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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae}}
:''For other uses, see [[Valerian]].''
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Valeriana officinalis 002.jpgJPG
|image_caption = Garden valerian, ''[[Valeriana officinalis]]''
|taxon = Valeriana
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|authority = L. (1753)
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|subdivision =
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|synonyms = {{collapsible list| <!-- some to fit, not all -->
|ordo = [[Dipsacales]]
* ''Aligera'' {{small|Suksd. (1897)}}
|familia = [[Valerianaceae]]
* ''Amblyorhinum'' <small>Turcz. (1852)</small>
|genus = '''''Valeriana'''''
* ''Aretiastrum'' <small>(DC.) Spach (1841)</small>
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
* ''Astrephia'' {{small|Dufr. (1811)}}
|subdivision = many, see text
* ''Belonanthus'' {{small|Graebn. (1906)}}
|}}
* ''Betckea'' {{small|DC. (1832)}}
* ''Centranthus'' <small>DC. (1805)</small>
* ''Dufresnia'' <small>DC. (1834)</small>
* ''Fedia'' <small>Gaertn. (1790), nom. cons.</small>
* ''Fedia'' {{small|Kunth (1819), nom. illeg.}}
* ''Fuisa'' {{small|Raf. (1840)}}
* ''Hemesotria'' {{small|Raf. (1820)}}
* ''Hybidium'' <small>Fourr. (1868)</small>
* ''Locusta'' <small>Riv. ex Medik. (1789)</small>
* ''Masema'' <small>Dulac (1867)</small>
* ''Mitrophora'' <small>Neck. ex Raf. (1813)</small>
* ''Monastes'' {{small|Raf. (1840)}}
* ''Ocymastrum'' <small>Kuntze (1891)</small>
* ''Odontocarpa'' <small>Raf. (1840)</small>
* ''Oligacoce'' {{small|Willd. ex DC. (1830)}}
* ''Phu'' {{small|Ludw. (1757)}}
* ''Phuodendron'' {{small|(Graebn.) Dalla Torre & Harms (1905)}}
* ''Phyllactis'' {{small|Pers. (1805)}}
* ''Plectritis'' {{small|DC. (1830)}}
* ''Polypremum'' {{small|Adans. (1763), nom. illeg.}}
* ''Porteria'' {{small|Hook. (1851)}}
* ''Pseudobetckea'' {{small|(Höck) Lincz. (1958)}}
* ''Rittera'' <small>Raf. (1840), nom. illeg.</small>
* ''Saliunca'' <small>Raf. (1840)</small>
* ''Siphonella'' {{small|Small (1903)}}
* ''Stangea'' {{small|Graebn. (1906)}}
* ''Valerianopsis'' <small>C.A.Müll. (1885)</small>
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO"/>
}}
 
'''''Valeriana''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plantsplant]]s in the family [[ValerianaceaeCaprifoliaceae]].,<ref name=POWO/> Itmembers includesof awhich numbermay ofbe speciescommonly ofknown whichas the'''valerians'''. bestIt knowncontains many species, isincluding the [[valerian (herb)|garden valerian]], ''Valeriana officinalis''. Some speciesSpecies are native to [[Europe]]all continents except Antarctica, otherswith tocenters of diversity in [[North AmericaEurasia]] and [[South America]] (especially in the [[Andes]]).
 
Some species are known as [[introduced species]] in other parts of the world, including ''[[Valeriana rubra]]'' in the western United States<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CERU2 USDA Plants Profile]</ref> and ''[[Valeriana macrosiphon]]'' in [[Western Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7366 |title=FloraBase Profile |access-date=2009-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524211657/http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7366 |archive-date=2011-05-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Species include:
 
