora]] comprises [[Ukrainians]] and their descendants who live outside Ukraine around the world, especially those who maintain some kind of connection to the land of their ancestors and maintain their feeling of Ukrainian national identity within their own local community.<ref>Vic Satzewich, ''The Ukrainian Diaspora'' (Routledge, 2003).</ref> The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous regions worldwide including other [[post-Soviet states]] as well as in [[Canadian Ukrainian|Canada]],<ref name="Cecco 2022 u131">{{cite web | last=Cecco | first=Leyland | title=In Canada, world's second largest Ukrainian diaspora grieves invasion | website=the Guardian | date=March 3, 2022 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/03/canada-ukraine-diaspora-relief-efforts-russia-attack | access-date=September 3, 2023}}</ref> and other countries such as [[Ukrainians in Poland|Poland]],<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-03-15 |title=How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going? |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-60555472 |access-date=2022-03-16}}</ref> [[Ukrainian Americans|the United States]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title='Lot of determination': Ukrainian Americans rally for their country |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/25/ukrainian-americans-solidarity-ukraine |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> the UK<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61548979 | title=Ukrainian refugees are now living in the UK - so how is it going? | work=BBC News | date=28 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-07-30/hosts-of-ukrainians-in-uk-to-receive-government-praise-for-generosity | title=Hosts of Ukrainians in UK to receive government praise for generosity | date=30 July 2022 }}</ref> and [[Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada has opened its doors for war-ravaged Ukrainians. Does it have the capacity? - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8678777/canada-ukraine-immigration-plan-russia-war/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref>
The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to the [[Ukrainian refugee crisis
=== Religion ===
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The Ukrainian higher education system comprises higher educational establishments, [[scientific]] and [[methodological]] facilities under national, [[municipal government|municipal]] and self-governing bodies in charge of education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html |title=System of Higher Education of Ukraine |access-date=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html |archive-date=17 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The organisation of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure of education of the world's higher [[developed countries]], as is defined by [[UNESCO]] and the UN.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html |title=System of the Education of Ukraine |access-date=23 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html |archive-date=12 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Ukraine produces the fourth largest number of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary graduates]] in Europe, while being ranked seventh in population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.export.gov/apex/article2?id=Ukraine-Education |title=export.gov |website=www.export.gov |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306140326/https://www.export.gov/apex/article2?id=Ukraine-Education |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Higher education in Ukraine|Higher education]] is either state funded or private. Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city students. It is common for libraries to supply required books for all registered students. Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the bachelor's degree (4 years) and the master's degree (5–6th year), in accordance with the [[Bologna process]]. Historically, [[Specialist degree]] (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by universities in Soviet times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=Міносвіти скасує "спеціалістів" і "кандидатів наук" |url=http://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2016/07/11/215073/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229115208/http://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2016/07/11/215073/ |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=life.pravda.com.ua}}</ref> Ukraine was ranked
=== Regional differences ===
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* Birch, Sarah. ''Elections and Democratization in Ukraine'' Macmillan, 2000 [https://www.questia.com/read/98201086/elections-and-democratization-in-ukraine online edition]
* Edwards Mike: "Ukraine – Running on empty" [[National Geographic Magazine]] March 1993
*
* Kuzio, Taras: ''Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation'', M.E. Sharpe, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7656-0224-5}}
* Kuzio, Taras. ''Ukraine: State and Nation Building'', Routledge, 1998 [https://www.questia.com/read/102997170/ukraine-state-and-nation-building online edition]
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==== World War II ====
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Boshyk |first=Yuri |year=1986 |title=Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath |url=https://archive.org/details/ukraineduringwor0000unse |url-access=registration |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |isbn=978-0-920862-37-7|ref=none}}
* Berkhoff, Karel C. ''Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule''. Harvard U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.
* {{Cite book |last=Cliff |first=Tony |title=Class Struggle and Women's Liberation |url=https://archive.org/details/classstrugglewom0000clif |url-access=registration |publisher=Bookmarks |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-906224-12-0|ref=none}}
* Gross, Jan T. ''Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia'' (1988).
* [[Wendy Lower|Lower, Wendy]]. ''Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine''. U. of North Carolina Press, 2005. 307 pp.
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