Wikipedia

United Airlines Flight 175: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Fixed the date. That's how its supposed to be written.
→See also: WP:NOTSEEALSO says, "As a general rule, the 'See also"'section should not repeat links that appear in the article's body"
 
(36 intermediate revisions by 24 users not shown)
Line 23:
| tail_number = N612UA
| origin = [[Logan International Airport]]
| stopover =
| stopover0 =
| last_stopover =
| destination = [[Los Angeles International Airport]]
| occupants = 65 (including 5 hijackers)
Line 31 ⟶ 28:
| crew = 9
| fatalities = 65
| injuries =
| missing =
| survivors = 0
| ground_fatalities = {{circa|900}} in or near the South Tower of the World Trade Center
}}
 
'''United Airlines Flight 175''' was a domestic [[Airline|passenger flight]] from [[Logan International Airport]] in [[Boston]] to [[Los Angeles International Airport]] in [[California]] that was hijacked by five [[al-Qaeda]] terrorists on the morning of September 11, 2001, as part of the [[September 11 attacks]]. The aircraft involved, a [[Boeing 767#767-200|Boeing 767-200]] carrying 51 passengers and nine9 crew members (excluding the 5 hijackers), was deliberately crashed into the [[List of tenants in 2 World Trade Center|South Tower]] of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]], killing everyone aboard and causing the deaths of more than 600{{efn|The precise number of those killed or trapped by Flight 175's impact has never been conclusively verified, although it is estimated that between 619 and 690 people were present on floors 77–110 at 09:03 and only 18 of them survived.<ref name=ncstar1.pdf>{{cite book|last=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1.pdf|page=238|access-date=May 6, 2023|archive-date=July 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707002217/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|238}}}} people in the South Tower's upper levels in addition to an unknown number of civilians and emergency personnel on floors beneath the impact zone. Flight 175 is the [[List of deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents#Table|second-deadliest plane crash in aviation history]], surpassed only by [[American Airlines Flight 11]].
 
Flight 175 departed from Logan Airport at 08:14. Twenty-eight minutes into the flight, the [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|hijackers]] injured several crew members, forced their way into the cockpit, and murdered both pilots while moving anyone who remained to the rear of the aircraft. Lead hijacker [[Marwan al-Shehhi]], who had trained as a pilot for the purposes of the attacks, was able to usurp the flight controls once the captain and first officer were eliminated. Unlike the team on [[American Airlines Flight 11]], the terrorists aboard Flight 175 did not switch off the plane's [[transponder (aeronautics)|transponder]] when they took over the cockpit. Thus, the aircraft was visible on New York Center's radar, which depicted the deviation from its assigned flight path before controllers took notice four minutes later at 08:51 EDT. Upon realizing, the ATC workers immediately made several unsuccessful attempts to contact the cockpit of the hijacked airliner, which twice nearly collided with other planes as it recklessly flew toward New York City. In the interim, three people were able to get through to their family members and colleagues on the ground, passing on information to do with the hijackers as well as casualties suffered by the flight crew.
 
No more than 21 minutes after the hijacking began, al-Shehhi crashed the airplane into the South Tower's south face from floors 77 through 85 as part of an attack coordinated with the takeover of Flight&nbsp;11, which had struck the upper floors of the World Trade Center's [[List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)|North Tower]] at 08:46. Media coverage of the disaster that began in the North Tower 17 minutes earlier meant Flight 175's impact at 09:03 was the only one of the four attacks to be televised live around the world. The damage done to the South Tower by the crash and subsequent fire caused its collapse 56 minutes later at 09:59, killing everyone who was still inside. During the recovery effort at the World Trade Center site, workers uncovered and identified remains from some Flight{{nbs}}175 victims, but many victims have not been identified.
Line 46 ⟶ 41:
=== Attacks ===
{{main|September 11 attacks}}
The flight was hijacked as part of the [[September 11 attacks]]. The team was assembled by al-Qaeda leader [[Osama bin Laden]], who also provided the financial and logistical support, and was led by [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], who devised the plot. Bin Laden and Mohammed, along with the hijackers, were motivated by the US’s support for Israel and their intervention in the Middle East. The attacks were given the go ahead by bin Laden in late 1998 or early 1999. The [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] was chosen as one of the targets due to it being a prominent American symbol that represented economic prowess.{{sfn|Shane|2009}}
 
