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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae}}
{{taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Valeriana officinalis.jpg
|image_captionimage = Garden valerian, ''Valeriana officinalis'' 002.JPG
|image_caption = Garden valerian, ''[[Valeriana officinalis]]''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|taxon = Valeriana
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|authority = L. (1753)
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|subdivision =
|ordo = [[Dipsacales]]
|synonyms = {{collapsible list| <!-- some to fit, not all -->
|familia = [[Caprifoliaceae]]
* ''Aligera'' {{small|Suksd. (1897)}}
|genus = '''''Valeriana'''''
* ''Amblyorhinum'' <small>Turcz. (1852)</small>
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
* ''Aretiastrum'' <small>(DC.) Spach (1841)</small>
|subdivision = many, see text
* ''Astrephia'' {{small|Dufr. (1811)}}
|}}
* ''Belonanthus'' {{small|Graebn. (1906)}}
[[File:Valeriana montana in Berchtesgaden National Park.JPG|thumb|''Valeriana montana'']]
* ''Betckea'' {{small|DC. (1832)}}
'''''Valeriana''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plants]] in the family [[Caprifoliaceae]],<ref>{{citation |title=''Valeriana'' |work=The Plant List (version 1.1) |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Caprifoliaceae/Valeriana/ |accessdate=2014-09-19 }}</ref> members of which may by commonly known as '''valerians'''. It contains many species, including the [[valerian (herb)|garden valerian]], ''Valeriana officinalis''. Some species are native to [[Europe]], others to [[North America]] and [[South America]] (especially in the [[Andes]]).
* ''Centranthus'' <small>DC. (1805)</small>
* ''Dufresnia'' <small>DC. (1834)</small>
* ''Fedia'' <small>Gaertn. (1790), nom. cons.</small>
* ''Fedia'' {{small|Kunth (1819), nom. illeg.}}
* ''Fuisa'' {{small|Raf. (1840)}}
* ''Hemesotria'' {{small|Raf. (1820)}}
* ''Hybidium'' <small>Fourr. (1868)</small>
* ''Locusta'' <small>Riv. ex Medik. (1789)</small>
* ''Masema'' <small>Dulac (1867)</small>
* ''Mitrophora'' <small>Neck. ex Raf. (1813)</small>
* ''Monastes'' {{small|Raf. (1840)}}
* ''Ocymastrum'' <small>Kuntze (1891)</small>
* ''Odontocarpa'' <small>Raf. (1840)</small>
* ''Oligacoce'' {{small|Willd. ex DC. (1830)}}
* ''Phu'' {{small|Ludw. (1757)}}
* ''Phuodendron'' {{small|(Graebn.) Dalla Torre & Harms (1905)}}
* ''Phyllactis'' {{small|Pers. (1805)}}
* ''Plectritis'' {{small|DC. (1830)}}
* ''Polypremum'' {{small|Adans. (1763), nom. illeg.}}
* ''Porteria'' {{small|Hook. (1851)}}
* ''Pseudobetckea'' {{small|(Höck) Lincz. (1958)}}
* ''Rittera'' <small>Raf. (1840), nom. illeg.</small>
* ''Saliunca'' <small>Raf. (1840)</small>
* ''Siphonella'' {{small|Small (1903)}}
* ''Stangea'' {{small|Graebn. (1906)}}
* ''Valerianopsis'' <small>C.A.Müll. (1885)</small>
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO"/>
}}
 
'''''Valeriana''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Caprifoliaceae]],<ref name=POWO/> members of which may be commonly known as '''valerians'''. It contains many species, including the [[garden valerian]], ''Valeriana officinalis''. Species are native to all continents except Antarctica, with centers of diversity in [[Eurasia]] and [[South America]] (especially in the [[Andes]]).
Species include:
 
{{Div col|3}}
Some species are known as [[introduced species]] in other parts of the world, including ''[[Valeriana rubra]]'' in the western United States<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CERU2 USDA Plants Profile]</ref> and ''[[Valeriana macrosiphon]]'' in [[Western Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7366 |title=FloraBase Profile |access-date=2009-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524211657/http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7366 |archive-date=2011-05-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''[[Valeriana acutiloba]]''
 
*''[[Valeriana adscendens]]''
== Taxonomy ==
*''[[Valeriana aequiloba]]''
The genus was named by [[Carl Linnaeus]] after the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor [[Publius Licinius Valerianus]] who was said to use the plant as medicine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ilieva |first1=Iliana |title=Names of botanical genera inspired by mythology |journal=GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences |date=30 March 2021 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=8–18 |doi=10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.3.0050 |url=https://gsconlinepress.com/journals/gscbps/content/names-botanical-genera-inspired-mythology|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|16}} The emperor's personal name comes from ''[[Valeria (gens)|Valeria]]'' and the Latin verb ''valeo'' which means "to be strong".<ref>{{OEtymD|valerian}}</ref><ref name="LD">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dvaleo |title= vălĕo |last1= Lewis |first1= Charlton T. |last2= Short |first2= Charles |dictionary= A Latin Dictionary |edition= |publisher= Perseus Digital Library |date = 1879 }}</ref>
*''[[Valeriana agrimonifolia]]''
<!-- unsure if Latdict ref is legitimate, hide for now <ref>[http://www.latin-dictionary.net/definition/38320/valeo-valere-valui-valitus Latin definition for: valeo, valere, valui, valitus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328051611/http://www.latin-dictionary.net/definition/38320/valeo-valere-valui-valitus |date=2014-03-28 }}. latin-dictionary.net</ref>
*''[[Valeriana albonervata]]''
-->
*''[[Valeriana alliariifolia]]''
 
*''[[Valeriana altaica]]''
32 previously recognized genera, including ''Centranthus'', ''Fedia'', and ''Plectritis'', are now considered synonyms of ''Valeriana''.<ref name="POWO"/> Species in the former genus ''Centranthus'' are unusual in having flowers with "handedness", that is, having neither radial nor bilateral symmetry.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Weberling|first1=Focko|title=Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25134-6|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZlOAAAAIAAJ&q=valerian+flower+symmetry&pg=PA19}}</ref>
*''[[Valeriana alypifolia]]''
 
*''[[Valeriana amurensis]]''
== Botany ==
*''[[Valeriana apiifolia]]''
Species from this genus are herbaceous and have woody roots. They grow vines with fine hairs and trifoliolate, [[pinnation|pinnate]] leaves with serrated edges. They release a strong smell when they dry. Their flowers bloom from [[Cyme (botany)#cyme|cymes]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Acevedo-Rodríguez |first=Pedro |date=April 2020 |chapter=Caprifoliaceae |chapter-url=https://naturalhistory.si.edu/sites/default/files/media/file/caprifoliaceae.pdf |title=Guide to the Genera of Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics |publisher=[[National Museum of Natural History]], [[Smithsonian Institution]] }}</ref>
*''[[Valeriana arborea]]''
 
*''[[Valeriana arizonica]]''
== Fossil record ==
*''[[Valeriana asarifolia]]''
[[Fossil]] seeds of ''Valeriana sp,'' among them †''Valeriana pliocenica'', have been recovered from Late [[Miocene]] deposits of southern [[Ukraine]], and from [[Pliocene]] deposits of south-eastern [[Belarus]] and [[Bashkortostan]] in central Russia. The fossil seeds are most similar to the extant European ''Valeriana simplicifolia'' (a subspecies of ''[[Valeriana dioica]]'').<ref>The [[Pliocene]] flora of [[Kholmech]], south-eastern [[Belarus]] and its correlation with other [[Pliocene]] floras of [[Europe]] by Felix Yu. VELICHKEVICH and Ewa ZASTAWNIAK - Acta Palaeobot. 43(2): 137–259, 2003</ref>
*''[[Valeriana asplenifolia]]''
 
*''[[Valeriana asterothrix]]''
== Species ==
*''[[Valeriana atacamensis]]''
{{Main|List of Valeriana species|l1=List of ''Valeriana'' species}}
*''[[Valeriana baltana]]''
{{As of|2024|7}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepts over 435 species and hybrids, including:<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |title=''Valeriana'' L. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000719-2 |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>
*''[[Valeriana bambusicaulis]]''
{{Div col}}
*''[[Valeriana barbareifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana barbulataalypifolia]]'' {{small|Kunth}}
*''[[Valeriana beamaniiamazonum]]'' {{small|(Fridl. & A.Raynal) Christenh. & Byng}}
*''[[Valeriana bertisceaaretioides]]'' {{small|Kunth}}
*''[[Valeriana bolivianaasterothrix]]'' {{small|Killip}}
*''[[Valeriana bornmuelleribertiscea]]'' {{small|Pančić}}
*''[[Valeriana bracteatabuxifolia]]'' {{small|F.G.Mey.}}
*''[[Valeriana bracteosacalcitrapae]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Valeriana bractescenscalifornica]]'' {{small|A.Heller}}
*''[[Valeriana bridgesiiceltica]]'' {{small|L.}} – Alpine valerian or valerian spikenard
*''[[Valeriana briquetianacernua]]'' {{small|B.Eriksen}}
*''[[Valeriana bryophilaciliosa]]'' {{small|(Greene) Byng & Christenh. (2018)}} – longspur seablush
*''[[Valeriana bulbosacoleophylla]]'' {{small|Diels}}
*''[[Valeriana buxifoliadioica]]'' {{small|L.}} – marsh valerian
*''[[Valeriana calcicolaedulis]]'' {{small|Nutt.}}
*''[[Valeriana californicaeriocarpa]]'' {{small|(Desv.) Christenh. & Byng}} – Italian corn salad
*''[[Valeriana fauriei]]'' {{small|Briq.}} – Korean valerian<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=668 |access-date=24 December 2016 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*''[[Valeriana calvescens]]''
*''[[Valeriana capensislocusta]]'' {{small|L.}} – corn salad, lamb's lettuce, mâche, fetticus
*''[[Valeriana macrocera]]'' {{small|(Torr. & A.Gray) Byng & Christenh.}} – longhorn seablush
*''[[Valeriana capitata]]''
*''[[Valeriana carnosamacrosiphon]]'' {{small|(Boiss.) E.Vilm.}} – long-spurred valerian
*''[[Valeriana castellanosiimontana]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Valeriana catharinensisoccidentalis]]'' {{small|A.Heller}}
*''[[Valeriana celticaofficinalis]]'' -{{small|L.}} Alpine– garden valerian or valerian spikenard
*''[[Valeriana cephalanthapauciflora]]'' {{small|Michx.}}
*''[[Valeriana ceratophyllapyrenaica]]'' {{small|L.}} – Pyrenean valerian
*''[[Valeriana cernuarubra]]'' {{small|L.}} – red valerian
*''[[Valeriana cerosifoliasecunda]]'' {{small|B.Eriksen}}
*''[[Valeriana chaerophylloidessitchensis]]'' {{small|Bong.}} – Sitka valerian
*''[[Valeriana chamaedryfoliatrinervis]]'' {{small|Viv.}}
*''[[Valeriana chiapensisuliginosa]]'' {{small|(Torr. & A.Gray) Rydb.}}
*''[[Valeriana chilensisumbilicata]]'' {{small|(Sull.) Christenh. & Byng}} – navel corn salad
*''[[Valeriana woodsiana]]'' {{small|(Torr. & A.Gray) Christenh. & Byng}} – beaked corn salad
*''[[Valeriana ciliata]]''
{{div col end}}
*''[[Valeriana clarionifolia]]''
 
*''[[Valeriana clematitis]]''
== Gallery ==
*''[[Valeriana coarctata]]''
<gallery>
*''[[Valeriana coleophylla]]''
*File:60 Valeriana officinalis.jpg|''[[Valeriana columbianaofficinalis]]''
*File:Valeriana montana Atlas Alpenflora.jpg|''[[Valeriana comosamontana|V. montana]]''
</gallery>
*''[[Valeriana condamoana]]''
*''[[Valeriana connata]]''
*''[[Valeriana convallarioides]]''
*''[[Valeriana corymbulosa]]''
*''[[Valeriana costata]]''
*''[[Valeriana crassifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana crinii]]''
*''[[Valeriana crispa]]''
*''[[Valeriana cuatrecasasii]]''
*''[[Valeriana cucurbitifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana cumbemayensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana daphniflora]]''
*''[[Valeriana decussata]]''
*''[[Valeriana deltoidea]]''
*''[[Valeriana densa]]''
*''[[Valeriana densiflora]]''
*''[[Valeriana diffusa]]''
*''[[Valeriana dinorrhiza]]''
*''[[Valeriana dioica]]'' - marsh valerian
*''[[Valeriana dioscoridis]]''
*''[[Valeriana dipsacoides]]''
*''[[Valeriana dominguensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana edulis]]''
*''[[Valeriana effusa]]''
*''[[Valeriana eichleriana]]''
*''[[Valeriana elongata]]''
*''[[Valeriana emmanuelii]]''
*''[[Valeriana engleriana]]''
*''[[Valeriana eupatoria]]''
*''[[Valeriana fauriei]]''
*''[[Valeriana fedtschenkoi]]''
*''[[Valeriana ferax]]''
*''[[Valeriana ficariifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana flaccidissima]]''
*''[[Valeriana flagellifera]]''
*''[[Valeriana fonkii]]''
*''[[Valeriana fragilis]]''
*''[[Valeriana glaziovii]]''
*''[[Valeriana glechomifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana globiflora]]''
*''[[Valeriana globulariifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana globularioides]]''
*''[[Valeriana globularis]]''
*''[[Valeriana graciliceps]]''
*''[[Valeriana granataea]]''
*''[[Valeriana grandifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana grisiana]]''
*''[[Valeriana grossheimii]]''
*''[[Valeriana hadros]]''
*''[[Valeriana hardwickii]]''
*''[[Valeriana hebecarpa]]''
*''[[Valeriana hengduanensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana henrici]]''
*''[[Valeriana herrerae]]''
*''[[Valeriana hiemalis]]''
*''[[Valeriana hirtella]]''
*''[[Valeriana hirticalyx]]''
*''[[Valeriana hornschuchiana]]''
*''[[Valeriana humboldtii]]''
*''[[Valeriana hyalinorrhiza]]''
*''[[Valeriana imbricata]]''
*''[[Valeriana interrupta]]''
*''[[Valeriana isoetifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana jasminoides]]''
*''[[Valeriana jatamansi]]''
*''[[Valeriana johannae]]''
*''[[Valeriana karstenii]]''
*''[[Valeriana kawakamii]]''
*''[[Valeriana kilimandscharica]]''
*''[[Valeriana laciniosa]]''
*''[[Valeriana lancifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana lapathifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana laurifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana laxiflora]]''
*''[[Valeriana laxissima]]''
*''[[Valeriana ledoides]]''
*''[[Valeriana lepidota]]''
*''[[Valeriana leptothyrsa]]''
*''[[Valeriana lesueurii]]''
*''[[Valeriana leucocarpa]]''
*''[[Valeriana longiflora]]''
*''[[Valeriana macbridei]]''
*''[[Valeriana macrorhiza]]''
*''[[Valeriana magellanica]]''
*''[[Valeriana magna]]''
*''[[Valeriana malvacea]]''
*''[[Valeriana mandoniana]]''
*''[[Valeriana mandonii]]''
*''[[Valeriana mapirensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana meonantha]]''
*''[[Valeriana merxmuelleri]]''
*''[[Valeriana mexicana]]''
*''[[Valeriana microphylla]]''
*''[[Valeriana micropterina]]''
*''[[Valeriana minutiflora]]''
*''[[Valeriana montana]]''
*''[[Valeriana moorei]]''
*''[[Valeriana muelleri]]''
*''[[Valeriana naidae]]''
*''[[Valeriana nelsonii]]''
*''[[Valeriana nigricans]]''
*''[[Valeriana nivalis]]''
*''[[Valeriana oaxacana]]''
*''[[Valeriana oblongifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana obovata]]''
*''[[Valeriana obtusifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana occidentalis]]''
*''[[Valeriana officinalis]]'' – garden valerian
*''[[Valeriana olenaea]]''
*''[[Valeriana oreocharis]]''
*''[[Valeriana organensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana otomiana]]''
*''[[Valeriana palmatiloba]]''
*''[[Valeriana palmeri]]''
*''[[Valeriana paniculata]]''
*''[[Valeriana papilla]]''
*''[[Valeriana pardoana]]''
*''[[Valeriana parvula]]''
*''[[Valeriana pauciflora]]''
*''[[Valeriana peltata]]''
*''[[Valeriana pennellii]]''
*''[[Valeriana petersenii]]''
*''[[Valeriana philippiana]]''
*''[[Valeriana phitosiana]]''
*''[[Valeriana phu]]''
*''[[Valeriana phylicoides]]''
*''[[Valeriana pilosa]]''
*''[[Valeriana pinnatifida]]''
*''[[Valeriana plantaginea]]''
*''[[Valeriana plectritoides]]''
*''[[Valeriana polemonifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana polybotrya]]''
*''[[Valeriana polyclada]]''
*''[[Valeriana polystachya]]''
*''[[Valeriana potopensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana prionophylla]]''
*''[[Valeriana procera]]''
*''[[Valeriana protenta]]''
*''[[Valeriana pseudofficinalis]]''
*''[[Valeriana psychrophila]]''
*''[[Valeriana pubicarpa]]''
*''[[Valeriana pulchella]]''
*''[[Valeriana punctata]]''
*''[[Valeriana pycnantha]]''
*''[[Valeriana pyramidalis]]''
*''[[Valeriana pyrenaica]]''
*''[[Valeriana pyricarpa]]''
*''[[Valeriana quadrangularis]]''
*''[[Valeriana quindiensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana quiroana]]''
*''[[Valeriana radicalis]]''
*''[[Valeriana radicata]]''
*''[[Valeriana reitziana]]''
*''[[Valeriana renifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana rhodoleuca]]''
*''[[Valeriana robertianifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana rosaliana]]''
*''[[Valeriana rossica]]''
*''[[Valeriana rufescens]]''
*''[[Valeriana rumicoides]]''
*''[[Valeriana rusbyi]]''
*''[[Valeriana rzedowskiorum]]''
*''[[Valeriana salicariifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana saliunca]]''
*''[[Valeriana sambucifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana samolifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana scandens]]''
*''[[Valeriana scouleri]]''
*''[[Valeriana secunda]]''
*''[[Valeriana sedifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana selerorum]]''
*''[[Valeriana senecioides]]''
*''[[Valeriana septentrionalis]]''
*''[[Valeriana serrata]]''
*''[[Valeriana sichuanica]]''
*''[[Valeriana sisymbriifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana sitchensis]]'' - Sitka valerian
*''[[Valeriana smithii]]''
*''[[Valeriana sorbifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana sphaerocarpa]]''
*''[[Valeriana sphaerocephala]]''
*''[[Valeriana sphaerophora]]''
*''[[Valeriana spicata]]''
*''[[Valeriana spiroflora]]''
*''[[Valeriana stenophylla]]''
*''[[Valeriana stenoptera]]''
*''[[Valeriana stricta]]''
*''[[Valeriana stuckertii]]''
*''[[Valeriana subincisa]]''
*''[[Valeriana supina]]''
*''[[Valeriana tachirensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana tafiensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana tajuvensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana tanacetifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana tangutica]]''
*''[[Valeriana tatamana]]''
*''[[Valeriana tessendorffiana]]''
*''[[Valeriana texana]]''
*''[[Valeriana tiliifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana tomentosa]]''
*''[[Valeriana transjenisensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana trichomanes]]''
*''[[Valeriana trichostoma]]''
*''[[Valeriana triphylla]]''
*''[[Valeriana triplinervis]]''
*''[[Valeriana tripteris]]''
*''[[Valeriana tuberifera]]''
*''[[Valeriana tuberosa]]''
*''[[Valeriana turczaninovii]]''
*''[[Valeriana turkestanica]]''
*''[[Valeriana tzotzilana]]''
*''[[Valeriana ulei]]''
*''[[Valeriana uliginosa]]'' - mountain valerian or marsh valerian
*''[[Valeriana urbanii]]''
*''[[Valeriana urticifolia]]''
*''[[Valeriana vaga]]''
*''[[Valeriana vaginata]]''
*''[[Valeriana valdiviana]]''
*''[[Valeriana velutina]]''
*''[[Valeriana venezuelana]]''
*''[[Valeriana verrucosa]]''
*''[[Valeriana vetasana]]''
*''[[Valeriana virescens]]''
*''[[Valeriana virgata]]''
*''[[Valeriana volkensii]]''
*''[[Valeriana wallrothii]]''
*''[[Valeriana warburgii]]''
*''[[Valeriana weberbaueri]]''
*''[[Valeriana wolgensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana zamoranensis]]''
*''[[Valeriana zapotecana]]''
{{Div col end}}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
<references />
 
== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VALER USDA records of the distribution of the genus in the United States]
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q159559}}
{{Portal|Plants}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Valeriana| ]]
[[Category:Caprifoliaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
 
{{Dipsacales-stub}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriana"