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{{short description|Diacritic in many Brahmic scripts}}
{{
|name=
'''Virama''' ({{Lang-sa|विराम/हलन्त|translit=virāma/halanta}} ्) is a Sanskrit phonological concept to suppress the [[inherent vowel]] that otherwise occurs with every consonant letter, commonly used as a generic term for a codepoint in Unicode, representing either▼
|unicode=}}
# '''halanta''' or explicit '''virāma''', a [[diacritic]] in many [[Brahmic scripts]], including the [[Devanagari]] and [[Eastern Nagari]] scripts, or▼
▲'''Virama''' ({{
▲# '''halanta''', '''hasanta''' or explicit '''virāma''', a [[diacritic]] in many [[Brahmic scripts]], including the [[Devanagari]] and [[
# '''saṃyuktākṣara''' ([[Sanskrit]]: संयुक्ताक्षर) or implicit virama, a conjunct consonant or ligature.
Unicode schemes of scripts writing [[Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area|Mainland Southeast Asia languages]], such as that of [[Burmese script]] and of [[Tibetan script]], generally
== Names ==
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|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{indic|lang=mr|indic=
|्
|
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|{{indic|lang=ne|indic=हलन्त|trans=halanta|showlang=false}}
|्
|▼
|-▼
|[[Kannada]]▼
|{{indic|lang=kn|indic=ಹಲಂತ|trans=halanta|defaultipa=|showlang=false}}▼
|್▼
|
|-
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|{{Indic|lang=or|indic=ହଳନ୍ତ|trans=hôḷôntô|defaultipa=|showlang=false}}
|୍
▲|
▲|-
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|{{Indic|lang=gu|indic=હાલાંત|trans=hālānta|showlang=false}}
|્
|
|-
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|-
|[[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
|{{Indic|lang=syl|indic=ꠢꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠧ|trans=
|<span style="font-family: 'Surma';">
|
|-
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|{{indic|lang=ml|indic=ചന്ദ്രക്കല|trans=candrakkala|defaultipa=|showlang=false|showhelp=false}} / {{Indic|lang=ml|indic=വിരാമം|trans=viraamam|defaultipa=|showlang=false}}
|്
|Unlike other virama diacritics, it is pronounced {{IPA|ml|ɯ|}} word-finally.
|-
|''ardhakshara chihne''
▲|[[Kannada script|Kannada]]
|{{indic|lang=kn|indic=ಅರ್ಧಾಕ್ಷರ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ|trans=ardhakshara chihne|defaultipa=|showlang=false|showhelp=false}} / {{Indic|lang=kn|indic=ಸುರುಳಿ|trans=suruli|defaultipa=|showlang=false}}
▲|್
|
|-
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|lit. "[[Sat (Sanskrit)|nonexistence]]"
|-
|''viream''
|''karan, pinthu, thanthakhat''▼
| rowspan="2" | [[
|{{Indic|lang=th|indic=การันต์|trans=kārạnt|defaultipa=|showlang=false|showhelp=false}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=คำศัพท์ ''การันต์'' แปลว่าอะไร?|url=http://dict.longdo.com/search/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C|website=Longdo Dict}}</ref><ref name=":1">[[:th:การันต์]]</ref> / {{Indic|lang=th|indic=พินทุ|trans=pinthu|defaultipa=|showlang=false|showhelp=false}} / {{Indic|lang=th|indic=ทัณฑฆาต|trans=thanthakhat|defaultipa=|showlang=false}}<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=คำศัพท์ ''ทัณฑฆาต'' แปลว่าอะไร?|url=http://dict.longdo.com/search/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95|website=Longdo Dict}}</ref><ref name=":3">[[:th:ทัณฑฆาต]]</ref>▼
| ៑
|ฺ▼
|
|-
|''toandokheat''
| {{indic|lang=km|indic=ទណ្ឌឃាត|trans=toandokheat|defaultipa=|showlang=false}}
| ៍
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Thai language|Thai]]
▲|{{Indic|lang=th|indic=การันต์|trans=kārạnt|defaultipa=|showlang=false|showhelp=false}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=คำศัพท์ ''การันต์'' แปลว่าอะไร?|url=http://dict.longdo.com/search/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C|website=Longdo Dict}}</ref><ref name=":1">[[:th:การันต์]]</ref>
|◌์
|''Thanthakhat'' is the name of the diacritic, while ''karan'' refers to the character that was marked. These two terms are often used interchangeably. It is used to mark as silent vowels or consonants that were originally pronounced, but have become silenced in Thai pronunciation (mostly from Sanskrit and [[Old Khmer]]). This diacritic is sometimes used in loanwords from European languages to mark final consonants in consonant clusters (e.g. want as วอนท์).
|-
|''pinthu''
|{{Indic|lang=th|indic=พินทุ|trans=pinthu|defaultipa=|showlang=false|showhelp=false}}
▲|◌ฺ
|''Pinthu'' is akin to Sanskrit [[Bindu (symbol)|bindu]], and means "point" or "dot". It is used to mark a syllable as closed, and it is only used in Thai script when writing Pali or Sanskrit.
|-
|''nikkhahit''
|นฤคหิต / นิคหิต
|◌ํ
|''Nikkhahit'' represents what was originally [[anusvāra]] in Sanskrit. Like ''pinthu'', it is also only used when writing Pali or Sanskrit in Thai script. It marks a syllable as nasalized, realized in Thai as a nasal closed consonant following the vowel.
|-
| rowspan="3" |''rahaam''
|[[Northern Thai language|Northern Thai (Lanna)]]
| rowspan="3" |{{Indic|lang=nod|indic=ᩁᩉ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨾ|trans=rahaam|defaultipa=|showlang=false}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tai Tham |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1A20.pdf |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=The Unicode Standard}}</ref>
|◌᩺
|
|-
|[[Khün language|Tai Khün]]
|◌᩼
|
|-
|[[Tai Lue language|Tai Lue]]
|◌᩼
|
|-
|''pangkon''
|[[Javanese language|Javanese]]
|{{Indic|lang=jv|indic=ꦥꦁꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀|trans=pangkon|defaultipa=|showlang=false}}
|◌꧀
|
|-
|''
|[[Balinese language|Balinese]]
|{{Indic|lang=ban|indic=
|◌᭄
|
|-
|''sukun''
|[[Maldivian language|
|{{
|
| Derives from Arabic "sukun"
|-
|''Srog med''
|[[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]]
|''Srog med''
|྄
|Only used when transcribing Sanskrit
|}
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In [[Devanagari]] and many other [[Brahmic family of scripts|Indic scripts]], a virama is used to cancel the [[inherent vowel]] of a consonant letter and represent a consonant without a vowel, a "dead" consonant. For example, in Devanagari,
#{{lang|sa|क}} is a consonant letter, ''ka'',
#् is a
#{{lang|sa|क्}} (''ka'' +
If this ''k'' {{lang|sa|क्}} is further followed by another consonant letter, for example,
Generally, when a dead consonant letter C<sub>1</sub> and another consonant letter C<sub>2</sub> are conjoined, the result may be:
#A fully conjoined ligature of C<sub>1</sub>+C<sub>2</sub>;
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If the result is fully or half-conjoined, the (conceptual) virama which made C<sub>1</sub> dead becomes invisible, logically existing only in a [[character encoding]] scheme such as [[Indian Script Code for Information Interchange|ISCII]] or [[Unicode]]. If the result is not ligated, a virama is visible, attached to C<sub>1</sub>, actually written.
Basically, those differences are only glyph variants, and the three forms are [[semantics|semantically]] identical. Although there may be a preferred form for a given consonant cluster in each language and some scripts do not have some kind of ligatures or half forms at all, it is generally acceptable to use a nonligature form instead of a ligature form even when the latter is preferred if the font does not have a glyph for the ligature. In some other cases, whether to use a ligature or not is just a matter of taste.
The
*''ka''
is a fully conjoined ligature. It is also possible that the
*''ka'' {{lang|sa|क}} + virama + ''ṣa'' {{lang|sa|ष}} = ''kṣa'' {{lang|sa|क्ष}}
is an example of such a non-ligated form.
The sequences ङ्क ङ्ख ङ्ग ङ्घ {{IPA|[
== End of word ==
The [[inherent vowel]] is not always pronounced, in particular at the end of a word ([[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]]). No
==See also==
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==External links==
*[http://www.siao2.com/2005/04/09/406765.aspx Blog: Sorting it all Out]
{{Navbox diacritical marks}}
[[Category:Brahmic diacritics]]
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