== Taxonomy ==
*''[[Valeriana acutiloba]]''<br />
The genus was named by [[Carl Linnaeus]] after the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor [[Publius Licinius Valerianus]] who was said to use the plant as medicine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ilieva |first1=Iliana |title=Names of botanical genera inspired by mythology |journal=GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences |date=30 March 2021 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=8–18 |doi=10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.3.0050 |url=https://gsconlinepress.com/journals/gscbps/content/names-botanical-genera-inspired-mythology|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|16}} The emperor's personal name comes from ''[[Valeria (gens)|Valeria]]'' and the Latin verb ''valeo'' which means "to be strong".<ref>{{OEtymD|valerian}}</ref><ref name="LD">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dvaleo |title= vălĕo |last1= Lewis |first1= Charlton T. |last2= Short |first2= Charles |dictionary= A Latin Dictionary |edition= |publisher= Perseus Digital Library |date = 1879 }}</ref>
*''[[Valeriana arburua]]''
<!-- unsure if Latdict ref is legitimate, hide for now <ref>[http://www.latin-dictionary.net/definition/38320/valeo-valere-valui-valitus Latin definition for: valeo, valere, valui, valitus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328051611/http://www.latin-dictionary.net/definition/38320/valeo-valere-valui-valitus |date=2014-03-28 }}. latin-dictionary.net</ref>
*''[[Valeriana arizonica]]''
-->
*''[[Valeriana buxifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana californica]]''
*''[[Valeriana capitata]]''
*''[[Valeriana carnosa]]''
*''[[Valeriana celtica]]'' - Alpine valerian or valerian spikenard
*''[[Valeriana columbiana]]''
*''[[Valeriana dioica]]'' - marsh valerian
*''[[Valeriana edulis]]''
*''[[Valeriana occidentalis]]''
*''[[Valeriana officinalis]]'', also called garden valerian. The root of ''Valeriana officinalis'' has been demonstrated to possess [[sedative]] and [[anxiolytic]] effects.<ref name=webmd>[http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/tc/valerian-topic-overview Valerian-Topic Overview]. Webmd.com (2009-06-30). Retrieved on 2012-01-09.</ref>
*''[[Valeriana pauciflora]]''
*''[[Valeriana scandens]]''
*''[[Valeriana scouleri]]''
*''[[Valeriana septentrionalis]]''
*''[[Valeriana sitchensis]]'' - Sitka valerian
*''[[Valeriana sorbifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana texana]]''
*''[[Valeriana tiliifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana tripteris]]''
*''[[Valeriana wallichii]]
 
32 previously recognized genera, including ''Centranthus'', ''Fedia'', and ''Plectritis'', are now considered synonyms of ''Valeriana''.<ref name="POWO"/> Species in the former genus ''Centranthus'' are unusual in having flowers with "handedness", that is, having neither radial nor bilateral symmetry.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Weberling|first1=Focko|title=Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25134-6|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZlOAAAAIAAJ&q=valerian+flower+symmetry&pg=PA19}}</ref>
{{Portal|Plants}}
 
==External linksBotany ==
Species from this genus are herbaceous and have woody roots. They grow vines with fine hairs and trifoliolate, [[pinnation|pinnate]] leaves with serrated edges. They release a strong smell when they dry. Their flowers bloom from [[Cyme (botany)#cyme|cymes]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Acevedo-Rodríguez |first=Pedro |date=April 2020 |chapter=Caprifoliaceae |chapter-url=https://naturalhistory.si.edu/sites/default/files/media/file/caprifoliaceae.pdf |title=Guide to the Genera of Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics |publisher=[[National Museum of Natural History]], [[Smithsonian Institution]] }}</ref>
 
== Fossil record ==
[[Fossil]] seeds of ''Valeriana sp,'' among them †''Valeriana pliocenica'', have been recovered from Late [[Miocene]] deposits of southern [[Ukraine]], and from [[Pliocene]] deposits of south-eastern [[Belarus]] and [[Bashkortostan]] in central Russia. The fossil seeds are most similar to the extant European ''Valeriana simplicifolia'' (a subspecies of ''[[Valeriana dioica]]'').<ref>The [[Pliocene]] flora of [[Kholmech]], south-eastern [[Belarus]] and its correlation with other [[Pliocene]] floras of [[Europe]] by Felix Yu. VELICHKEVICH and Ewa ZASTAWNIAK - Acta Palaeobot. 43(2): 137–259, 2003</ref>
 
== Species ==
{{Main|List of Valeriana species|l1=List of ''Valeriana'' species}}
{{As of|2024|7}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepts over 435 species and hybrids, including:<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |title=''Valeriana'' L. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000719-2 |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>
{{Div col}}
*''[[Valeriana alypifolia]]'' {{small|Kunth}}
*''[[Valeriana amazonum]]'' {{small|(Fridl. & A.Raynal) Christenh. & Byng}}
*''[[Valeriana aretioides]]'' {{small|Kunth}}
*''[[Valeriana asterothrix]]'' {{small|Killip}}
*''[[Valeriana bertiscea]]'' {{small|Pančić}}
*''[[Valeriana buxifolia]]'' {{small|F.G.Mey.}}
*''[[Valeriana calcitrapae]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Valeriana californica]]'' {{small|A.Heller}}
*''[[Valeriana celtica]]'' {{small|L.}} – Alpine valerian or valerian spikenard
*''[[Valeriana cernua]]'' {{small|B.Eriksen}}
*''[[Valeriana ciliosa]]'' {{small|(Greene) Byng & Christenh. (2018)}} – longspur seablush
*''[[Valeriana coleophylla]]'' {{small|Diels}}
*''[[Valeriana dioica]]'' {{small|L.}} – marsh valerian
*''[[Valeriana edulis]]'' {{small|Nutt.}}
*''[[Valeriana eriocarpa]]'' {{small|(Desv.) Christenh. & Byng}} – Italian corn salad
*''[[Valeriana fauriei]]'' {{small|Briq.}} – Korean valerian<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=668 |access-date=24 December 2016 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*''[[Valeriana locusta]]'' {{small|L.}} – corn salad, lamb's lettuce, mâche, fetticus
*''[[Valeriana macrocera]]'' {{small|(Torr. & A.Gray) Byng & Christenh.}} – longhorn seablush
*''[[Valeriana macrosiphon]]'' {{small|(Boiss.) E.Vilm.}} – long-spurred valerian
*''[[Valeriana montana]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Valeriana occidentalis]]'' {{small|A.Heller}}
*''[[Valeriana officinalis]]'' {{small|L.}} – garden valerian
*''[[Valeriana pauciflora]]'' {{small|Michx.}}
*''[[Valeriana pyrenaica]]'' {{small|L.}} – Pyrenean valerian
*''[[Valeriana rubra]]'' {{small|L.}} – red valerian
*''[[Valeriana secunda]]'' {{small|B.Eriksen}}
*''[[Valeriana sitchensis]]'' {{small|Bong.}} – Sitka valerian
*''[[Valeriana trinervis]]'' {{small|Viv.}}
*''[[Valeriana uliginosa]]'' {{small|(Torr. & A.Gray) Rydb.}}
*''[[Valeriana umbilicata]]'' {{small|(Sull.) Christenh. & Byng}} – navel corn salad
*''[[Valeriana woodsiana]]'' {{small|(Torr. & A.Gray) Christenh. & Byng}} – beaked corn salad
{{div col end}}
 
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:60 Valeriana officinalis.jpg|''[[Valeriana officinalis]]''
File:Valeriana montana Atlas Alpenflora.jpg|''[[Valeriana montana|V. montana]]''
</gallery>
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VALER USDA records of the distribution of the genus in the United States]
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q159559}}
[[Category:Valeriana]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Valerianaceae]]
 
[[Category:Valeriana| ]]
[[Category:Caprifoliaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
 
{{Dipsacales-stub}}
 
[[ar:ناردين مخزني]]
[[az:Pişikotu]]
[[ca:Valeriana]]
[[cs:Kozlík (Valeriana)]]
[[da:Baldrian]]
[[de:Baldriane]]
[[et:Palderjan (perekond)]]
[[es:Valeriana (género)]]
[[eo:Valeriano (planto)]]
[[fr:Valeriana]]
[[ko:쥐오줌풀속]]
[[hy:Կատվախոտ]]
[[hsb:Bałdrijan]]
[[os:Цъамалæг]]
[[it:Valeriana]]
[[kk:Валериана]]
[[lt:Valerijonas]]
[[hu:Macskagyökér]]
[[nl:Valeriaan (geslacht)]]
[[pl:Kozłek]]
[[pt:Valeriana]]
[[ru:Валериана]]
[[sv:Vänderotssläktet]]
[[udm:Бадьян]]
[[vi:Chi Nữ lang]]
[[zh:缬草属]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriana"