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Vai syllabary

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The Vai syllabary is a syllabic writing system devised for the Vai language by Momolu Duwalu Bukele of Jondu, in what is now Grand Cape Mount County, Liberia.[1][2][3] Bukele is regarded within the Vai community, as well as by most scholars, as the syllabary's inventor and chief promoter when it was first documented in the 1830s. It is one of the two most successful indigenous scripts in West Africa in terms of the number of current users and the availability of literature written in the script, the other being N'Ko.[4] [5]

Vai
ꕙꔤ
Script type
Time period
1830s–present
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesVai
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Vaii (470), ​Vai
Unicode
Unicode alias
Vai
U+A500–U+A63F
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Structure of the script

Vai is a syllabic script written from left to right that represents CV syllables; a final nasal is written with the same glyph as the Vai syllabic nasal. Originally there were separate glyphs for syllables ending in a nasal, such as don, with a long vowel, such as soo, with a diphthong, such as bai, as well as bili and sɛli. However, these have been dropped from the modern script.

The syllabary did not distinguish all the syllables of the Vai language until the 1960s when the University of Liberia added distinctions by modifying certain glyphs with dots or extra strokes to cover all CV syllables in use. There are relatively few glyphs for nasal vowels because only a few occur with each consonant.[clarification needed]

The symbols used to write words evolved to become visually simpler over time, and an analysis has shown that they can do so over just a few generations.[6][7]

In the 1960s evidence emerged suggesting that the Cherokee syllabary of North America provided a model for the design of the Vai syllabary in Liberia.[8] The Vai syllabary emerged about 1832/33. This was at a time when American missionaries were working to use the Cherokee syllabary as a model for writing Liberian languages.[9] Another link may have been Cherokee who emigrated to Liberia after the invention of the Cherokee syllabary (which in its early years spread rapidly among the Cherokee) but before the invention of the Vai syllabary. One such man, Cherokee Austin Curtis, married into a prominent Vai family and became an important Vai chief himself. The romantic "inscription on a house" that first drew the world's attention to the existence of the Vai script was in fact on the home of Curtis, a Cherokee.[10]

What we can be reasonably sure about is that Curtis was not only a well-connected and influential man within the Vai community, but one who spoke the Vai language and adopted Vai customs, who settled in Vai country some four years before the invention of the Vai script, and who later appears to have welcomed the use of the script on his house. If Curtis was informed about the Cherokee script, if he was already resident at Cape Mount by 1827/28, and if he made contact with any of the mission party at Big Town - Revey or even his Vai-speaking assistants – it is conceivable that the notion of a syllabary reached the Vai by this route – but perhaps not very likely. Finally, whether the argument from coincidence should have any weight is difficult to say, but that two new scripts sharing the same basic structure, invented a continent apart within little more than a decade of each other, can each be linked, however tenuously (given the limited evidence), to the same individual, may reasonably be regarded as at least singular. (Tuchscherer and Hair 2002)

Syllables

  e i a o u ɔ ɛ
‑ ꔀ ꔤ ꕉ ꕱ ꖕ ꖺ ꗡ
‑̃ ꔁ ꔥ ꕊ ꕲ ꖖ ꖻ ꗢ
ŋ‑̃   ꕋ   ꖼ ꗣ
h‑ ꔂ ꔦ ꕌ ꕳ ꖗ ꖽ ꗤ
h‑̃   ꔧ ꕍ   ꖘ ꖾ ꗥ
w‑ ꔃ ꔨ ꕎ ꕴ ꖙ ꖿ ꗦ
w‑̃ ꔄ ꔩ ꕏ ꕵ ꖚ ꗀ ꗧ
p‑ ꔅ ꔪ ꕐ ꕶ ꖛ ꗁ ꗨ
b‑ ꔆ ꔫ ꕑ ꕷ ꖜ ꗂ ꗩ
ɓ‑ ꔇ ꔬ ꕒ ꕸ ꖝ ꗃ ꗪ
mɓ‑ ꔈ ꔭ ꕓ ꕹ ꖞ ꗄ ꗫ
kp‑ ꔉ ꔮ ꕔ ꕺ ꖟ ꗅ ꗬ
kp‑̃   ꕕ   ꗭ
mgb‑ ꔊ ꔯ ꕖ ꕻ ꖠ ꗆ ꗮ
gb‑ ꔋ ꔰ ꕗ ꕼ ꖡ ꗇ ꗯ
gb‑̃   ꗈ ꗰ
f‑ ꔌ ꔱ ꕘ ꕽ ꖢ ꗉ ꗱ
v‑ ꔍ ꔲ ꕙ ꕾ ꖣ ꗊ ꗲ
t‑ ꔎ ꔳ ꕚ ꕿ ꖤ ꗋ ꗳ
θ‑ ꔏ ꔴ ꕛ ꖀ ꖥ ꗌ ꗴ
d‑ ꔐ ꔵ ꕜ ꖁ ꖦ ꗍ ꗵ
ð‑ ꔑ ꔶ ꕝ ꖂ ꖧ ꗎ ꗶ
l‑ ꔒ ꔷ ꕞ ꖃ ꖨ ꗏ ꗷ
r‑ ꔓ ꔸ ꕟ ꖄ ꖩ ꗐ ꗸ
ɗ‑ ꔔ ꔹ ꕠ ꖅ ꖪ ꗑ ꗹ
nɗ‑ ꔕ ꔺ ꕡ ꖆ ꖫ ꗒ ꗺ
s‑ ꔖ ꔻ ꕢ ꖇ ꖬ ꗓ ꗻ
ʃ‑ ꔗ ꔼ ꕣ ꖈ ꖭ ꗔ ꗼ
z‑ ꔘ ꔽ ꕤ ꖉ ꖮ ꗕ ꗽ
ʒ‑ ꔙ ꔾ ꕥ ꖊ ꖯ ꗖ ꗾ
tʃ‑ ꔚ ꔿ ꕦ ꖋ ꖰ ꗗ ꗿ
dʒ‑ ꔛ ꕀ ꕧ ꖌ ꖱ ꗘ ꘀ
ndʒ‑ ꔜ ꕁ ꕨ ꖍ ꖲ ꗙ ꘁ
j‑ ꔝ ꕂ ꕩ ꖎ ꖳ ꗚ ꘂ
k‑ ꔞ ꕃ ꕪ ꖏ ꖴ ꗛ ꘃ
k‑̃   ꕫ  
ŋg‑ ꔟ ꕄ ꕬ ꖐ ꖵ ꗜ ꘄ
ŋg‑̃   ꘅ
g‑ ꔠ ꕅ ꕭ ꖑ ꖶ ꗝ ꘆ
g‑̃   ꘇ
m‑ ꔡ ꕆ ꕮ ꖒ ꖷ ꗞ ꘈ
n‑ ꔢ ꕇ ꕯ ꖓ ꖸ ꗟ ꘉ
ɲ‑ ꔣ ꕈ ꕰ ꖔ ꖹ ꗠ ꘊ
  e i a o u ɔ ɛ

Additional syllables

Symbol Function[11]
ꘋ Syllable final ŋ
ꘌ Syllable vowel lengthener (to optionally indicate a long vowel). A long vowel may also be indicated by following the syllable with a syllable of the same vowel starting with h.

Punctuation

Vai has distinct basic punctuation marks:[11]

Mark Function
꘍ comma (,)
꘎ period (.)
꘎꘎ exclamation mark (!)
꘏ question mark (?)

Additional punctuation marks are taken from European usage.

Historical symbols

Logograms

The oldest Vai texts used various logograms. Of these, only ꘓ and ꘘ are still in use.[11]

Logogram Pronunciation Syllabary Meaning
ꘓ feŋ ꔌꘋ thing
ꘔ keŋ ꔞꘋ foot
ꘕ tiŋ ꔳꘋ island
ꘖ nii; kpɛ kɔwu ꕇꔦ; ꗬ ꗛꖙ cow; case of gin
ꘗ ɓaŋ ꕒꘋ finished
ꘘ faa ꕘꕌ die, kill
ꘙ taa ꕚꕌ go, carry, journey
ꘚ ɗaŋ ꕠꘋ hear, understand
ꘛ ɗoŋ ꖅꘋ enter
ꘜ kuŋ ꖴꘋ head, be able to
ꘝ tɔŋ ꗋꘋ be named
ꘞ ɗɔɔ ꗑꖽ be small
ꘟ dʒɔŋ ꗘꘋ slave
ꔔ ɗeŋ ꔔꘋ child, small
ꕪ* kai ꕪꔦ man
ꗑ lɔ ꗏ in
  • Modern <ka>; at the time now-obsolete ꘑ was used for <ka>.

Digits

Vai uses Arabic numerals (0–9). In the 1920s Vai-specific digits were developed but never adopted:[12]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
꘠ ꘡ ꘢ ꘣ ꘤ ꘥ ꘦ ꘧ ꘨ ꘩

Book of Rora

One of Momolu Duwalu Bukele's cousins, Kaali Bala Ndole Wano, wrote a long manuscript around 1845 called the Book of Ndole or Book of Rora under the pen name Rora. This roughly fifty page manuscript contains several now obsolete symbols:[11]

obsolete symbols ꘐ ꘑ ꘒ ꘪ ꘫ
modern equivalents ꕘ ꕪ ꖇ ꕮ ꗑ

Unicode

Main article: Vai (Unicode block)

The Vai syllabary was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1.

In Windows 7 and earlier, since this version only gives names for characters released in Unicode 5.0 and earlier, the names will either be blank (Microsoft Word applications) or "Undefined" (Character Map).

The Unicode block for Vai is U+A500–U+A63F:

Vai[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+A50x ꔀ ꔁ ꔂ ꔃ ꔄ ꔅ ꔆ ꔇ ꔈ ꔉ ꔊ ꔋ ꔌ ꔍ ꔎ ꔏ
U+A51x ꔐ ꔑ ꔒ ꔓ ꔔ ꔕ ꔖ ꔗ ꔘ ꔙ ꔚ ꔛ ꔜ ꔝ ꔞ ꔟ
U+A52x ꔠ ꔡ ꔢ ꔣ ꔤ ꔥ ꔦ ꔧ ꔨ ꔩ ꔪ ꔫ ꔬ ꔭ ꔮ ꔯ
U+A53x ꔰ ꔱ ꔲ ꔳ ꔴ ꔵ ꔶ ꔷ ꔸ ꔹ ꔺ ꔻ ꔼ ꔽ ꔾ ꔿ
U+A54x ꕀ ꕁ ꕂ ꕃ ꕄ ꕅ ꕆ ꕇ ꕈ ꕉ ꕊ ꕋ ꕌ ꕍ ꕎ ꕏ
U+A55x ꕐ ꕑ ꕒ ꕓ ꕔ ꕕ ꕖ ꕗ ꕘ ꕙ ꕚ ꕛ ꕜ ꕝ ꕞ ꕟ
U+A56x ꕠ ꕡ ꕢ ꕣ ꕤ ꕥ ꕦ ꕧ ꕨ ꕩ ꕪ ꕫ ꕬ ꕭ ꕮ ꕯ
U+A57x ꕰ ꕱ ꕲ ꕳ ꕴ ꕵ ꕶ ꕷ ꕸ ꕹ ꕺ ꕻ ꕼ ꕽ ꕾ ꕿ
U+A58x ꖀ ꖁ ꖂ ꖃ ꖄ ꖅ ꖆ ꖇ ꖈ ꖉ ꖊ ꖋ ꖌ ꖍ ꖎ ꖏ
U+A59x ꖐ ꖑ ꖒ ꖓ ꖔ ꖕ ꖖ ꖗ ꖘ ꖙ ꖚ ꖛ ꖜ ꖝ ꖞ ꖟ
U+A5Ax ꖠ ꖡ ꖢ ꖣ ꖤ ꖥ ꖦ ꖧ ꖨ ꖩ ꖪ ꖫ ꖬ ꖭ ꖮ ꖯ
U+A5Bx ꖰ ꖱ ꖲ ꖳ ꖴ ꖵ ꖶ ꖷ ꖸ ꖹ ꖺ ꖻ ꖼ ꖽ ꖾ ꖿ
U+A5Cx ꗀ ꗁ ꗂ ꗃ ꗄ ꗅ ꗆ ꗇ ꗈ ꗉ ꗊ ꗋ ꗌ ꗍ ꗎ ꗏ
U+A5Dx ꗐ ꗑ ꗒ ꗓ ꗔ ꗕ ꗖ ꗗ ꗘ ꗙ ꗚ ꗛ ꗜ ꗝ ꗞ ꗟ
U+A5Ex ꗠ ꗡ ꗢ ꗣ ꗤ ꗥ ꗦ ꗧ ꗨ ꗩ ꗪ ꗫ ꗬ ꗭ ꗮ ꗯ
U+A5Fx ꗰ ꗱ ꗲ ꗳ ꗴ ꗵ ꗶ ꗷ ꗸ ꗹ ꗺ ꗻ ꗼ ꗽ ꗾ ꗿ
U+A60x ꘀ ꘁ ꘂ ꘃ ꘄ ꘅ ꘆ ꘇ ꘈ ꘉ ꘊ ꘋ ꘌ ꘍ ꘎ ꘏
U+A61x ꘐ ꘑ ꘒ ꘓ ꘔ ꘕ ꘖ ꘗ ꘘ ꘙ ꘚ ꘛ ꘜ ꘝ ꘞ ꘟ
U+A62x ꘠ ꘡ ꘢ ꘣ ꘤ ꘥ ꘦ ꘧ ꘨ ꘩ ꘪ ꘫ
U+A63x
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Notes

  1. ^ Migeod, F.W.H. (1909). "The syllabic writing of the Vai people". Journal of the African Society. 9 (33): 46–58. JSTOR 715184.
  2. ^ Massaquoi, Momolu (1911). "The Vai people and their syllabic writing". Journal of the African Society. 10 (40): 459–466. JSTOR 714743.
  3. ^ Coulmas, Florian (1996). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 537–539. ISBN 978-0-631-21481-6.
  4. ^ Unseth, Peter (2011). "Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization". In Fishman, Joshua A.; García, Ofelia (eds.). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–32. ISBN 978-0-19-983799-1.
  5. ^ "British Library Documents showing the Vai script". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ Barras, Colin (11 January 2022). "A West African writing system shows how letters evolve to get simpler". New Scientist. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ Kelly, Piers, James Winters, Helena Miton, and Olivier Morin. "The predictable evolution of letter shapes: An emergent script of West Africa recapitulates historical change in writing systems." Current Anthropology 62, no. 6 (2021):669-691.
  8. ^ Summitt, April R. (2012). Sequoyah and the Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet. ABC-CLIO. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-313-39177-4. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  9. ^ Appiah, Anthony; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (2010). Appiah, Anthony; Gates Jr., Henry Louis= (eds.). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  10. ^ Tuchscherer, Konrad; Hair, P.E.H. (2002). "Cherokee and West Africa: Examining the origins of the Vai script". History in Africa. 29: 427–486. doi:10.2307/3172173. JSTOR 3172173. S2CID 162073602.
  11. ^ a b c d "ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2948R: Proposal to add the Vai script to the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  12. ^ "ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3081R: Proposal for addition of Vai characters to the UCS" (PDF). Retrieved 22 February 2012.

Further reading

  • Everson, Michael; Charles Riley; José Rivera (1 August 2005). "Proposal to add the Vai script to the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). Working Group Document. International Organization for Standardization.
  • Fatima Massaquoi-Fahnbulleh. 1963. "The Seminar on the Standardization of the Vai script," in University of Liberia Journal Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 15–37.
  • "Vai syllabary". Omniglot. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  • Kelly, Piers, James Winters, Helena Miton, and Olivier Morin. "The predictable evolution of letter shapes: An emergent script of West Africa recapitulates historical change in writing systems." Current Anthropology 62, no. 6 (2021). [on simplifications over time for Vai symbols]
  • Tuchscherer, Konrad. 2005. "History of Writing in Africa." In Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (second edition), ed. by Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., pp. 476–480. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Tuchscherer, Konrad. 2002 (with P.E.H. Hair). "Cherokee and West Africa: Examining the Origins of the Vai Script," History in Africa, 29, pp. 427–486.
  • Tuchscherer, Konrad. 2001. "The Vai Script," in Liberia: Africa's First Republic (Footsteps magazine). Petersborough, NH: Cobblestone Press.
  • Tykhostup, Olena and Piers Kelly. 2017. "A diachronic comparison of the Vai script of Liberia (1834–2005)." Journal of Open Humanities Data 4:2. doi:10.5334/johnd.10.
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