During interrogations after his capture, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] stated that he was surprised when both towers were hit, as al-Qaeda had originally only intended to target one. A phone call one month before the attacks between ringleader [[Mohammed Atta]] and [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]] indicated al-Qaeda's original attack plan focused on a single World Trade Center tower along with the [[United States Capitol|Capitol Building]], [[The Pentagon]], and the [[White House]]. The reason for the change in target is unknown, though analysts who have reviewed the FBI's evidence noted that Atta and al-Shehhi were very close and may have chosen to "die together".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsweek.com/were-world-trade-center-hijackers-atta-al-shehhi-lovers-9-11-mastermind-thinks-so-1625964 | title=World Trade Center Hijackers May Have Been Lovers, Said 9/11 Mastermind | website=[[Newsweek]] | date=September 3, 2021 }}</ref>
 
=== Hijackers ===
{{see also|Hijackers in the September 11 attacks#United Airlines Flight 175: Two World Trade Center, South Tower}}
 
The team of hijackers on United Airlines Flight{{nbs}}175 was led by [[Marwan al-Shehhi]], originally from the [[United Arab Emirates]] with a stint in Hamburg, Germany, as a student. By January 2001, the pilot hijackers had completed their training; Shehhi obtained a [[commercial pilot license]] while training in [[South Florida]],{{sfn|Shane|2009}} along with [[American Airlines Flight 11]] hijacker [[Mohamed Atta]] and [[United Airlines Flight 93|Flight{{nbs}}93]] hijacker [[Ziad Jarrah]]. The hijackers on Flight{{nbs}}175 included [[Fayez Banihammad]], also from the UAE, and three Saudis: brothers [[Hamza al-Ghamdi|Hamza]] and [[Ahmed al-Ghamdi]], as well as [[Mohand al-Shehri]].{{sfn|Federal Bureau of Investigation|2008|p=218}}{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004b}}
 
The hijackers were trained at an al-Qaeda camp called ''Mes Aynak'' in [[Kabul]], Afghanistan, where they learned about weapons and explosives, followed by training in [[Karachi]], Pakistan, where they learned about "Western culture and travel". Afterwards, they went to [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia, for exercises in airport security and surveillance. Part of the training in Malaysia included boarding flights operated by US carriers so they could observe pre-boarding security screenings, flight crew movements around the cabin, and the timing of cabin services.{{sfn|Shane|2009}}{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|pp=156–158}}
Line 65 ⟶ 60:
===Boarding===
[[File:Boston Logan Gate C19 with Flag and Jet.jpg|thumb|right|Gate C19 at Boston's Logan International Airport was the boarding gate of United Flight{{nbs}}175 on September{{nbs}}11, 2001. An American flag was added to memorialize the site.]]
Two hours before boarding, al-Shehhi took a phone call from Ziad Jarrah at 05:01. Jarrah was set to hijack Flight 93 out of [[Newark, New Jersey]], not far from the Twin Towers. The purpose of the call was to confirm they were all set to carry out the attacks.<ref>{{cite book|last=McMillan |first=Tom |date=2014 |title=Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXiFBAAAQBAJ&dq=Ziad+Jarrah+Marwan+Al+Shehhi+5:01+am+cell+phone+call&pg=PA64 |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1442232853 |access-date=May 25, 2023 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911040828/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Flight_93/MXiFBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Ziad+Jarrah+Marwan+Al+Shehhi+5%3A01+am+cell+phone+call&pg=PA64&printsec=frontcover%3Dfalse |url-status=live|page=64}}</ref> Hamza al-Ghamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi checked out of their hotel and called a taxi to take them to [[Logan International Airport]] in [[Boston]], Massachusetts.{{sfn|Federal Bureau of Investigation|2008|p=288}} They arrived at the [[United Airlines]] counter in Terminal C at 06:20 [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]] and Ahmed al-Ghamdi checked two bags. Both hijackers indicated they wanted to purchase tickets, even though they already had paper tickets, which were purchased approximately two weeks before the attacks.{{sfn|Shane|2009}} They had trouble answering the standard security questions, so the counter agent repeated the questions very slowly until satisfied with their responses.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004b}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intelfiles.egoplex.com/2001-09-21-FBI-FD302-gail-jawahir.pdf |title=Interview with Gail Jawahir |date=September 21, 2001 |publisher=Intelfiles |author=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=October 23, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081026013935/http://intelfiles.egoplex.com/2001-09-21-FBI-FD302-gail-jawahir.pdf |archive-date=October 26, 2008 }}</ref> Hijacker pilot Marwan al-Shehhi checked a single bag at 06:45, and the other remaining hijackers, Fayez Banihammad and Mohand al-Shehri, checked in at 06:53; Banihammad checked two bags.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004b}} None of the Flight 175 hijackers were selected for extra scrutiny by the [[Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System]] (CAPPS).{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|p=2}} In the meantime, al-Shehhi approached a payphone and called Mohamed Atta's cell. Atta was preparing to board [[American Airlines Flight 11]] from another terminal in Logan, and would fly the plane into the [[List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center (1971-2001)|North Tower]] of the World Trade Center 17 minutes before al-Shehhi crashed into the [[List of tenants in 2 World Trade Center|South Tower]]. Like the earlier conversation with Jarrah, the intent of this final communication was to confirm that they were both ready to go ahead with the attacks.<ref>{{cite book|last=9/11 Final Report of the National Commission|title="We have some planes"|year=2004|url=https://9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf|page=19|access-date=August 12, 2021|archive-date=September 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055527/https://9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Shehhi and the other hijackers boarded Flight{{nbs}}175 between 07:23 and 07:28. Banihammad boarded first and sat in [[First class (aviation)|first class]] seat 2A, while Mohand al-Shehri was in seat 2B. At 07:27, Shehhi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi boarded and sat in [[business class]] seats 6C and 9D, respectively. One minute later, Hamza al-Ghamdi boarded and sat in 9C.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004b}}{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|p=2}}
Line 72 ⟶ 67:
 
==Hijacking==
[[File:Marwan al-Shehhi (high-resolution).png|thumb|Lead hijacker Marwan al-Shehhi, who commandeered United Airlines Flight 175, and crashed it into the South Tower]]
 
The hijackers launched their assault seconds later at 08:42, and were in full control of the plane by 08:46, the same minute Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower.{{sfn||9/11 Commission|2004a|p=28}} Investigators believe that the al-Ghamdi brothers forced the passengers and crew to the aft of the plane by terrorizing them with knives and bomb threats, while also spraying [[Mace (spray)|mace]] into the confines of the cabin.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|pp=7-8}} Several flight attendants were stabbed or slashed, and both pilots were murdered by Fayez Banihammad and Mohand al-Shehri when they breached the cockpit, allowing Marwan al-Shehhi to commandeer the flight controls.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|pp=7-8}}{{sfn|NTSB|2002a}} The first operational evidence that something was abnormal on Flight{{nbs}}175 came seconds after the North Tower was struck, when the plane's [[Transponder (aviation)|transponder]] signal changed twice within the span of one minute, and the aircraft began deviating from its assigned course.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|pp=7-8}}{{sfn|NTSB|2002a}} However, Bottiglia did not notice until minutes later at 08:51.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004b}} Unlike Flight{{nbs}}11, which had turned its transponder off, Flight{{nbs}}175's flight data could still be properly monitored.{{sfn|NTSB|2002a}} Also, at 08:51, Flight{{nbs}}175 changed altitude. Over the next three minutes, the controller made five unsuccessful attempts to contact Flight{{nbs}}175 and worked to move other aircraft in the vicinity away from Flight{{nbs}}175.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004b}} At 08:55, a supervisor at the New York Air Traffic Control Center notified the center's operations manager of the Flight{{nbs}}175 hijacking. Now tasked with handling Flight 175, Bottiglia remarked, "We might have a hijack over here, two of them."{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004b}}
 
Line 119 ⟶ 112:
By the time Flight 175 struck the South Tower at 09:03,{{efn|The exact time is disputed. The 9/11 Commission report says 9:03:11,{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|pp=7-8}}{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004b|p=24}} NIST reports 9:02:59,{{sfn|NIST|2005|p=27}} some other sources report 9:03:02.<ref>{{cite news |title=Timeline for United Airlines Flight 175 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1962517 |newspaper=NPR |date = June 17, 2004|language=en |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824221736/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1962517 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Rinaldi |first=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_wlCwAAQBAJ&dq=south+tower+9:03:02+am&pg=PT80 |title=The Red Bandanna (Young Readers Adaptation) |date=2017-09-05 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-425-28763-7 |language=en}}</ref> multiple media organizations were already covering the first plane crash in the North Tower 17 minutes earlier, with millions watching all around the globe.<ref>{{cite news|author=Deans|first=Jason|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/sep/12/overnights.september112001|access-date=September 12, 2001|title='Within 10 minutes of the first crash, around 4m people were in front of a TV watching the tragedy unfold.'|work=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-date=August 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825144716/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/sep/12/overnights.september112001}}</ref> The image of Flight{{nbs}}175's crash was thus caught on video from multiple vantage points on live television and amateur video, while close to a hundred cameras captured Flight{{nbs}}175 in photographs before it crashed.<ref>{{cite news|author=Boxer|first=Sarah|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DEED71F3EF932A2575AC0A9649C8B63|title=One Camera, Then Thousands, Indelibly Etching a Day of Loss|date=September 11, 2002|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 17, 2008|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911145703/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/11/us/eyewitnesses-one-camera-then-thousands-indelibly-etching-a-day-of-loss.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Video footage of the crash was replayed numerous times in news broadcasts on the day of the attacks and in the days that followed, before major news networks put restrictions on use of the footage.<ref>{{cite news |author=Bauder |first=David |date=August 21, 2002 |title=The violent images of 9-11 will return to television screens, but to what extent? |url=http://www.boston.com/news/packages/sept11/anniversary/wire_stories/0908_tv.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208131645/http://boston.com/news/packages/sept11/anniversary/wire_stories/0908_tv.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2009 |access-date=November 10, 2008 |work=The Boston Globe |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The initial assumption was that the crash of Flight 11 had been an accident, a mistaken belief that also hindered the process of immediately evacuating the South Tower after the first plane struck the North.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5335a3.htm|title=Preliminary Results from the World Trade Center Evacuation Study – New York City, 2003|access-date=November 30, 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=December 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204032648/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5335a3.htm}}</ref> This was dispelled when Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower.<ref>{{cite news|title=9:03 a.m.: The 9/11 moment when many grasped a new reality|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/09/10/903-a-m-the-9-11-moment-when-many-grasped-a-new-reality/|website=[[The Mercury News]]|date=September 10, 2021|access-date=November 30, 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=November 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130094708/https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/09/10/903-a-m-the-9-11-moment-when-many-grasped-a-new-reality/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='By 9:05 a.m., it was clear America was under attack'|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/11/it-was-the-loudest-explosion-ive-ever-heard-a-9/11-survivor-on-her-harrowing-escape-from-the-pentagon.html|website=[[CNBC]]|date=September 11, 2021|access-date=November 30, 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=November 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130094707/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/11/it-was-the-loudest-explosion-ive-ever-heard-a-9/11-survivor-on-her-harrowing-escape-from-the-pentagon.html}}</ref>
 
The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|Port Authority]] initiated an immediate full-scale evacuation of the North Tower within moments of Flight 11's impact. However, the same was not done for the South Tower during the 17-minute window between the two impacts; instead, the Port Authority instructed workers to remain in place.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|p=334-335}} In spite of these hindrances, the number of people who would have been killed in the South Tower still reduced considerably after the first plane crash, and an estimated 2,900 descended from the trapped floors before the tower was even hit.<ref>{{cite book|lastname=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1.pdf/>{{rp|page=92|access-date=May 6, 2023|archive-date=July 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707002217/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Nonetheless, more than 600 people were still present on floors 77–110 when the plane struck. The impact killed hundreds, including everyone on the plane and many more inside the South Tower. An estimated 300 people survived the crash, but were trapped by the catastrophic damage done to the skyscraper as well as the heat, fire, and smoke filling its upper levels.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 26, 2002|title=102 MINUTES: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html|access-date=December 5, 2022|archive-date=September 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912025748/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Unlike at the North Tower, however, a single stairway was mostly intact from top to bottom after Flight{{nbs}}175 crashed into the South Tower. This was because Flight 11 crashed almost directly midway into the North Tower's central core and severed all escape routes from the 92nd floor up, but al-Shehhi flew the plane into the eastern half of the South Tower's southern facade near the southeast corner while also banking at a severe angle, narrowly missing Stairwell A in the northwest corner.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|p=293}}<ref name="102Mins2">{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Jim|last2=Lipton|first2=Eric|last3=Flynn|first3=Kevin|last4=Glanz|first4=James|last5=Fessenden|first5=Ford|display-authors=2|date=May 26, 2002|title=102 Minutes: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html|url-status=dead|access-date=May 23, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114063928/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html|archive-date=November 14, 2013|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Only 18 people passed the impact zone through the available stairway and left the South Tower safely before it collapsed. One of these survivors, [[Stanley Praimnath]], saw the plane coming toward him.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|p=294}}<ref name="LearningChannel2">{{cite web|url=http://tlc.discovery.com/tv-schedules/special.html?paid=2.14966.55526.0.0|title=''Flight 175: As the World Watched'' (TLC documentary)|date=December 2005|publisher=[[The Learning Channel]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121204735/http://tlc.discovery.com/tv-schedules/special.html?paid=2.14966.55526.0.0|archive-date=2013-01-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Smoke, isolated fires and hot gases ventilating through the stairs compelled those who were trapped to either avoid using them entirely, or to head upward in the hopes of a rooftop rescue,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/18/september11.usa3|title=Distant voices, still lives, 08:00-09:35|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 August 2002|access-date=May 16, 2023|url-status=live|language=en|archive-date=May 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516223107/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/18/september11.usa3}}</ref> while it has been suggested that others may have been in the process of descending from the impact zone when the tower collapsed at 09:59.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|p=314}}<ref>{{cite book|lastname=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1.pdf/>{{rp|page=239|access-date=May 6, 2023|archive-date=July 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707002217/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In any case, those who did not make it out succumbed to the fire and smoke or tower's eventual collapse. Three people were spotted falling to their deaths from the upper floors of the South Tower, two of whom had jumped to escape conditions inside; firefighter [[Daniel Suhr]] reporting to the South Tower was killed when one of these two landed on him.{{efn|The NIST report documented three victims who fell from the South Tower's east face, one of whom had evidently jumped to his death<ref name=ncstar1-5av2.pdf>{{cite book|last=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av2.pdf|page=34|access-date=May 16, 2023|archive-date=May 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530012855/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|34}} and two more who had tried to climb down.<ref>{{cite book|lastname=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av2.pdf|page=46|access-date=May 16, 2023|archive-date=May 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530012855/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite bookrp|last=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av2.pdf|page=46,52|access-date=May 16, 2023|archive-date=May 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530012855/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth victim went unnoticed by NIST, but was a woman<ref>{{Cite news|last=Caldwell|first=Vanessa|url=https://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/the-passionate-eye/september-11-2001-5-firsthand-stories-from-people-who-survived-1.6130622|title=September 11, 2001: 5 firsthand stories from people who survived|date=September 11, 2021|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=May 15, 2023|language=en|archive-date=March 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306234907/https://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/the-passionate-eye/september-11-2001-5-firsthand-stories-from-people-who-survived-1.6130622|url-status=live}}</ref> who jumped<ref>{{cite news|title=9/11 Tribute Museum Future in Jeopardy Without Immediate Assistance|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/9-11-tribute-museum-future-in-jeopardy-without-immediate-assistance/3606000/|website=[[WNBC]]|date=March 18, 2022|access-date=May 15, 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=May 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516050114/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/9-11-tribute-museum-future-in-jeopardy-without-immediate-assistance/3606000/}}</ref> from the tower's south face and landed on firefighter Danny Suhr near the intersection of West and Liberty Streets.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|p=314}}}}
 
The impact of Flight 175 also did some minor damage to the already-burning North Tower, as some windows on the east face nearest to the South Tower blew out the moment the pressure wave generated by the fireball hit them,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2017/05/09/WTC_total__rept.pdf|title=Initial Model for Fires in the World Trade Center Towers|work=National Institute of Standards and Technology|access-date=January 2, 2023|url-status=live|page=17|archive-date=March 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321223749/https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2017/05/09/WTC_total__rept.pdf}}</ref> worsening the fires in the North Tower.<ref name=ncstar1-5av1.pdf>{{cite book|last=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Final Reports from theVisual NISTEvidence, WorldDamage TradeEstimates, CenterAnd DisasterTimeline InvestigationAnalysis|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf|access-date=August 24, 2021|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911011051/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|63}} After the plane passed through the tower, part of the plane's [[landing gear]] and [[fuselage]] came out the north side of the skyscraper and crashed through the roof and two of the floors of 45–47 Park Place, between [[West Broadway (Manhattan)|West Broadway]] and [[Church Street (Manhattan)|Church Street]], {{convert|600|ft|yd m}} north of the former World Trade Center. Three floor beams of the top floor of the building were destroyed, causing major structural damage.{{sfn|NTSB|2002b}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Klersfeld|first1=Noah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fBUAAAAMAAJ|title=World Trade Center emergency damage assessment of buildings: Structural Engineers Association of New York inspections of September and October 2001|last2=Nordenson|first2=Guy|last3=and Associates, LZA Technology|publisher=Structural Engineers Association of New York|year=2003|volume=1|access-date=August 3, 2010|archive-date=September 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907051213/https://books.google.com/books?id=7fBUAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Noah|first1=Klersfeld|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fBUAAAAMAAJ|title=World Trade Center emergency damage ...|last2=Nordenson|first2=Guy|last3=Associates|first3=and|last4=(Firm)|first4=L.Z.A. Technology|date=January 3, 2008|publisher=Structural Engineers Association of New York|access-date=August 8, 2010|archive-date=September 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907051213/https://books.google.com/books?id=7fBUAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkxSAAAAMAAJ|title=World Trade Center building ...|date=May 2002|access-date=August 8, 2010|last1=Corley|first1=Gene|last2=Federal Insurance And Mitigation Administration|first2=United States|last3=Region Ii|first3=United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency|last4=O'Mara|first4=Greenhorne|publisher=Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration |isbn=978-0160673894|archive-date=September 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907051213/https://books.google.com/books?id=vkxSAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==Aftermath==
{{Main|Collapse of the World Trade Center}}
Flight 175's crash into the South Tower was faster and lower down than that of the North Tower, impacting close to a corner rather than midway into the structure, compromising its structural integrity more. Thus, there was far more structural weight pressing down on an unbalanced, damaged section of the building on fire.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 23, 2002|title=A Nation Challenged: the Trade Center Crashes; First Tower to Fall Was Hit At Higher Speed, Study Finds|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/23/us/nation-challenged-trade-center-crashes-first-tower-fall-was-hit-higher-speed.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 15, 2022|archive-date=October 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016011731/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/23/us/nation-challenged-trade-center-crashes-first-tower-fall-was-hit-higher-speed.html}}</ref> The South Tower [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapsed]] at 9:59 A.M.,<ref>{{cite book|lastname=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation|year=2005|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf|access-date=August 24, 2021|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911011051/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|80}}<ref>{{cite book|last=9/11 Final Report of the National Commission|title=Collapse of WTC2|year=2004|url=https://9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf|access-date=August 12, 2021|archive-date=September 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055527/https://9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|322}} after burning for 56 minutes,{{efn|NIST and the 9/11 Commission both give the time as 9:58:59 a.m., which is subsequently rounded to 9:59 for simplicity. If the Commission's claim that the South Tower was struck at 9:03:11 is to be believed, then it collapsed after 55 minutes and 48 seconds, not 56 minutes.}} being the first of the two skyscrapers to collapse despite being the second to be hit, and only burning for around half the amount of time as the North Tower did before it fell. Nobody who was in the South Tower at the time of its collapse survived.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/nation/2021/09/05/people-who-survived-collapse-twin-towers-september-11/5453485001/ |title= USA Today|website=www.usatoday.com |access-date=May 15, 2023}}</ref>
 
The [[flight recorder|flight recorders]] for Flight{{nbs}}175, as with Flight{{nbs}}11's, were never found.{{sfn|9/11 Commission|2004a|p=456}} Some debris from Flight{{nbs}}175 was recovered nearby, including the landing gear found on top of a building on the corner of West Broadway and Park Place, an engine found at Church and Murray Street, and a section of the fuselage which landed on top of [[5 World Trade Center]].{{sfn|NISTb|2005}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blumenthal |first1=Ralph |last2=Mowjood |first2=Sharaf |title=Muslim Prayers and Renewal Near Ground Zero |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/09/nyregion/09mosque.html |work=The New York Times |date=8 December 2009 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-date=August 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826202236/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/09/nyregion/09mosque.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2013, a piece of the inboard wing flap mechanism from a [[Boeing]] 767<ref>{{cite news | url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/29/plane-debris-near-ground-zero-is-identified-as-part-of-a-wing-flap/ | work=The New York Times | first=J. David | last=Goodman | title=Jet Debris Near 9/11 Site Is Identified as Wing Part | date=April 29, 2013 | access-date=May 8, 2013 | archive-date=January 4, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104140602/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/29/plane-debris-near-ground-zero-is-identified-as-part-of-a-wing-flap/ | url-status=live }}</ref> was discovered wedged between two buildings at Park Place.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goldstein|first=Joseph|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/27/nyregion/airplane-debris-found-near-world-trade-center-site.html?_r=1&|title=11 Years Later, Debris From Plane Is Found Near Ground Zero|date=April 26, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=September 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908063033/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/27/nyregion/airplane-debris-found-near-world-trade-center-site.html?_r=1&|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:WTC collapse before and after cropped and aligned.jpg|thumb|257x257px|After burning for 56 minutes, the South Tower collapsed at 9:59, 29 minutes before the North Tower's collapse, despite being hit 17 minutes later.]]
During the recovery process, small fragments were identified from some passengers on Flight{{nbs}}175, including a {{cvt|6|in|mm}} piece of bone belonging to Peter Hanson,<ref>{{cite news |title=Moussaoui jurors hear 9/11 victims' final calls |author=Gordon, Greg |work=Star Tribune |location=Minneapolis |date=April 11, 2006}}</ref> and small bone fragments of Lisa Frost.<ref>{{cite news |title=Her parents now have the 9/11 victim's cremated remains with them in Orange County |author=Radcliffe, Jim |work=Orange County Register |date=May 20, 2005}}</ref> In 2008, the remains of Flight{{nbs}}175 passenger Alona Abraham were identified using DNA samples.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3501421,00.html |title=September 11 victim laid to rest |work=[[Ynetnews]].com |last=Hadad |first=Shmulik |date=January 31, 2008 |access-date=July 4, 2017 |archive-date=September 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921045846/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3501421,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Remains of many others aboard Flight{{nbs}}175 were never recovered.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adding to Grief; Families of Many Victims of the World Trade Center Attack Deal With the Prospect of Never Having Their Remains Identified |work=Buffalo News |date=August 21, 2003 |author=Vogel, Charity}}</ref>
Line 137 ⟶ 130:
The names of the victims of Flight{{nbs}}175 are inscribed at the [[National September&nbsp;11 Memorial & Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Memorial Guide &#124; National September 11th Memorial & Museum|url=https://names.911memorial.org/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=names.911memorial.org|archive-date=May 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528022701/https://names.911memorial.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The federal government provided financial aid{{snd}}a minimum of $500,000{{snd}}for the families of victims who died in the attack. Individuals who accepted funds from the government were required to forfeit their ability to sue any entity for damages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Homefront: Details of Sept. 11 Victims Payments |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92061&page=1 |website=ABC News |access-date=24 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824220321/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92061&page=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than $7 billion has been paid out to victims by the [[September 11th Victim Compensation Fund]], although that figure includes damages to those who were injured or killed on the other hijacked flights or the towers.<ref name=NYTBavis/> In total, lawsuits were filed on behalf of 96 people against the airline and associated companies. The vast majority were settled under terms that were not made public, but the total compensation is estimated to be around $500 million.<ref name=NYTSettled>{{cite news |last1=Weiser |first1=Benjamin |title=Family and United Airlines Settle Last 9/11 Wrongful-Death Lawsuit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/nyregion/last-911-wrongful-death-suit-is-settled.html |work=The New York Times |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824220321/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/nyregion/last-911-wrongful-death-suit-is-settled.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NYTBavis/> Only one lawsuit progressed to a civil trial; a wrongful death filing by the family of Mark Bavis against the airline, [[Boeing]], and the airport's security company.<ref name=NYTBavis>{{cite news |last1=Moynihan |first1=Colin |title=Timetable Is Set for the Only Civil Trial in a 9/11 Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/nyregion/21bavis.html |work=The New York Times |date=21 October 2010 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824220321/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/nyregion/21bavis.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was eventually settled in September 2011.<ref name=NYTSettled/> US President George Bush, other top officials, and various government agencies were also sued by Ellen Mariani, widow of passenger Louis Neil Mariani.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Hampshire woman sues Bush, top officials, over 9-11 |url=https://archive.triblive.com/news/new-hampshire-woman-sues-bush-top-officials-over-9-11/ |work=Triblive |agency=The Associated Press |date=September 24, 2003 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824221834/https://archive.triblive.com/news/new-hampshire-woman-sues-bush-top-officials-over-9-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sept. 11 widow sues United Airlines |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/LAW/12/20/wtc.united.lawsuit/ |date=December 20, 2001 |website=CNN |access-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812041727/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/LAW/12/20/wtc.united.lawsuit/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=United Is Sued by Wife of a Man Who Died in Trade Center Attack |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1008870309807241840 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=20 December 2001 |access-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812041726/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1008870309807241840 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her cases were deemed to be frivolous.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weiser |first1=Benjamin |title=Court Penalizes a Lawyer Over Slurs in a 9/11 Filing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/nyregion/slurs-were-used-in-a-filing-tied-to-9-11-court-says.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 May 2013 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824220323/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/nyregion/slurs-were-used-in-a-filing-tied-to-9-11-court-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
== Gallery ==
Line 149 ⟶ 142:
==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation|New York City|2000s}}
* [[AmericanMalaysian AirlinesAirline System Flight 11653]]
* [[AmericanIndian Airlines Flight 77814]]
* [[United AirlinesTWA Flight 93847]]
* [[List of aircraft hijackings]]
* [[List of tenants in 2 World Trade Center|List of tenants in Two World Trade Center]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175"